Passive-roof duplexes accommodate shortening at the mountain front of many fold-and-thrust belts worldwide. These structures typically manifest at the surface by hinterland-verging backthrusts that decouple thin-skinned thrust sheets from underlying foreland-verging duplexes. Although the main factors controlling the development of passive-roof duplexes have mostly been identified, some of their intrinsic characteristics are still poorly defined. These relate to their spatio-temporal relationships to thrust faults located further inland in orogens, and their ability to transport younger rocks over older ones. This study explores these issues in the Casentino-Romagna axial sector of the Northern Apennines, which expose regional forethrusts and backthrusts. Detailed field mapping and analysis of superposed tectonic structures were integrated with apatite fission-track dating for constraining the timing of rock exhumation and correlated tectonic events. Collectively, the results have allowed us to interpret the evolution of the study area in terms of two main deformation stages. Specifically, a first, long phase (D₁) progressed from NE-directed, in-sequence thrusting (~18 to ~10-9 Ma) to late out-of-sequence thrusting (~8-5 Ma). A successive deformation phase, that we refer to as D₂ (~4-2 Ma), consisted of backthrusts and associated folds that were ubiquitous and systematically overprinted onto the foreland-verging D₁ structures. Such retrovergent structures identify a late deformation phase dominated by the development of passive-roof duplexes that propagated hinterlandward into the orogen up to beyond the primary watershed ridge. Orogen-scale processes controlled the evolution of forelandward D₁-phase thrusts, although late erosion could have played a major role by bringing the Apennine thrust wedge toward an undercritical state. The latter conditions could have contributed to keeping the out-of-sequence thrusts active, and eventually promoted the development of the D₂ passive-roof duplexes.

To investigate the stable chromium (Cr) isotope variations during melt percolation in the mantle, we analyzed the Cr isotopic compositions of fresh ultramafic rocks from the Balmuccia and Baldissero peridotite massifs located in the Italian Alps. These massifs represent fragments of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle. The samples collected included lherzolites, harzburgites, dunites, and pyroxenites. Lherzolites, formed through 5%-15% fractional melting of a primitive mantle source, exhibited δ⁵³Cr values ranging from -0.13‰ ± 0.03‰ to -0.03‰ ± 0.03‰. These values correlated negatively with Al₂O₃ content, suggesting that partial melting induces Cr isotopic fractionation between the melts and residual peridotites. Harzburgites and dunites, influenced by the silicate melt percolation, displayed distinct δ⁵³Cr values. Notably, dunites not spatially associated with the pyroxenite veins exhibited slightly elevated δ⁵³Cr values (-0.05‰± 0.03‰ to 0.10‰ ± 0.03‰) relative to lherzolites. This difference likely resulted from pyroxene dissolution and olivine precipitation during melt percolation processes. However, one dunite sample in direct contact with pyroxenite veins showed lower δ⁵³Cr values (-0.26‰ ± 0.03‰), possibly owing to the kinetic effects during silicate melt percolation. Pyroxenites are formed through the interaction of basaltic melts with the surrounding peridotite via a metasomatic reaction or crystallization in a vein. Most of their δ⁵³Cr values (-0.26‰ ± 0.03‰ to -0.13‰ ± 0.03‰) are positively correlated with MgO contents, suggesting that they were influenced by magmatic differentiation. However, two subsamples from a single clinopyroxenite vein exhibit anomalously low δ⁵³Cr values (-0.30‰ ± 0.03‰ and -0.43‰ ± 0.03‰), which are attributed to kinetic isotopic fractionation during melt-percolation processes. Our findings suggest that melt percolation processes in the mantle contribute to the Cr isotopic heterogeneity observed within the Earth's mantle.

The timings and geodynamic controls of Mo, Au, and Au-Mo deposits in the Xiaoqinling Orogen (> 630 t Au and 115, 000 t Mo), a rare Au-Mo province globally, are addressed by a combination of mineral parageneses, crystalline mineralogy, geochemistry, and Re-Os and U-Pb geochronology in the Dahu, Qinnan, and Yangzhaiyu deposits. The Xiaoqinling Orogen comprises an E-W-trending fold and thrust system with repeated structural reactivation and the Mo or Au orebodies in these deposits are dominantly controlled by E-W-trending and NW-SE-trending shear zones. Molybdenum mineralization related to K-feldspar alteration comprises early molybdenite, pyrite, rutile, and monazite within gray quartz veins plus late molybdenite and pyrite within white quartz veins in the Dahu and Qinnan Au-Mo deposits. Early and late Au mineralization events have similar mineral assemblages of pyrite, native gold ± Au-Ag-Te minerals, rutile, and monazite associated with quartz-sericite alteration at Yangzhaiyu. The early disseminated molybdenite is characterized by rhombohedral polytype and oscillatory Re zoning, in contrast to the late molybdenite with a coexistence of rhombohedral and hexagonal polytypes and irregularly distributed Re. The early molybdenite has a Re-Os isochron age of 222.5 ± 1.3 Ma, compatible with a monazite U-Pb age of 224 ± 6.1 Ma, whereas late molybdenite provides a Re-Os isochron age of 185.0 ± 12 Ma, with the implication that the 3R-polytype molybdenite with oscillatory Re zoning is more suitable for high-precision dating. The early and late Au mineralization have a pyrite Re-Os age of 202.0 ± 5.9 Ma and U-Pb age of 124.0 ± 1.3 Ma, respectively. In accordance with its complex geodynamic setting, geological and geochronological studies record a complicated 100-million-year mineralization history with multiple magmatic-hydrothermal Mo and orogenic Au mineralization events that formed within a structural framework of multiply reactivated shear zones.

Landslide susceptibility evaluation plays an important role in disaster prevention and reduction. Feature-based transfer learning (TL) is an effective method for solving landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) in target regions with no available samples. However, as the study area expands, the distribution of landslide types and triggering mechanisms becomes more diverse, leading to performance degradation in models relying on landslide evaluation knowledge from a single source domain due to domain feature shift. To address this, this study proposes a Multi-source Domain Adaptation Convolutional Neural Network (MDACNN), which combines the landslide prediction knowledge learned from two source domains to perform cross-regional LSM in complex large-scale areas. The method is validated through case studies in three regions located in southeastern coastal China and compared with single-source domain TL models (TCA-based models). The results demonstrate that MDACNN effectively integrates transfer knowledge from multiple source domains to learn diverse landslide-triggering mechanisms, thereby significantly reducing prediction bias inherent to single-source domain TL models, achieving an average improvement of 16.58% across all metrics. Moreover, the landslide susceptibility maps generated by MDACNN accurately quantify the spatial distribution of landslide risks in the target area, providing a powerful scientific and technological tool for landslide disaster management and prevention.

The Jizhong-Yanbian Cu-Mo-Au-Pb-Zn polymetallic metallogenic belt is a major nonferrous and precious metal resource base in Northeastern China. The genesis of ore deposits in this district has remained controversial. To constrain ore genetic models and provide information for exploration, we conducted precise Zn-Cd isotopic measurements on sphalerite and galena. The δ⁶⁶Zn_AA-ETH values of galena and sphalerite range from -0.07‰ to 0.03‰ and -0.68‰ to -0.12‰, respectively; and their δ^114/110Cd_{NIST SRM 3108} values vary from -0.96‰ to 3.83‰ and -0.63‰ to 0.77‰, respectively. Our study suggests that the Xiaohongshilazi Pb-Zn-(Ag) deposit should be classified as a Mississippi Valley Type (MVT)-like deposit, because both its geological, sulfide trace elemental, and S-Pb-Fe-Zn-Cd isotopic characteristics are similar to those of the typical MVT deposit, except for the differences of the wall rocks. Rayleigh fractionation during sphalerite precipitation is identified as the primary mechanism for Zn-Cd isotopic variations, which is validated by the Zn-Cd fractionation models from 100 ℃ to 250 ℃. Finally, we propose an ore prospecting model based on migration pathways of ore-forming fluid and the Zn isotopic fractionation model of sphalerite under 100 ℃. This model indicates potential resources undiscovered at shallow/peripheral and deep zones of current mining level in both the Eastern and Western Ore Block, with parts of the potential resources having been corroborated by recent drilling. Despite the complexity of mineralization, processes, this study provides new insights into the application of Zn-Cd isotopes in understanding ore genesis and guiding mineral exploration in similar contexts.

Natural resources, green energy, and sustainable development are closely linked with concepts that carry mutual goals to endorse social equity, economic prosperity, and ecological stability while curtailing the harmful influence on the globe. However, the recognition of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG-7, SDG-13) is closely entangled with digital economy. In this pursuit, this study scrutinizes the effect of digitalization, renewable energy, and natural resources on the ecological footprint in China from 1990Q1-2022Q4. The empirical analyses are carried out by employing the Quantile-on-Quantile regression, and cross-quantile and partial cross-quantile correlation approaches to inspect the tail dependence of model parameters. The empirical outcomes highlight how China's environmental quality is influenced by exogenous variables, including digitalization index, renewable energy consumption, and natural resources. Digitalization has adverse impact on the ecological footprint in lower quantiles, while insignificant in higher quantiles. Moreover, a strong adverse association exists between ecological footprint and renewable energy, which syndicate all the quantiles of renewable energy with linking over lower to middle quantiles and weak in higher quantiles of ecological footprint. Besides, the estimated analysis discloses nuanced dependencies across various quantiles. Similarly, it can be found that the strong negative effect of natural resources on ecological footprint in initial quantiles, moderate in middle quantiles, and less positive effect in higher quantiles. By explaining these dynamics, the current study offers valuable intuitions designed at controlling China toward its dual-carbon target and encouraging the development of a sustainable digital and green economy and thereby, continuing towards achieving SDG-7, and SDG-13 objectives.

Mitigating climate change demands innovative solutions, and carbon sequestration technologies are at the forefront. Among these, basalt, a mafic volcanic rock packed with calcium, magnesium, and iron, emerges as a powerful candidate for carbon dioxide (CO₂) sequestration through mineral carbonation. This method transforms CO₂ into stable carbonate minerals, ensuring a permanent and environmentally safe storage solution. While extensive research has explored into basalt's potential under high hydration conditions, the untapped promise of low water content scenarios remains largely unexplored. Our ground-breaking study investigates the mineral carbonation of basalt powder under low water conditions using supercritical CO₂ (sc-CO₂). Conducted at 50 ℃ and 15 MPa with a controlled moisture content of 30%, our experiment spans various time points (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days). Utilising advanced X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), we unveil the mineralogical and morphological transformations. The results are striking: even under low water conditions, basalt efficiently forms valuable carbonate minerals such as calcite, siderite, magnesite, and ankerite. The carbonation efficiency evolves over time, reflecting the dynamic transformation of the basalt matrix. These findings offer pivotal insights into optimising CO₂ sequestration in basalt under low hydration, marking a significant leap toward sustainable carbon capture and storage.

The Yellow River (YR), China's second-longest river, remains understudied regarding its greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions, particularly the impacts of urban drainage ditches and wastewater treatment facilities on regional GHGs dynamics. This study investigated methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations, fluxes and stable carbon isotopes (δ¹³C-CH₄ and δ¹³C-CO₂) across six main stream, three ditches, and one wastewater treatment site along the upper Lanzhou section of the YR, spanning from the urban entrance (36.176 °N, 103.449 °E) to the exit of Lanzhou city (36.056 °N, 104.020 °E). Measured CH₄ diffusion fluxes in mainstem sites ranged from 0.01 to 2.58 mmol ·m^-2 ·d^-1 (mean: 0.36 mmol ·m^-2 ·d^-1), while ebullitive fluxes (gas bubbles) ranged from 0.01 to 18.89 mmol ·m^-2 ·d^-1 (mean: 0.90 mmol ·m^-2 ·d^-1). CO₂ diffusion fluxes varied between 9.16-92.80 mmol ·m^-2 ·d^-1 (averaged: 39.11 mmol ·m^-2 ·d^-1) at these locations. Ebullition (bubble) fluxes accounted for 53.1% ± 22.4% (range: 9.0% to 98.4%) to total CH₄ emissions (diffusion plus ebullition), with peak fluxes occurring during summer, indicating its significance as a CH₄ transport mechanism. Notably, both diffusion CH₄ and CO₂ fluxes and ebullitive CH₄ rates at ditch sites substantially exceeded those in mainstream reaches. The lowest CH₄ and highest CO₂ concentrations were observed at a wastewater treatment site, likely resulting from the removal of high organic loads. Acetoclastic methanogenesis €"the process converting acetate-derived methyl groups to CH₄^- was identified as the dominant production pathway in both mainstream and ditch environments. CH₄ and CO₂ flux magnitudes in the upper YR (Lanzhou section) were comparable to those observed in subtropical Yangtze River tributaries. These results demonstrate that anthropogenic influences significantly enhance CO₂/CH₄ emissions, and the lateral exports of dissolved carbon (DIC and DOC) in the main stream site was quantified., which cannot be overlooked. The findings emphasize the critical need to account for pronounced spatiotemporal variations in arid-region GHG fluxes to improve basin-scale estimates for the YR.

The role of mantle plume in the final stages of rifting of the East Gondwana crustal fragments remains equivocal with only limited evidence so far reported from the southern part of Peninsular India. Here, we report for the first time a suite of columnar basalts from the Mesoarchean Coorg Block in the Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT) of India and characterize these rocks through field, petrological, geochemical, and isotope geochronological studies. The basalts show porphyritic texture with phenocrysts of pyroxene and plagioclase embedded in fine groundmass. Geochemical data reveal tholeiitic flood basalt affinity with affinities of plume-related magmatism. The zircon U-Pb data of the rocks yield a weighted mean age of 137 Ma, thus corresponding to the Valanginian Age of the Early Cretaceous Period. We suggest the possible geochemical affinity of the studied rocks Kerguelen plume basalts which provide new insights into magmatism associated with the final stages of East Gondwana rifting.

The Shangla Complex ophiolite represents a relic of the Neo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere along the Indus Suture Zone (also known as the Main Mantle Thrust) in northern Pakistan. This section, thrust onto the continental margin between the Indian and Karakoram (Asian) plates, is predominantly composed of depleted harzburgites, dunites and chromitites. In this study, we conducted a thorough analysis of mineralogy, whole-rock geochemistry (major oxides, trace elements, PGE), and integrated Re-Os isotopic data from mantle-derived peridotites to understand their petrogenesis and melt evolution. These peridotites exhibit a depleted nature, characterized by a low modal composition of clinopyroxene, a wide forsterite content range in olivine (86.5 to 95.2), and a large variation in Cr# values (25.1-91.4). Their diverse whole-rock geochemistry further suggests varying degrees of partial melting. The Cpx-harzburgites show high average Al₂O₃ (1.83 wt.%), CaO (2.27 wt.%), ∑REE (12.9 ppb), and ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os values between 0.13095 and 0.12571. On the other hand, the depleted harzburgites and dunites exhibit lower average Al₂O₃ (0.57 wt.% and 0.14 wt.%, respectively), CaO concentration (0.59 wt.% and 0.21 wt.%, respectively), and ∑REE concentrations, measured at 12.7 ppb and 8.9 ppb, respectively. The ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios in the depleted harzburgites and dunites range from 0.12643 to 0.11777, indicating they are less radiogenic compared to the Cpx-harzburgites. The spoon-shaped rare earth elements (REE) patterns suggest that the Cpx-harzburgites underwent low degrees of partial melting (~10%-15%), whereas the depleted harzburgites and dunites indicate somewhat higher degrees of partial melting (additional melting of the Cpx-harzburgites). The PGE abundances in these depleted harzburgites and dunites are linked to the partial melting of Cpx-harzburgites, resulting in a boninitic-like melt. Their low degree of melting and melt extraction suggests that Cpx-harzburgites initially formed at a mid-ocean ridge (MOR) spreading center or a distal fore-arc basin. In contrast, the depleted harzburgites and dunites were formed during a second phase of melting, followed by refertilization, closely associated with a supra-subduction zone (SSZ) setting. The Re-Os isotopic systematics of the Shangla Complex peridotites reveal model age clusters of ca. 250 Ma and ca. 450 Ma, potentially corresponding to significant tectonic events in the geodynamic evolution of the Neo-Tethyan, Rheic, and Proto- Tethyan oceans.

Jadeitites are formed either through direct precipitation from Na-Al-Si rich fluids (P-type), or by replacement of magmatic protoliths (R-type) in subduction zones. They are valuable targets for investigating the mobility behavior and chemical composition of subduction zone fluids. The Rio San Juan Complex (RSJC) in the northern Dominican Republic hosts both P- and R-type jadeitites and jadeite-rich rocks, which provide ideal samples for addressing such issues. Here, we present trace element and Sr-Nd-O-Si isotope compositions of RSJC jadeitites and related rocks. Most samples show similar REE patterns, trace element distributions and δ¹⁸O values to those of plagiogranite protoliths, indicating the predominance of R-type origin in RSJC. The P-type samples exhibit slightly higher δ³⁰Si values (-0.15‰ to 0.25‰) than that of R-type samples (-0.20‰ to 0.08‰), which place above the igneous array. The low (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i (0.70346 to 0.70505) and high ε_Nd(t) values (4.6 to 6.8) of the P-type jadeitites and quartzites, along with relatively low δ¹⁸O values (4.7‰ to 6.4‰) of their forming fluids, indicate that the fluids are likely derived from the altered basaltic crust rather than from oceanic sediment. However, the estimated jadeitite- and quartzite-forming fluids exhibit distinct δ³⁰Si values (0.76‰ to 0.99‰ and -0.48‰ to -0.08‰, respectively), implying an evolution of the fluids that modified the Si isotopic compositions. Since fluid metasomatism and related desilication process could have lowered the whole-rock δ³⁰Si values, the heavy Si isotope compositions of the R-type samples are produced from the external fluids. Combing Rayleigh distillation and binary mixing simulations, we propose that fluids derived from altered oceanic crust obtained high δ³⁰Si values after crystallization of minerals enriched in light Si isotopes. The P-type jadeitites are formed through direct precipitation from this fluid. As the plagiogranite protoliths were continuously replaced by this fluid, the formed R-type samples (jadeitites and quartzites) also exhibit high δ³⁰Si values. Such rocks could significantly alter the Si isotope compositions of local mantle when they are deeply subducted at convergent plate margins.

This study examines the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on carbon inequality (CI) in 67 countries from 1995 to 2019. The results suggest that (i) AI significantly amplifies CI both between and within countries due to its energy requirements and uneven deployment; (ii) trade openness and global value chain (GVC) positioning mitigate AI's effect on inter-country CI, while robust governance-marked by larger government size and institutional transparency-curtails intra-country disparities; (iii) specific thresholds (trade openness > 4.74, GVC position > -1.07, government size > 2.90, transparency > -0.22) shift the impact of AI from exacerbating to reducing CI. The adverse effects of AI can be reversed through enhanced trade, GVC integration, and strong governance. Key policy implications: Policymakers must prioritize exceeding these thresholds to leverage AI for sustainable and equitable outcomes. This requires (a) promoting trade liberalization to spread the benefits of AI globally, reducing inter-country CI; (b) strengthening GVC participation to offset the carbon-intensive use of AI; (c) building government capacity and transparency to ensure fair adoption of AI domestically; and (d) embedding these strategies in climate policies to align AI with the long-term goals of environmental justice and the SDGs, particularly climate action (SDG 13) and reducing inequalities (SDG 10).

The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE, ~183 Ma) is marked in the sedimentary record by a sharp negative carbon isotope excursion, thought to be causally linked to the emplacement of the Karoo-Ferrar Large Igneous Province and the associated release of ¹²C-enriched carbon. The T-OAE coincided with global climate and environmental changes, as well as biotic events, indicating substantial modifications in ecosystems. Recent studies have focused on the evidence of geological responses to the T-OAE in Early Jurassic terrestrial basins in China, particularly the Sichuan Basin. Nevertheless, debate remains over the identification of this event, owing to inadequate age-constraints of many sections, and a lack of robust correlations of the carbon isotope records. Moreover, the long-term evolution of the terrestrial carbon isotope record through the Early Jurassic, and its correlation to marine records, is still not firmly established. In this paper, we present new carbon isotope analyses of carbonate (δ¹³C_carb) from lacustrine carbonates and terrestrial organic matter (δ¹³C_org) from bulk rocks within the Ma'anshan and Da'anzhai members of the Ziliujing Formation from the Dacao 'D' (DCD) section in the eastern Sichuan Basin. Palynological-palynofacies analysis reveals a predominance of Classopollis pollen together with marker taxa such as Ischyosporites variegatus, Contignisporites problematicus, in the palynological assemblage, indicating a Pliensbachian-Toarcian age. A negative carbon isotope excursion (NCIE) is recorded in the organic carbon isotope data at the topmost part of the Pliensbachian Ma'anshan Member, which can be correlated to the Pliensbachian-Toarcian Boundary Event. This is followed, in the Toarcian Da'anzhai Member, by a major NCIE recorded in both organic matter and carbonate carbon isotope data which can be correlated to the T-OAE NCIE. A long-term carbon isotope record spanning the Sinemurian to Toarcian in Sichuan terrestrial sediments is also been reconstructed and its correlation with coeval marine records is proposed. A broader review of δ¹³C data from Chinese terrestrial basins spanning the Pliensbachian-Toarcian highlights a distinct ¹³C-depleted signature in the Sichuan Basin compared to basins at higher latitudes. Changes in latitudinal gradients and organic matters in the lake sediments were likely important factors influencing the amplitudes of the T-OAE NCIE and the carbon isotope values in terrestrial sedimentary records.

Landslides pose a significant threat to both human society and environmental sustainability, yet, their spatiotemporal evolution and impacts on global scales in the context of a warming climate remain poorly understood. In this study, we projected global landslide susceptibility under four shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) from 2021 to 2100, utilizing multiple machine learning models based on precipitation data from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) Global Climate Models (GCMs) and static metrics. Our results indicate an overall upward trend in global landslide susceptibility under the SSPs compared to the baseline period (2001-2020), with the most significant increase of about 1% in the very far future (2081-2100) under the high emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5). Currently, approximately 13% of the world's land area is at very high risk of landslide, mainly in the Cordillera of the Americas and the Andes in South America, the Alps in Europe, the Ethiopian Highlands in Africa, the Himalayas in Asia, and the countries of East and South-East Asia. Notably, India is the country most adversely affected by climate change, particularly during 2081-2100 under SSP3-7.0, with approximately 590 million people-23 times the global average-living in areas categorized as having very high susceptibility.

When interpreting results, it is imperative to have some understanding of the degree to which the results are replicable. If the results cannot be replicated with independent data, then interpretations from the results become questionable. To minimize the potential for misinterpretations, the current study analyzes six time-series derived from globally sampled U-Pb zircon databases - of which, two are independent igneous databases, one being a quasi-independent igneous database, and three being independent detrital databases. These time-series are then analyzed with standard statistical methods to evaluate replicability. The methods include bandpass filtering to transform the raw time-series into stationary sequences, Student's t-test, Monte Carlo simulations, periodograms from spectral analysis, correlation studies, and correlograms. Each test is designed to determine the replicability of a specific time-series, as well as the replicability of periodicities found from the time-series. The results show at least three key components to assessing replicability: (a) U-Pb igneous and detrital zircon age distributions are highly replicable, (b) time-series replicability gradually deteriorates with age, and (c) replicability is scale dependent, with low frequency cycles being more replicable than high frequency cycles. From the tests, we conclude that four harmonic cycles are highly replicable and statistically significant, these being periodicities of 810, 270, 90, and 67.5-myr.

The study presents the results of over 30,000 numerical analyses on the stability of lava tubes under lunar conditions. The research considered random irregularities in cave geometry and their impact on stability, with a particular focus on the geometric characteristics of identified collapses. We propose a procedure for extracting the collapse areas and integrating it into the stability analysis results. The results were examined to assess the possibility of describing the geometry characteristics of collapses using commonly applied probability density distributions, such as normal or lognormal distribution. Our aim is to facilitate future risk assessment of lunar caves. Such an assessment will be essential prior to robotically exploring caves beneath the lunar surface and can be extended to be used for planetary caves beyond the Moon. Our findings indicate that several collapse characteristics can be represented by unimodal probability density distributions, which could significantly simplify the candidate selection process. Based on our results, we also highlight several key directions for future research and suggested implications related to their future exploration.

Detrital zircon geochronology is reported from the c. 1200 m thick Cambro-Ordovician sedimentary succession recovered in core from the COSC-2 continental drilling project in the Scandinavian Caledonides. Above a regolith marking the sub-Cambrian peneplain, a lower to middle Cambrian(?) succession comprises conglomerate, sandstone and shale overlain by gravity flows fining upwards into the Alum Shale Formation. First results of detrital zircon geochronology from the Cambrian(?) succession show that the basal section of the autochthonous cover is characterized by mainly late Paleoproterozoic - early Mesoproterozoic detrital grains. The middle part of the succession is dominated by late Paleoproterozoic detritus with minor Mesoproterozoic and Archean input. The upper part of lower Cambrian(?) succession is characterized by Archean to Cambrian detritus. The maximum depositional age is calculated to 530.5 ± 4 Ma for the upper part of the lower Cambrian succession. Two samples from the Lower Ordovician(?) succession above the Alum Shale Formation show predominantly Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic (1.5-0.9 Ga) ages.

The autochthonous lower Cambrian(?) passive margin succession in the lower section is dominated by local detritus, sourced exclusively from the Eastern Segment of the Sveconorwegian Orogen, which includes the basement studied in COSC-2. Up-section, the provenance shifts towards the Transscandinavian Igneous Belt and Svecofennian Orogen sources, with the youngest part of the succession showing a notable input of Neoproterozoic -Cambrian active margin detritus. The Ordovician(?) succession is characterized by populations, likely derived from the Sveconorwegian Orogen, and a minor cratonic contribution.

Statistical analysis of detrital zircon datasets across Baltica suggests that the Southern Baltica/Sandomirian Arc, rather than the Timanian Orogen, was a significant source of detrital material across the paleocontinent. The influence of Timanian Orogen grains is limited to northernmost Scandinavia, whereas Sandomirian detritus reached central Scandinavia in the lower to middle Cambrian and remained prevalent in southern Scandinavia into the Lower Ordovician.

Extraterrestrial phenomena have influenced Earth's processes throughout geological history. Evaluating the impact of extraterrestrial material on the environment is crucial for understanding the evolution of Earth and life. This study incorporates the investigation of micrometeorites (MMs), abundant cosmic materials on Earth, to understand their influence on the chemical composition and biogeochemistry of the ocean. Comprehensive etching and flux analyses reveal that ~95% of cosmic spherules (CSs) entering seawater are etched or wholly dissolved, supplying nutrients to phytoplankton. Barred spherules show the highest degree of etching (~19%), followed by porphyritic (~17%), glass (~15%), cryptocrystalline (~12%), scoriaceous (~10%), G-type (~9%), and I-type (~6%). Annually, ~3080 tonnes (t) of olivine from MMs dissolve into seawater, contributing ~495 t of Mg²⁺, ~1110 t of Fe²⁺, and ~1928 t of silicic acid. This signifies that over the Indian Ocean's ~40 Myr history, ~23 Gt of olivine from CSs has dissolved, providing nutrients to seawater and sequestering ~7 Gt of CO₂. The world ocean during this time has sequestered ~35 Gt of CO₂, with fluctuations influenced by extraterrestrial activity. For instance, the Veritas event, lasting ~1.5 Myr, sequestered ~6 Gt of CO₂ from the atmosphere. A robust flux calculation based on ~2 t of deep-sea sediments from 3610 MMs provides a more accurate estimate of the time-averaged flux of ~229 t yr^-1. These comprehensive analyses reveal MM's original characteristics, post-deposition processes, geological record and their overall impact on Earth's marine environments, thereby contributing to our knowledge of the interconnection between terrestrial and extraterrestrial processes.

Arc-continent collision zones are critical areas where uplift, accretion, and erosion processes significantly influence the growth, elimination, or recycling of the continental crust. The Zagros-Makran Transition Zone, located along the Minab-Zendan Fault, represents a convergence boundary between the Zagros continental domain and the Makran accretionary prism in southern Iran from the Cretaceous onwards. Several tectonic slices, including Neotethys ophiolitic remnants and the Ganj and Bajgan-Durkan complexes, have accreted along the southern margin of the Eurasian Plate during subduction in the western Makran wedge. To clarify the growth steps of the Makran Prism and the internal deformation associated with arc-continent collision, we used a provenance study of sandstones from the western Makran accretionary prism involving petrography of the main detrital components and U-Pb dating, Hf isotopic values, and trace elements of detrital zircon grains. Our findings reveal a progressive scenario in which oceanic arc-related rocks of the ~ 99 Ma Ganj Complex with Hf values ranging from +10 to +16 were uplifted during the Early to Late Eocene. The Eocene fore-arc sediments were sourced from the ~ 49-47 Ma Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc with Hf values between -5 and +12, as well as from the Ganj Complex. The Jurassic-Cretaceous Bajgan-Durkan Complex was uplifted due to the Late Eocene to Oligocene collision of various terranes along the southern margin of the Eurasian Plate. This led to a major sediment influx into the Makran trench with a detrital signal in the range ~ 175-160 Ma with Hf isotopic values from -3 to +4 and alongside the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc with detrital ages ranging ~ 46-37 Ma and ca. 80 Ma. Notably, metamorphic lithic grains began to appear in the sediments in the Late Eocene. The initial arrival of sediments from the Arabian margin to the arc-continent suture zone along the Minab-Zendan Fault indicates the onset of initial collision. During the Late Oligocene-Early Miocene, detrital zircon ages in the range of ~ 610-520 Ma, sourced from the Arabian basement, were deposited in the trench basin together with components from the Eocene Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc and Cretaceous ophiolitic clasts of ~ 93 Ma with Hf isotopic values of +12 to +16. Following the development and uplift of the orogen from the Middle Miocene onward, detrital zircon grains from the Cretaceous-Miocene Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc, Jurassic-Cretaceous Bajgan-Durkan Complex, and Cretaceous ophiolites are present in both the Makran and Zagros sedimentary domains.

The Ediacaran-Cambrian Petermann Orogen is a dextral transpressional orogen exposed in central Australia, which facilitated the exhumation of a high-pressure core and the deformation of the Neoproterozoic-Palaeozoic Amadeus Basin. Several studies have investigated the metamorphic and deformational evolution of the Petermann Orogen; however, the spatiotemporal variation of the deformation and cooling history is yet to be fully understood. In situ muscovite and biotite Rb-Sr geochronology, in combination with Ti-in-quartz thermometry is applied to map the spatiotemporal deformation and cooling patterns of the northern part of the Petermann Orogen. Interpreted muscovite Rb-Sr growth ages obtained from samples in the Petermann Nappe Complex (PNC), range between c. 598 Ma and 565 Ma, which correlate with the timing of deformation during the 600-520 Ma Petermann Orogeny. Interpreted muscovite and biotite cooling ages are younger in the east of the PNC (c. 556-541 Ma) and broadly correlate with the regional pattern of crustal heat production, suggesting that the geothermal gradient had a significant control on the timing and duration of cooling. Biotite Rb-Sr cooling ages between c. 555 Ma and 497 Ma for the orogenic core show no correlation with high heat production areas, however, differences in exhumed crustal levels across the Petermann Orogen are observed: high-P granulite facies rocks in the orogenic core vs middle-upper crustal rocks in the PNC, indicating that at least part of the spatiotemporal variation of cooling ages can be attributed to differential exhumation during the Petermann Orogeny. Hence, crustal heat production and differential exhumation were likely the main controlling factors on the duration and variation of cooling rates in the Petermann Orogen.

This study provides an in-depth comparative evaluation of landslide susceptibility using two distinct spatial units: and slope units (SUs) and hydrological response units (HRUs), within Goesan County, South Korea. Leveraging the capabilities of the extreme gradient boosting (XGB) algorithm combined with Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP), this work assesses the precision and clarity with which each unit predicts areas vulnerable to landslides. SUs focus on the geomorphological features like ridges and valleys, focusing on slope stability and landslide triggers. Conversely, HRUs are established based on a variety of hydrological factors, including land cover, soil type and slope gradients, to encapsulate the dynamic water processes of the region. The methodological framework includes the systematic gathering, preparation and analysis of data, ranging from historical landslide occurrences to topographical and environmental variables like elevation, slope angle and land curvature etc. The XGB algorithm used to construct the Landslide Susceptibility Model (LSM) was combined with SHAP for model interpretation and the results were evaluated using Random Cross-validation (RCV) to ensure accuracy and reliability. To ensure optimal model performance, the XGB algorithm's hyperparameters were tuned using Differential Evolution, considering multicollinearity-free variables. The results show that SU and HRU are effective for LSM, but their effectiveness varies depending on landscape characteristics. The XGB algorithm demonstrates strong predictive power and SHAP enhances model transparency of the influential variables involved. This work underscores the importance of selecting appropriate assessment units tailored to specific landscape characteristics for accurate LSM. The integration of advanced machine learning techniques with interpretative tools offers a robust framework for landslide susceptibility assessment, improving both predictive capabilities and model interpretability. Future research should integrate broader data sets and explore hybrid analytical models to strengthen the generalizability of these findings across varied geographical settings.

The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) serves as a key geological archive, preserving the tectono-thermal evolution associated with the Rodinia breakup (~900-800 Ma) and Gondwana formation (~800-620 Ma). The Katherina Ring Complex (KRC), located in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt (northern ANS), exemplifies continental growth through multistage magmatism and orogenesis, spanning the Tonian to Ediacaran periods (~900-530 Ma). Despite its importance, debates persist regarding the nature, age, crustal characteristics, and magma source evolution of its constituent units. Situated in the northwestern part of the KRC, the Wadi Rofaiyed Cu deposit offers an exceptional natural laboratory for investigating continental crust formation during this interval, owing to its superb exposure and preservation. This study integrates detailed fieldwork, petrographic analyses, whole-rock geochemistry, Sr-Nd isotopes, and in situ zircon U-Pb-Lu-Hf isotopic data. It aims to (i) establish a robust chronological framework for the unmetamorphosed plutonic rocks of the KRC, (ii) advance the understanding of associated geodynamic processes, and (iii) elucidate the episodic magmatism events. The findings show that Wadi Rofaiyed juvenile crust developed in four main phases: (i) a subduction-accretionary phase (~755 Ma) characterized by intense calc-alkaline magmatism, originating from the partial melting of mafic lower crust; (ii) a syn-collisional phase (~630 Ma) occurred during the collision between the Saharan metacraton and the younger ANS crust, producing I-type granitoids formed through magma mixing and crustal anatexis; (iii) a post-collisional phase characterized by intermediate I-type (~595 Ma) to felsic A-type alkaline magma (~594 Ma), originated from the partial melting of the overthickened lower crust corresponding to lithospheric delamination; and (iv) an anorogenic phase (~530 Ma) related to the final amalgamation of Greater Gondwana. Isotopic analyses across all four magmatic phases reveal low initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.702648-0.703311) and positive ε_Hf(t) (+2.84 to +7.78) and ε_Nd(t) (+2.61 to +5.21) values, consistent with lower crustal sources with depleted mantle-like signatures. The model ages (T_DM2) for these magmatic rocks derived from zircon Hf (1.2-1.5 Ga) and whole-rock Nd isotopes (0.96-1.17 Ga) support a predominantly juvenile crustal origin. These findings underscore the multistage tectono-magmatic evolution of the northern ANS, advancing our understanding of obduction-accretion dynamics and crustal development during the Neoproterozoic.

The Permian-Triassic (P/T) transition is marked by the most severe mass-extinction event of the Phanerozoic. Although much is known about this event in the marine realm, there are many open questions regarding what happened during this period to many continental biota. In the case of plants, a drastic mass-extinction event has even been negated by some authors. To add about the knowledge on continental biota in India during this crucial time period, the present study analysed the palynology, palynofacies, organic geochemistry (biomarkers), stable isotopes, and charcoal within the subsurface Gondwana deposits of the Kamthi Formation (late Permian-early Triassic) from core TTB-7 from the Tribida block, located in the Talcher Coalfield of the Mahanadi Basin, India.

The primary objectives are to validate the age of the strata, ascertain the palaeodepositional setting of the palaeomire, and propose palaeobotanical evidence regarding the occurrence of wildfires within this stratigraphic succession and changes in floral content across the P/T transition. The palynological study proposes two palynoassemblage zones, Densipollenites magnicorpus and Klausipollenites schaubergeri, suggesting a latest Permian (Lopingian) and early Triassic (Induan?) age for the studied succession, respectively. The age is also inferred based on correlation with coeval assemblages from India and other Gondwana continents. The palynoassemblages reveal the dominance of Glossopteridales and Coniferales along with Filicales, Lycopsidales, Equisetales, Cordaitales and Peltaspermales. The relatively higher values of the carbon preference index and terrigenous/aquatic ratio also suggest higher plant input. However, a bimodal n-alkane distribution pattern suggests the contribution of terrigenous and microbial sources. Although the occurrences of long-chain alkanes indicate input of higher plants, the low P_wax values (<0.26) suggest relatively less contribution. The P_aqvalues (≌1) and amorphous organic matter (av. 33.24%) suggest a significant macrophyte input in the studied samples, pointing to the occurrence of moderate aquatic conditions in the basin.

Furthermore, the distribution of hopanoids and the content of degraded organic matter (av. 29.96%) reflect the bacterial degradation of organic matter. Also, the δ¹³C values of the studied section varied from -31.2‰ to -21.8‰. A large carbon isotopic offset of 9.4‰ across the P/T transition, Pr/Ph ratio (0.3-1.3) and shift in the distribution pattern of palynofacies components is indicating a significant change in climatic conditions. Moreover, the presence of macroscopic charcoal fragments of gymnospermous affinity with pre-charring colonization by fungi provides evidence for wildfire occurring during the Lopingian (Late Permian) in this basin.

The primary objective of this study is to measure fluoride levels in groundwater samples using machine learning approaches alongside traditional and fuzzy logic models based health risk assessment in the hard rock Arjunanadi River basin, South India. Fluoride levels in the study area vary between 0.1 and 3.10 mg/L, with 32 samples exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) standard of 1.5 mg/L. Hydrogeochemical analyses (Durov and Gibbs) clearly show that the overall water chemistry is primarily influenced by simple dissolution, mixing, and rock-water interactions, indicating that geogenic sources are the predominant contributors to fluoride in the study area. Around 446.5 km² is considered at risk. In predictive analysis, five Machine Learning (ML) models were used, with the AdaBoost model performing better than the other models, achieving 96% accuracy and 4% error rate. The Traditional Health Risk Assessment (THRA) results indicate that 65% of samples pose highly susceptible for dental fluorosis, while 12% of samples pose highly susceptible for skeletal fluorosis in young age groups. The Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) model effectively manages ambiguity and linguistic factors, which are crucial when addressing health risks linked to groundwater fluoride contamination. In this model, input variables include fluoride concentration, individual age, and ingestion rate, while output variables consist of dental caries risk, dental fluorosis, and skeletal fluorosis. The overall results indicate that increased ingestion rates and prolonged exposure to contaminated water make adults and the elderly people vulnerable to dental and skeletal fluorosis, along with very young and young age groups. This study is an essential resource for local authorities, healthcare officials, and communities, aiding in the mitigation of health risks associated with groundwater contamination and enhancing quality of life through improved water management and health risk assessment, aligning with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3 and 6, thereby contributing to a cleaner and healthier society.

The factors controlling dust activity and humidity in Central Asia and their relationships remain controversial, partly due to a lack of high-resolution geological records for the mid-to-late last glaciation. In this study, we established an optically stimulated luminescence chronology for the QSHA profile in the Yili Basin, a region influenced by westerlies. Grain size and trace element data were used as paleoclimatic indicators. We investigated the relationships among Central Asian dust activity, humidity, and westerlies strength on orbital to millennial scale from 37.4 ka to 11.6 ka. Our study reveals that, on orbital timescales, humidity is positively correlated with westerlies strength which controlled by precession. Dust activity is controlled by Siberian High which was regulated by Northern Hemisphere high-latitude temperature. Their responses to low-latitude and high-latitude forcing mechanisms respectively and present an opposite relationship. On millennial timescales, humidity and westerlies strength are positively correlated. During Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2, humidity and dust activity show synchronous fluctuations, while during MIS 3, they exhibit an inverse relationship. Westerlies strength regulated humidity, which subsequently controlled glacial activity in the Tianshan Mountains, influencing dust activity in Central Asia. Additionally, the QSHA profile recorded seven Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) events on millennial timescales, indicating a potential link between Central Asian dust activity and high-latitude temperature variations in the Northern Hemisphere. Our findings provide new insights into dust and humidity interaction during the last glaciation periods in Central Asia and contribute to understanding global dust and hydrological cycles.