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The E3 ubiquitin ligase is a multi-functional protein that performs vital roles, particularly in various stress environment. To further understand the biological significance of E3 ubiquitin ligase gene from wheat (
This research was conducted to explore genetic material that can yield better under salt stress conditions. The experiment was laid out using 27 upland cotton genotypes in a RCBD 2 factorial arrangement with two replications. Saline water (NaCl at 20 dS/m) was applied after satisfactory emergence was achieved. The crop was raised to maturity and data relating to yield, fiber quality and ionic traits were recorded. Analysis of variance showed significant variations in the germplasm. Plant height, bolls per plant, boll weight, GOT%, staple length, staple strength, K+ and K+/Na+ ratio under salinity stress showed a highly significant correlation with seed-cotton yield. The highest direct effect on seed-cotton yield per plant was exhibited by bolls per plant and boll weight. The results from the correlation and path coefficient analyses revealed that although the K+/Na+ ratio had a strong positively significant association with seed-cotton yield, its direct effect on the seed-cotton yield was negative and thus selection on the basis of K+/Na+ may not be fruitful. Hence, only indirect selection through bolls per plant and boll weight may be effective in increasing the seed-cotton yield per plant under salinity stress.
A maize F2 population was first used to construct a genetic linkage map of Chromosome 6 covering 117.6 cM with an average interval of 3.68 cM between adjacent markers. Based on composite interval mapping (CIM), the quantitative trait loci (QTL) for phosphorus absorption efficiency (PAE) and root-related traits was detected in four environments, i.e., Kaixian County under deficient phosphorus (KXDP), Kaixian County under normal phosphorus (KXNP), SUDP1, and SUDP2. QTLs affecting root weight (RW) were detected simultaneously at the dupssr15 locus region (bin 6.06) on Chromosome 6 in the four environments, while QTL affecting taproot length and fiber number was only detected in one or two environments. The result suggested that taproot length and fiber number were more easily affected by the environment than PAE and RW. The alleles originating from 082 increased PAE and RW on Chromosome 6. The QTL on bin 6.06 explained 4%–10% and 4%–8% of the total phenotypic variance of PAE and RW, respectively, and the estimates of the genetic effects presented dominance and overdominance. The QTL for RW in the dupssr15 locus is the minor QTLs environment interactive effects, which should be particularly useful in MAS manipulation of breeding maize.
The APETALA2 (AP2) domain defines a large family of DNA binding proteins. It has been demonstrated that the AP2 proteins have important functions in the transcriptional regulation of a variety of biologic processes related to growth and development in various responses to drought and other abiotic stresses. In this essay, recent researches on the AP2 transcription factors, such as the molecular characterization, expression patterns in responses to drought and other abiotic stresses, the roles of ABA on drought responding which were mediated by AP2 transcription factors, transcription regulation mechanisms, and the roles of overexpression of AP2 transcription factor on plant drought tolerance, etc. have been overviewed. Deepening the understanding of signaling and the corresponding transduction pathways that are initiated via drought stress stimuli will play crucial roles for providing the theoretical basis for variety breeding with promising drought tolerance in the future.
The translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is a multi-functioning protein that performs vital roles, particularly in various complicated life processes. To further understand the biological function of translationally controlled tumor protein (
A novel conidium development mutant was obtained by screening the transformants of
An experiment was conducted to access the genetic variability among early vigour and quantitative traits under limited moisture in F2 generation of a 5 × 5 diallel cross of bread wheat. The results indicated that there was significant genotypic variation among the genotypes. Additive dominance model revealed full fitness of the data for RL, DSW, FRW, DRW, spike length, and 1000-grain weight but was partially fit for SL, FSW, R/S, tillers per seedling, plant height, tillers per plant, spikelets per spike, and grain yield per plant. The partially adequate models for these plant characters might be due to the presence of non-allelic interaction, linkage, and non-independent distribution of the genes in the parents. Additive genes coupled with moderate to high narrow sense heritability were involved in the heritage of all the traits, which indicated a higher scope of selection in early generations.
To investigate the frequency of occurrence and the concentrations of aflatoxins (AFs), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) and fumonisins (FBs) in naturally infected maize, 25 samples of maize collected from fields in Hebei Province, China, were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The maize samples were found to be frequently contaminated with DON (68%), ZEN (60%) and FBs (32%) in the range of from 28 to 2533 μg/kg, 60 to 1239 μg/kg and 150 to 4480 μg/kg, respectively. The average concentration found for DON, ZEN and FB1+ FB2 were 605, 238 and 418 μg/kg, respectively. The average concentration of DON (605 μg/kg) in our samples was below the maximum tolerable limit of 1000 μg/kg set as the Chinese standard for maize, while ZEN (238 μg/kg) was almost four times as high as the maximum tolerable limit of 60 μg/kg. The overall level of FB (FB1+ FB2) contamination was relatively low, with an average concentration of 418 μg/kg in 32% (8 of 25) of maize samples from Hebei. AFs were not detected in any of the tested samples. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of multimycotoxin in maize in China.
A systematic and comparative study on the frequency and spectrum of chlorophyll mutations induced by ethylmethane sulphonate (EMS) - an alkylating agent, hydrazine hydrate (HZ) – a base analogue and sodium azide (SA) – a respiratory inhibitor, was carried out in two mungbean varieties, namely, PDM-11 and NM-1. A wide spectrum of chlorophyll mutants was obtained in the M2 generation. All these chlorophyll-deficient mutants were lethal except maculata, viridis and virescent. Chlorina followed by xantha types were predominant in both the varieties. EMS treatments induced the highest frequency of chlorophyll mutations followed by HZ and SA. The frequency of chlorophyll mutations was dose-dependent and increased with the mutagen concentration. Based on effectiveness in both varieties, the order of mutagens was HZ>SA>EMS. Two criteria viz., pollen sterility (Mp/S) and seedling injury (Mp/I) were taken into consideration to determine the efficiency of the mutagens. EMS was found to be the most efficient mutagen followed by HZ and SA. Moderate concentrations of the mutagens were the most effective and efficient in inducing mutations.
Using the Jihong 8937 variety of adzuki bean (
In this paper, taking SSR and functional gene sequence as the primers and the plasmid of first- and second-level pools of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library as templates, the PCR method was used for specific clones of different chromosomes in Chinese cabbage. The results showed that the number of positive clones was 1–11 per primer and the average number of clone was 3.9 by screening 19200 clones of BAC library using 12 pairs of SSR primers from 10 linkage groups individually, which were nearly consistent with about 3.4 times of genome coverage. Positive clones were acquired in chromosome Nos. 2 to 5 and 8 to 10 without screening with the positive clones in chromosome Nos. 1, 6, and 7. In addition, the primer of
In order to improve the sensory quality of Yali perry and choose fruits specially suitable for mixed fermentation with Yali pear, 11 kinds of fruits were selected and contrasted, including hawthorn, kiwifruit, Kyoho grape, Brown plum, Fuji apple, Nanguo pear, Dongzao jujube, Mopan persimmon, Korla pear, and Chi pear. These fruits were mixed separately with Yali pear, thus turning out 64 different types of mixed perries. The assessment on products was made based on the physiochemical indexes, aroma components via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and comparison between the qualities of the mixed perries via sensory evaluation and principal component analysis (PCA). Based on the PCA on the physiochemical indexes of 39 mixed perries and aroma components of 7 mixed perries, the models aiming at evaluating perry flavor and aroma quality were established, which were compatible with those of sensory evaluation; based on the sensory evaluation and PCA, hawthorn, plum, grape, and apple were suitable specially for mixing brewing, among which the hawthorn-Yali perry in the proportion of 25:100 and plum-Yali perry in the proportion of 40:100 scored the highest. The results will be helpful to the development of perry industry.
The effects of incorporation SA into KNO3 priming solution on the germination and emergence of eggplant seeds at 15°C were investigated. Seeds were primed into 3% KNO3 containing 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, or 1 mM salicylic acid (SA) for 6 days, respectively. After the priming, seeds were either immediately used for germination and emergence test at 15°C or stored at 4°C for 1 month and then for the germination test. The primed eggplant seeds in general improved the final germination percentage (FGP), germination rate (G50), and germination synchrony (E10–90) at 15°C compared with non-priming seeds. Priming seeds in 3% KNO3 solution supplement with 0.1 mM SA resulted in the best priming effect compared with other priming treatments and non-priming treatment, and all of the beneficial priming effects were still retained after stored at 4°C for 30 days. These results indicated that priming seeds in 3% KNO3 solution containing 0.1 mM SA could be used as an effective method to improve low-temperature performance of eggplant seeds and subsequent seedling growth.
The effects of regulators on the respiratory enzymes of
The present study was aimed to determine the effects of inoculation with
Zn is an essential mineral nutrient for plant growth and development. Its effect on crop yield and quality has not been well documented. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of foliar application of zinc fertilizers on yield and quality of millet (
This paper studied the variation characters on wheat and corn water consumption and irrigation water-saving amount under different water conditions (ample irrigation level, farmers conventional irrigation level and optimizing irrigation level). The water use efficiency and water saving potential of optimizing treatment and farmers’ conventional irrigation treatment were analyzed respectively. The objective of this study was to provide theoretical supporting for popularization and application of optimizing irrigation measures. Crop water requirement under sufficient water supply was calculated by Penman equation. We obtained crop water consumption under conventional treatment and optimizing treatment by field experiment. The main results showed that the irrigation amount of wheat and corn was too much under farmers’ conventional irrigation level and basically satisfied their water requirement, therefore, the water-saving amount was smaller while water-saving potential was bigger compared with the optimizing irrigation treatment. The grain yield under optimizing irrigation treatment was improved or appreciably reduced compared with that under conventional irrigation treatment, while the water consumption and irrigation amount of optimizing irrigation treatment was lower, with a higher water use efficiency. Therefore, the optimizing irrigation treatment could achieve a stable yield and high water efficiency at the same time. Moreover, when the optimizing irrigation measure was adopted, the grain yield reached 5940 kg/hm2, water-saving amount reached 91mm for winter wheat, and the grain yield reached 7743 kg/hm2, with water-saving amount of 49 mm for summer corn in the piedmont region of Taihang Mount. The grain yield got 7710 kg/hm2, with water-saving amount of 20 mm for winter wheat in Heilonggang Plain. Therefore, the water-saving amount in the piedmont region of Taihang Mountain was obviously higher than that in Heilonggang Plain. Thus, the piedmont region of Taihang Mountain in the North China Plain is viewed as the key district for water-saving.
With the aim of increasing the grain crop yield and the level of soil nutrition in the fluvo-aquic soil in North China, the effects of long-term application of K fertilizers and straw returning on crop yield and soil nutrient supplying capacity were investigated in the long-term K localization experiment (1992–2009). The results revealed that wheat and maize responded to K fertilizer in an identical manner and the average yield of wheat and maize for 17 years were NPKSr>NPK>NPSr>NP. Application of K fertilizer on the basis of NP fertilizers could increase the yield of wheat and maize while the grain and straw yields in each treatment were significantly higher for maize than for wheat. The yield of wheat and maize was increased by 6.74% and 22.32% respectively when applied with NPK fertilizers compared to NP fertilizers. With the NPSr fertilizing mode, the yield of wheat and maize was increased by 2.84% and 10.62% compared to the NP mode respectively. The NPKSr fertilizing mode gave the best yield for wheat and maize, resulting in 10.34%and 23.81% increase respectively compared to the NP mode. The yield stability of wheat was significantly higher than that of maize. Under the condition of long-term fertilization, the K uptaken by wheat and maize was degressive by the sequence of NPKSr>NPSr>NPK>NP, mainly deposited in the straw but not in the grain. In this work, the soil natural ability for applying K was gradually reduced as the planting years proceeded and the changes were fitted by linear equations. The natural supply ability of K element in land planted wheat was higher than that in land planted maize.
The external morphology of the compound eye of the winged female and male
To clone the antibiotic biosynthesis gene cluster of
The aim of this study was to screen the antagonistic spore-forming bacteria of
This paper aims at studying the effect of steam-flaked corn instead of corn in the diet for finishing steers on the growth performance and blood biochemical parameters. A single-factor design was used. There were 28 simmental crossbred steers with the similar bodyweight (414.4±29.3 kg,
Aflatoxin-detoxifizyme (ADTZ) was evaluated for its ability to reduce the deleterious effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in broiler diets. A total of 624 one-day-old AA broilers were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups with 8 replicates each. The control, AFB1 and ADTZ treatments were fed with basal diet, basal diet+ 0.1 mg/kg AFB1 and basal diet+ 0.1 mg/kg AFB1 + 0.3% ADTZ, respectively. The trials lasted 42 days. The results showed that: (1) AFB1 diminished the growth performance of broilers significantly (
Twelve dual-flow continuous culture fermenters (culture 8 d with 5 d for adjustment and 3 d for sample collection) were used to evaluate the effects of rumen-degradable protein balance (RDPB) on rumen fermentation. The different RDPB levels in six diets were as follows: -16.84, -8.87, -0.87, +7.13, +15.13, and +23.12 g RDPB /kg DM. Results indicated that RDPB had a significant effect on fermenter NH3-N (
An experiment was conducted to assess the effects of different sources of fats added with an external emulsifier (lecithin) on the performances of Khaki Campbell Ducks in an eight-week trial. Ducks were grouped into five dietary groups with three replicates (
The effects of xylooligosaccharide (XOS) on growth performance, activities of digestive enzymes, and intestinal microflora of Chinese soft-shelled turtle
Co-culture of roughskin sculpin and common carp, roughskin sculpin and medaka, and roughskin sculpin and freshwater shrimp were carried out in three earthen ponds from late May till late October of 2009 in a suburb of Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province, China. In the sculpin/medaka and sculpin/shrimp co-culture ponds, aquatic plants (cattail and reed) composing approximately 25% of the pond area were settled. Commercial feed was administered in all the three ponds for the three forage animals: common carp, medaka and freshwater shrimp. In the sculpin/carp co-culture pond, though common carp grew properly with a yield of 4550 kg per hm2, the sculpin gradually decreased in number, and eventually only a few were left. In the sculpin/medaka co-culture pond, the pelagic medaka and benthic roughskin sculpin made full use of the water column of the pond, with the former breeding continuously to provide fry and juveniles for the latter to prey on, yielding 61.4 kg roughskin sculpin per hm2 and 1550 kg medaka per hm2. In the sculpin/shrimp co-culture, adult freshwater shrimp were also bred to supply fry and juveniles for the growing roughskin sculpin to prey on, yielding 46.4 kg roughskin sculpin per hm2 and 304 kg shrimp per hm2, less than that in the sculpin/medaka co-culture, as both freshwater shrimp and roughskin sculpin lived in the same niches, i.e. the pond bottom and the plant stems and leaves, with the open water column left vacant. Further improvements were also proposed.
The study was conducted to investigate the ontogenic development of main digestive enzymes (pepsin, trypsin, amylase and lipase) activities in juvenile soft-shelled turtle (
Sweet cherry (
The objective was to study the technology for the separation and purification of oligomeric proanthocyanidins from
The aim of this paper was to study the biochemical changes in fermented scallop flour paste (SFP) during different fermentation periods. SFP was prepared with scallop muscles, flour koji, salt, rice koji, and neutral protease at 40°C for 12 days. Biochemical changes during fermentation were investigated. By reducing sugar content, formaldehyde nitrogen content, total acid content, and free amino acids (FAAs), the concentration of SFP was increased but water activity was decreased. Most FAAs were increased, and the amounts of glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, and leucine were high. Some amino acid concentrations were higher than their taste threshold, such as the glutamate of umami, the glycine and alanine of sweet and umami, and the arginine and lysine of bitter and sweet. They contributed significantly to the characteristic taste of SFP. Therefore, SFP is a potential seasoning agent with nutritional properties and good taste.
In this study, oxidized starch was taken as raw material to prepare filming. Single factor and orthogonal experiments were conducted to investigate its properties. The results showed that the different concentrations of oxidized starch, glycerol, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and glutaraldehyde had significant effects on the properties of the oxidized starch/PVA films, among which the most important factor was glycerol, followed by the oxidized starch, PVA and glutaraldehyde. The optimum film-forming conditions were 6.0% oxidized starch, 6.0% PVA, 2.5% glycerol and 0.6% glutaraldehyde.
Effects of salt stress on the physiological and photosynthetic characteristics of
The invasion behavior and infection process of