Gravitational wave data analysis (GWDA) faces significant challenges due to high-dimensional parameter spaces and non-Gaussian, non-stationary artifacts in the interferometer background, which traditional methods have made significant progress in addressing but continue to face limitations. Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly deep learning (DL) algorithms, offers potential advantages, including computational efficiency, scalability, and adaptability, which may complement traditional approaches in tackling these challenges more effectively. In this review, we explore AI-driven approaches to GWDA, covering every stage of the pipeline and presenting first explorations in waveform modeling and parameter estimation. This work represents the most comprehensive review to date, integrating the latest AI advancements with practical GWDA applications. Our meta-analysis reveals insights and trends, highlighting the transformative potential of AI in revolutionizing gravitational wave research and paving the way for future discoveries.
Nonlinear magnetosonic waves (MSWs) in electron-ion plasmas play a critical role in plasma dynamics, with implications for energy transfer, particle acceleration, and astrophysical phenomena. In this study, deriving a generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) to describe weakly nonlinear magnetosonic wave packets, accounting for the interplay between magnetic pressure and plasma thermal pressure. Unlike previous works limited to linear or Korteweg−de Vries (KdV) type models, present paper reveals the conditions for the existence of various nonlinear wave structures, including Kuznetsov−Ma (K−M) breather soliton, Akhmediev breather (AB) soliton, bright soliton (BS), and rogue wave (RW). A detailed analysis shows how these waveforms depend on plasma parameters such as external magnetic field strength, electron and ion temperatures, and wave number. Additionally, this work explores a potential application of these findings, using multiple breather solutions as a diagnostic tool to infer challenging to measure plasma parameters from easily observable quantities. The present results not only extend the theoretical understanding of magnetosonic waves but also suggest practical approaches for future plasma diagnostics, providing a foundation for research in controlled fusion, space physics, and astrophysical plasma studies.
Since the successful experimental fabrication of two-dimensional (2D) monolayer van der Waals (vdW) NiI2 material, which belongs to type II multiferroics, there has been a surge of interest in the research on 2D multiferroics. Furthermore, 2D multiferroics exhibit multiple ferroic orders, expanding their applications to high-density data storage, low-power multistate memories, spintronics, nanoelectronics, and actuators, among others. The coupling of magnetoelectricity, magnetoelasticity, piezoelectricity, and magneto−valley effects in 2D multiferroics offers technological advancements for multifunctional devices. Therefore, this review focuses on recent progress in ferromagnetic−ferroelectric materials as well as ferromagnetic-ferroelastic materials, and explores their categorization, growth methods, and characterization techniques. Finally, potential research challenges, along with prospects and application scenarios for 2D multiferroic materials, are outlined.
Graphene-lithium niobate (G-LN) integration has emerged as a promising approach for advancing acoustoelectric, photonic, and optic devices. This hybrid integration leverages graphene’s remarkable optical transparency, excellent conductivity, high carrier mobility, tunable electronic properties, and compatibility with complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology, alongside LN’s high electro-optic, acousto-optic, and nonlinear-optic coefficients, creating a highly functional platform for novel devices. This mini-review comprehensively synthesizes the state-of-the-art and recent advancements in G-LN integration, summarizing its fundamental principles and processes of practical fabrication techniques, and exploring surface acoustic waves, graphene electrodes, surface plasmon polaritons, and graphene absorbers. This mini-review of G-LN integration could underscore its significance in supporting more robust, energy-efficient, high-performance, and uniquely diverse devices, implying its potential to drive breakthroughs across multiple disciplines, as well as inspire further advancements in G-LN integration-based device design and applications.
The interfacial tension between two cell subpopulations in direct contact represents a key physical parameter responsible for the self-organization of tissues during biological processes such as morphogenesis and the spreading of cancers. Higher interfacial tension (i) reduces the spreading of cancer-mesenchymal cells through the epithelial subpopulation, (ii) ensures efficient cell segregation in co-cultured systems, (iii) can induce extrusion of cancer-mesenchymal cells along the biointerface with the epithelial subpopulation, and (iv) results in the generation of higher mechanical stress along the biointerface. Inhomogeneous distribution of the interfacial tension leads to the Marangoni effect, which further facilitates the rearrangement of cells. The formation of mobile stiffness gradients, known as durotaxis, under in vivo conditions is directly related to an inhomogeneous distribution of the interfacial tension. As the product of homotypic and heterotypic cell−cell interactions, the interfacial tension depends on the distance between the subpopulations, which varies over time. This review (i) summarizes biological aspects related to the homotypic and heterotypic cell−cell interactions along the biointerface, together with the viscoelasticity of cell subpopulations caused by collective cell migration and by compression (de-wetting)/extension (wetting) of the subpopulations; and (ii) describes these same biological aspects from a bio-physical/mathematical perspective by pointing to the role played by the interfacial tension.
The ferrovalley materials and their nontrivial band topological properties have recently attracted extensive interest in theoretical physics and their promising applications. Using first-principles calculations, we predict the valley polarization in monolayer MoSnC2S6 and MoPbGe2Te6. These materials possess a robust ferromagnetic ground state, with high Curie temperatures of 460 K and 319.5 K, respectively. The intrinsic valley polarization arises from the breaking of time-reversal symmetry and spatial inversion symmetry. Biaxial strain and electron correlation (U) can modulate the valley polarization and bandgap. The quantum anomalous Hall phase is driven by biaxial strain and U during the process of bandgap closing, opening, reclosing, and reopening. This can be demonstrated by the chiral edge states at the edges and the plateau in the anomalous Hall conductivity. During the closing and opening of the bandgap, the sign and magnitude of the Berry curvature also vary. Our work provides an ideal platform for valleytronics and the quantum anomalous Hall effect.
Due to the limitations of traditional silicon-based semiconductors at the nanoscale, such as short-channel effects and quantum effects, two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) like MoS2 and MoTe2 are increasingly recognized for their remarkable characteristics. These materials exhibit unique properties, including tunable bandgaps and the ability to mitigate electron scattering. The metal−insulator transition (MIT), a special electrical property found in some 2D materials, holds great potential for various applications. The MIT in TMDs can be induced through external parameters, but challenges like charge inhomogeneity and the detrimental effects of ionic liquid gating complicate device fabrication and measurement. In this work, we report the MIT behavior in an isoelectronic doped transition metal dichalcogenide MoS2(1−x)Se2x. By studying the dependence of conductivity on temperature in MoS2(1−x)Se2x field-effect transistors employing a single back-gate device structure, we observe clear evidence of the metal−insulator transition in the electron carriers. More importantly, we demonstrate that this MIT behavior can be replicated in other 2D material systems that lack such properties by heterostructure engineering. Our research lays the foundation for further enhancing the performance of 2D materials and may lead to broader applications in functional electronic devices.
We investigate the ultrafast dynamics of the quasi-one-dimensional Kondo lattice CeCo2Ga8 using optical pump-probe spectroscopy. Time-resolved pump-probe reflectivity measurements reveal a strong anisotropy in the photoinduced response, which is a direct consequence of the material’s unique electronic structure. The temperature dependence of the relaxation dynamics provides evidence for the formation of two distinct hybridization gaps that appear at different temperatures in the heavy fermion state. A direct gap of
Graphite serves as a pivotal anode material in lithium-ion batteries. However, issues such as the co-embedding of solvent molecules during cycling and rapid capacity degradation at high rates have greatly hampered the practical application and development of graphite materials. Herein, this study proposes a straightforward, cost-effective, and environmentally benign strategy for modifying graphite anodes, with the dual objectives of enhancing high-rate capability and prolonging cycle life. Using water as the primary solvent and polyacrylonitrile as the coating material, a highly conductive, flexible, and strongly bonded polymer cladding layer is designed by combining solid−liquid coating and low-temperature heat treatment technologies. This innovative design not only effectively prevents the co-embedding of solvent molecules and mitigates the volume change of graphite particles during extended cycling, but also successfully constructs a dense and efficient electron transport network on the graphite surface. Leveraging the stability advantages brought by the high electron cloud overlap of C=N bonds (comprising σ bonds and π bonds), the conductivity and structural stability of the material are enhanced. This ultimately results in the successful synthesis of the G@C-PAN core−shell material, which exhibits high-rate performance and exceptional long-cycling stability. The results indicate that the material retains a high specific capacity of 328.12 mAh·g−1 with 96.18% capacity retention after 250 cycles at 0.5C. Furthermore, it exhibits an impressive specific capacity retention of 97.20% after 500 cycles at 2C. This study presents a sustainable, economically viable, and scalable approach for commercializing high-performance graphite-based lithium-ion batteries.
The Haldane model is the simplest yet most powerful topological lattice model exhibiting various phases, including the Dirac semimetal phase and the anomalous quantum Hall phase (also known as the Chern insulator). Although considered unlikely to be physically directly realizable in condensed matter systems, it has been experimentally demonstrated in other physical settings such as cold atoms, where Hermiticity is usually preserved. Extending this model to the non-Hermitian regime with energy non-conservation can significantly enrich topological phases that lack Hermitian counterparts; however, such exploration remains experimentally challenging due to the lack of suitable physical platforms. Here, based on electric circuits, we report the experimental realization of a genuine non-Hermitian Haldane model with asymmetric next-nearest-neighbor hopping. We observe two previously uncovered phases: a non-Hermitian Chern insulator and a non-Hermitian semimetal phase, both exhibiting boundary-dependent amplifying or dissipative chiral edge states. Our work paves the way for exploring non-Hermiticity-induced unconventional topological phases in the Haldane model.
We propose a conceptual device for a multiplexed biosensor in a photonic crystal chip based on the Su–Schrieffer–Heeger mechanism. Remarkably, the proposed biosensor can identify three distinct disease markers through a single-shot photon transmission measurement, thanks to the couplings among the three Su–Schrieffer–Heeger boundary modes in the photonic crystal. Our biosensor design is more robust against defects and disorders that are inevitable in real-life device applications than previous designs. Such robustness is invaluable for achieving efficient, reliable, and integrated biosensing based on nanophotonic systems. We further demonstrate that various combinations of disease markers can be recognized via the photon transmission spectrum, thus unveiling a promising route toward high-performance, advanced biosensing for future biomedical technology.
Flexible temperature sensors capable of simultaneously delivering high sensitivity, precision, and stability are essential to meet the increasing demands for monitoring temperature changes associated with infections and diseases. Herein, we fabricated a flexible temperature sensor using Bi2Se3-based thermosensitive materials. Through Sn-doping, an n-type to p-type transition was realized in Bi2Se3 nanosheets, leading to enhanced temperature sensing performance. The Bi1.97Sn0.03Se3 nanosheets with optimal doping level exhibited a high sensitivity of –0.63%/°C. The fabricated temperature sensor could detect skin temperature with high precision and stability. Moreover, by taking advantage of the n–p transition, a flexible double-chain thermoelectric generator consisting of n-type Bi2Se3 and p-type Bi1.97Sn0.03Se3 was also fabricated, demonstrating its potential for thermal energy harvesting and self-powered temperature sensing.
Hilbert space fragmentation (HSF) is a mechanism for generating quantum many-body scar (QMBS), which provides a route to weakly break ergodicity. Many scarred systems possess an exponentially large number of zero-energy states due to the chiral symmetry induced bipartition of the Hilbert space. In this work, we study the QMBS phenomenology under the interplay between the chiral symmetry and pseudo HSF, where the Hilbert space is approximately fragmented into different blocks. We consider a model of tilted chain of interacting spinless fermions with periodically varying tunneling strength. At small tunneling strength, we analytically derive the resonance conditions under which the system is described by an effective model with chiral symmetry and pseudo HSF. We find that the interplay between the two gives rise to a highly localized zero-energy QMBS when the particle number is even. This zero-energy QMBS induces an unusual scarred dynamical phenomenon. Specifically, the fidelity from a simple initial state oscillates around a finite fixed value without decaying, instead of showing the typical decaying collapse and revival observed when the particle number is odd and in common scarred systems. We show that the signature of the unusual scarred dynamical behaviour can also be detected in the original driven system by measuring local observables. Our findings enrich the scar phenomenon and deepen the understanding of the relation between Hilbert space structure and QMBS.
The persistent flow of superfluids is essential for understanding the fundamental characteristics of superfluidity and shows promise for applications in high-precision metrology and atomtronics. We proposed a protocol for generating persistent flows with significant winding numbers by employing a geometric quench and leveraging two-dimensional (2D) quantum turbulence. By subjecting the trap potential to sudden geometric quenches to drive the system far from equilibrium, we can reveal intriguing nonequilibrium phenomena. Our study demonstrates that transitioning from a single ring-shaped configuration to a double concentric ring-shaped configuration through a geometric quench does not induce a persistent current in Bose−Einstein condensates (BECs). The energy transfer from small to large length scales during the 2D turbulent cascade of vortices can generate persistent flow with a small winding number in toroidal BECs. Nonetheless, the interplay of geometric quench and turbulent cascade can lead to circulation flows that exhibit high stability, uniformity, and are devoid of topological excitations. We showcase the intricate nature of turbulence in our investigation, which is influenced by factors like boundaries and spatial dimensionality. This advancement holds promise for innovative atomtronic designs and provides insights into quantum tunneling and interacting quantum systems under extreme non-equilibrium conditions.
An edge soliton is a localized bound state that arises from the balance between diffraction broadening and nonlinearity-induced self-focusing. It typically resides either at the edge or at the domain wall of a lattice system. To the best of our knowledge, most reported edge solitons have been observed in conservative Hermitian systems; whether stable edge solitons can exist in non-Hermitian systems remains an open question. In this work, we utilize a photonic lattice that naturally exhibits type-II Dirac cones and introduce a domain wall by carefully configuring gains and losses at the three sites within each unit cell. Surprisingly, edge states localized at the domain wall can exhibit entirely real propagation constants. Building on these edge states, we demonstrate the existence of edge solitons that can propagate stably over distances significantly exceeding those in the experimental settings adopted in this study. Although these solitons eventually couple with the bulk states and ultimately collapse, they exhibit remarkable resilience. Our findings establish that a domain wall supporting loss-resistant edge solitons, which can also evade the skin effect, is achievable in non-Hermitian systems. This discovery holds promising potential for the development of compact functional optical devices.
Designing efficient and fast-charging batteries is an important goal in the field of energy, crucial for upgrading new energy vehicles and portable electronic devices such as smartphones. Here, we incorporate the concept of finite-time thermodynamics into studying the resistor-capacitor (RC) series circuit and obtain the time-dependence of charging efficiency and charging power. Through this exploration, essential thermodynamic constraints governing the charging process, including the trade-off relation between charging power and efficiency, are obtained. Moreover, we reveal the lower bound for charging time and the corresponding optimal charging strategy, and further demonstrate the power-efficiency trade-off relation in such an optimized strategy. Our findings shed new light on seeking optimal battery charging methods with nonequilibrium thermodynamics.
Recently, the simulation of moiré physics using cold atom platforms has gained significant attention. These platforms provide an opportunity to explore novel aspects of moiré physics that go beyond the limits of traditional condensed matter systems. Building on recent experimental advancements in creating twisted bilayer spin-dependent optical lattices for pseudospin-1/2 Bose gases, we extend this concept to a trilayer optical lattice for spin-1 Bose gases. Unlike conventional moiré patterns, which are typically induced by interlayer tunneling or interspin coupling, the moiré pattern in this trilayer system arises from inter-species atomic interactions. We investigate the ground state of Bose-Einstein condensates loaded in this spin-1 twisted optical lattice under both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions. We find that the ground state forms a periodic pattern of distinct phases in the homogeneous case, including ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, polar, and broken axial symmetry phases. Additionally, by quenching the optical lattice potential strength, we examine the quench dynamics of the system above the ground state and observe the emergence of topological excitations such as vortex pairs. This study provides a pathway for exploring the rich physics of spin-1 twisted optical lattices and expands our understanding of moiré systems in synthetic quantum platforms.
