Zinc and cadmium isotope signatures: Insights into ore genesis and exploration strategies at the Xiaohongshilazi Pb-Zn-(Ag) deposit, Northeast China

Abstract

The Jizhong-Yanbian Cu-Mo-Au-Pb-Zn polymetallic metallogenic belt is a major nonferrous and precious metal resource base in Northeastern China. The genesis of ore deposits in this district has remained controversial. To constrain ore genetic models and provide information for exploration, we conducted precise Zn-Cd isotopic measurements on sphalerite and galena. The δ⁶⁶Zn_AA-ETH values of galena and sphalerite range from -0.07‰ to 0.03‰ and -0.68‰ to -0.12‰, respectively; and their δ^114/110Cd_{NIST SRM 3108} values vary from -0.96‰ to 3.83‰ and -0.63‰ to 0.77‰, respectively. Our study suggests that the Xiaohongshilazi Pb-Zn-(Ag) deposit should be classified as a Mississippi Valley Type (MVT)-like deposit, because both its geological, sulfide trace elemental, and S-Pb-Fe-Zn-Cd isotopic characteristics are similar to those of the typical MVT deposit, except for the differences of the wall rocks. Rayleigh fractionation during sphalerite precipitation is identified as the primary mechanism for Zn-Cd isotopic variations, which is validated by the Zn-Cd fractionation models from 100 ℃ to 250 ℃. Finally, we propose an ore prospecting model based on migration pathways of ore-forming fluid and the Zn isotopic fractionation model of sphalerite under 100 ℃. This model indicates potential resources undiscovered at shallow/peripheral and deep zones of current mining level in both the Eastern and Western Ore Block, with parts of the potential resources having been corroborated by recent drilling. Despite the complexity of mineralization, processes, this study provides new insights into the application of Zn-Cd isotopes in understanding ore genesis and guiding mineral exploration in similar contexts.

Keywords

Zn-Cd isotopes / Reyleigh fractionation / MVT-like deposit / Ore genesis and exploration / Xiaohongshilazi Pb-Zn-(Ag) deposit / Northeast China

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Huchao Ma: Writing - review & editing, Writing - original draft, Visualization, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. Da Wang: Writing - review & editing, Validation, Supervision, Resources, Methodology, Investi-gation, Formal analysis, Conceptualization. Ryan Mathur: Writing - review & editing, Validation, Resources, Methodology, Data cura-tion. Gaotian Wang: Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. Feng Bai: Project administration, Investigation, Funding acquisition, Conceptualization.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express our gratitude to Dr. Linda Godfrey at the Rutgers University for their assistance in measuring on the instruments. This study was financially supported by the Open Research Project from the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by BAST (No. BYESS2023411), the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences (GPMR202407), and the Enterprise Authorized Item from Jilin Sanhe Mining Development Co. LTD (3-4-2021-120).

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