Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of peridotites of the Shangla Complex Ophiolite along Main Mantle Thrust, Northern Pakistan

Abstract

The Shangla Complex ophiolite represents a relic of the Neo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere along the Indus Suture Zone (also known as the Main Mantle Thrust) in northern Pakistan. This section, thrust onto the continental margin between the Indian and Karakoram (Asian) plates, is predominantly composed of depleted harzburgites, dunites and chromitites. In this study, we conducted a thorough analysis of mineralogy, whole-rock geochemistry (major oxides, trace elements, PGE), and integrated Re-Os isotopic data from mantle-derived peridotites to understand their petrogenesis and melt evolution. These peridotites exhibit a depleted nature, characterized by a low modal composition of clinopyroxene, a wide forsterite content range in olivine (86.5 to 95.2), and a large variation in Cr# values (25.1-91.4). Their diverse whole-rock geochemistry further suggests varying degrees of partial melting. The Cpx-harzburgites show high average Al₂O₃ (1.83 wt.%), CaO (2.27 wt.%), ∑REE (12.9 ppb), and ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os values between 0.13095 and 0.12571. On the other hand, the depleted harzburgites and dunites exhibit lower average Al₂O₃ (0.57 wt.% and 0.14 wt.%, respectively), CaO concentration (0.59 wt.% and 0.21 wt.%, respectively), and ∑REE concentrations, measured at 12.7 ppb and 8.9 ppb, respectively. The ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios in the depleted harzburgites and dunites range from 0.12643 to 0.11777, indicating they are less radiogenic compared to the Cpx-harzburgites. The spoon-shaped rare earth elements (REE) patterns suggest that the Cpx-harzburgites underwent low degrees of partial melting (~10%-15%), whereas the depleted harzburgites and dunites indicate somewhat higher degrees of partial melting (additional melting of the Cpx-harzburgites). The PGE abundances in these depleted harzburgites and dunites are linked to the partial melting of Cpx-harzburgites, resulting in a boninitic-like melt. Their low degree of melting and melt extraction suggests that Cpx-harzburgites initially formed at a mid-ocean ridge (MOR) spreading center or a distal fore-arc basin. In contrast, the depleted harzburgites and dunites were formed during a second phase of melting, followed by refertilization, closely associated with a supra-subduction zone (SSZ) setting. The Re-Os isotopic systematics of the Shangla Complex peridotites reveal model age clusters of ca. 250 Ma and ca. 450 Ma, potentially corresponding to significant tectonic events in the geodynamic evolution of the Neo-Tethyan, Rheic, and Proto- Tethyan oceans.

Keywords

Mantle peridotites / Supra subduction zone / Partial melting / Re-Os isotopes / Shangla Complex / Northern Pakistan

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Zaheen Ullah: Writing - review & editing, Writing - original draft, Software, Methodology, Formal analysis, Data curation. Asad Khan: Writing - review & editing, Validation, Software, Methodol-ogy, Data curation. Huan Li: Writing - review & editing, Supervi-sion, Resources, Project administration, Methodology, Investigation. Tehseen Zafar: Writing - review & editing, Visual-ization, Validation, Software, Methodology. Asghar Ali: Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Validation, Resources, Project administration. Muhammad Farhan: Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Software, Methodology, Formal analysis, Data cura-tion. Zahid Hussain: Writing - review & editing, Software, Methodology, Formal analysis, Data curation. Adnan Khan: Soft-ware, Methodology, Formal analysis, Data curation. Muhammad Idrees: Software, Methodology, Formal analysis. Muhammad Ibrar: Methodology, Formal analysis, Data curation.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

This research was financially supported by a grant from the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province (Grant No. 2021RC4055), and Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Pre-diction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitor-ing, during the Postdoctoral research of the first author (Zaheen Ullah, Assistant Professor, University of Swat, Pakistan) at the Cen-tral South University, Changsha, China. We are greatly thankful to the Editor-in-Chief Prof. Xuan-Xue Mo and Associate Editor Prof. Federico Lucci for their editorial handling. We are also thankful to two anonymous reviewers who have significantly improved the clarity and quality of this work.

Appendix A. Supplementary data

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102070.

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