Formation of the rare Xiaoqinling Au-Mo province: Timings and geodynamic triggers

Abstract

The timings and geodynamic controls of Mo, Au, and Au-Mo deposits in the Xiaoqinling Orogen (> 630 t Au and 115, 000 t Mo), a rare Au-Mo province globally, are addressed by a combination of mineral parageneses, crystalline mineralogy, geochemistry, and Re-Os and U-Pb geochronology in the Dahu, Qinnan, and Yangzhaiyu deposits. The Xiaoqinling Orogen comprises an E-W-trending fold and thrust system with repeated structural reactivation and the Mo or Au orebodies in these deposits are dominantly controlled by E-W-trending and NW-SE-trending shear zones. Molybdenum mineralization related to K-feldspar alteration comprises early molybdenite, pyrite, rutile, and monazite within gray quartz veins plus late molybdenite and pyrite within white quartz veins in the Dahu and Qinnan Au-Mo deposits. Early and late Au mineralization events have similar mineral assemblages of pyrite, native gold ± Au-Ag-Te minerals, rutile, and monazite associated with quartz-sericite alteration at Yangzhaiyu. The early disseminated molybdenite is characterized by rhombohedral polytype and oscillatory Re zoning, in contrast to the late molybdenite with a coexistence of rhombohedral and hexagonal polytypes and irregularly distributed Re. The early molybdenite has a Re-Os isochron age of 222.5 ± 1.3 Ma, compatible with a monazite U-Pb age of 224 ± 6.1 Ma, whereas late molybdenite provides a Re-Os isochron age of 185.0 ± 12 Ma, with the implication that the 3R-polytype molybdenite with oscillatory Re zoning is more suitable for high-precision dating. The early and late Au mineralization have a pyrite Re-Os age of 202.0 ± 5.9 Ma and U-Pb age of 124.0 ± 1.3 Ma, respectively. In accordance with its complex geodynamic setting, geological and geochronological studies record a complicated 100-million-year mineralization history with multiple magmatic-hydrothermal Mo and orogenic Au mineralization events that formed within a structural framework of multiply reactivated shear zones.

Keywords

Xiaoqinling Orogen / Multiple Au-Mo mineralization events / U-Pb and Re-Os dating / S-O-He-Ar isotopes / Reactivated structures

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Panfei Sun: Writing - review & editing, Writing - original draft, Visualization, Resources, Methodology, Investigation, Formal anal-ysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. Zhao Liu: Writing - review & editing, Writing - original draft, Visualization, Resources, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Con-ceptualization. Lin Yang: Writing - review & editing, Writing - original draft, Visualization, Supervision, Resources, Methodology, Investigation, Funding acquisition, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. Qingfei Wang: Writing - review & editing, Writing - original draft, Visualization, Supervision, Resources, Methodology, Funding acquisition, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. David I. Groves: Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Conceptualization. Chao Li: Methodol-ogy, Formal analysis, Data curation. Huajian Li: Resources, Investi-gation. Chaoyi Dong: Resources, Investigation. Zhiqiang Xue: Investigation. Zhongming Li: Investigation. Jun Deng: Writing - review & editing, Writing - original draft, Supervision, Resources, Investigation, Funding acquisition, Conceptualization.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Qingfei Wang is an Associate Editor for this journal and was not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article.

Acknowledgements

We appreciate Editor Federico Lucci for handling, as well as the constructive comments and suggestions he and the anonymous reviewers put forward regarding the manuscript. We thank mine geologists in the Dahu, Qinnan, and Yangzhaiyu Gold deposits for their kind help during our fieldwork. We thank Dr. Liang Li from Nanjing FocuMS Technology Co. Ltd for his assistance in monazite and rutile U-Pb dating measurements. This research was jointly supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China (2020YFA0714802), the National Natural Science Founda-tion of China (42330809), and the 111 Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology (BP0719021).

Appendix A. Supplementary data

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102052.

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