The applicability and potential advantages of femtosecond laser-induced ionization microscopy in examining biological samples are demonstrated. High-resolution section images of the inner structures and the topographical surface profiles of a piece of unstained onion skin and a human oral epithelium specimen are obtained by collecting the plasma emission signals generated either inside the samples or from air in the vicinity. It is concluded that the high material discrimination capability and the minimum damage effect give this laser-induced ionization imaging technique great potentials in the area of biological imaging and medical analyses.
By analyzing the flash lamp structure, better illumination distributions in the lamp's field of view can be obtained. Instead of geometrical optical approaches, the Monte Carlo photon tracing method was used here to trace the photon tracks in a three-dimensional space. The models of elemental structures in a camera flash lamp, such as the flash tube, reflector and focus lens, were set up by introducing the cosinusoidal random number and other mathematical methods. Initially, the single photon was traced in the flash lamp by using the Monte Carlo method to simulate various photon tracks. A large sum of photons was then generated to simulate the real situation in the flash lamp. Finally, a group of structural parameters was applied to verify the simulative computer program. The output light intensity distributions at different angles of view in the orthogonal directions meet the ISO standards and are very close to the measured ones. Hence, the Monte Carlo photon tracing method in the design of flash lamps has been proven to be applicable and useful.
A new type of Fabry Perot light modulator for displays based on micro-electro-mechanical system technology is proposed. Multiple beam interference theory is used to design the modulator and analyze its characteristics. If Fabry Perot cavity length is one-quarter of the incident wavelength, the transmitted light is blocked by the modulator, and the modulator, which is illuminated from its backside, appears black. If the Fabry Perot cavity length is 0 or one-half of the incident wavelength, light may transmit the Fabry Perot modulator from its backside, and the modulator appears bright. Hence, the modulator may be used for flat panel displays. In this paper one Fabry Perot light modulator based on surface micromachining technology is introduced. The designed modulator has a contrast ratio of 150 and can theoretically be driven by a voltage of 2.4 V.
A high Er3+-doped narrow linewidth fiber laser based on fiber Bragg grating Fabry-Perot cavity was demonstrated. The spatial hole burning effect was restrained by a fiber Faraday rotator. Two short fiber Bragg grating Fabry-Perot cavities as narrow bandwidth filters discriminated and selected laser longitudinal modes efficiently. A stable single-frequency 1534.83 nm laser was acquired. Pumped by two 976 nm laser diodes and two-ended output, the fiber laser exhibited a 12 mW threshold. Total 39.5 mW output power and one end 22 mW output power were obtained at the maximum 145 mW pump power. Optical-optical efficiency was 27% and slope efficiency was 29.7%. The output power seemed to be saturated when pump power increased. The 3 dB linewidth of the laser was less than 7.5 kHz, measured by the delayed self-heterodyne method with 15 km monomode fiber. The high power narrow linewidth fiber laser can be used in high resolution fiber sensor systems.
The characteristics of chirped fiber Bragg gratings (CFBGs) are optimized so that the ripple coefficient of the power reflectivity spectrum and group time delay are less than 1 dB and |± 15| ps, group delay is about 2600 ps/nm, polarization module dispersion is very small, PMD < 2 ps, -3 dB bandwidth is about 0.35 nm, and insertion loss is about 4–5 dBm. Using dispersion compensation CFBG, a 2500 km-10 Gbps RZ optical signal transmission system on G.652 fiber was successfully demonstrated without an electric regenerator by optimizing dispersion management and loss management. The RZ optical signal was generated through a two-stage modulation method. At 2081 km, the power penalty of transmission is about 3 dB (conditions: RZ signal, BER = 10-12, PRBS = 1023 - 1); At 2560 km, the power penalty is about 5 dB. It is superior to the system using NRZ under the same conditions.
According to the temperature sensing model of the fiber Bragg grating (FBG), a theoretical method of temperature sensing capacity of FBG is proposed. Based on the temperature sensing model of FBG, a temperature sensing experiment was completed at liquid nitrogen temperature (-196°C). The theoretical and experimental results were compared and analyzed, which show that at liquid nitrogen temperature or in a large-scope temperature sensing, the relationship between thermal variation Δ
Unlike the usual wavelength modulation principle of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, a novel weight sensor based on birefringence in FBG is proposed in this paper. The creation of the birefringence is based on the different stresses of the two orthogonal directions in the fiber core cross-section. If weight is applied on an FBG in the radial direction, two reflection spectra with different polarization states which can be observed by an optical spectrum analyzer will occur. An experimental prototype is set up and the measurement principle is described in this paper. Preliminary experimental results indicate that the proposed measurement method is very suitable for the application of heavy weight measurement in the range of 20 tons, especially for vehicle load monitoring in highway charge-by-weight systems. The sensitivity of weight measurement is be estimated to be about 5 kg.
A novel four-core fiber-based bending sensor has been proposed. The four-core fiber is used as the sensing element, the four cores of the fiber act as a four-beam interferometer, and the far-field interferogram grids with periodical distributions are formed on the fiber output end. Since the phase difference is a function of the radius of curvature, the change of the radius of curvature shifts the far-field interferometric grid pattern. A low-coherence laser diode with wavelength of 650 nm is adopted to illuminate the fiber, and the interferogram pattern in the far-field is recorded by a CCD camera. The relationship between the far-field grid pattern intensity distribution and the radius of curvature is established theoretically and confirmed experimentally.
A laser ranging system using a two-frequency laser is demonstrated, and the lidar-radar concept is introduced. A laser beam carrying 100 MHz radio frequency is obtained by a monolithic nonplanar ring single-frequency oscillator and an acousto-optical modulator, which is used as the light source of the two-frequency detecting experimental setup. With the optical transmitting and collecting system, the displacement information of a target mounted on a motorized translation stage is achieved. In signal processing, the displacement is obtained by calculating the phase difference between the reference and detection signals executed by a radio-frequency lock-in amplifier. The ranging system turns the optical heterodyne into an electronic demodulation, and the repetition error is less than 3%. The system takes advantage of the signal processing technologies of radar, and meanwhile maintains the advantages of laser detection.
In order to overcome the shortcomings of traditional particle measurement, a new method for the detection of small and single particles through laser feedback phenomenon is presented. This method is based on the laser feedback caused by radiation scattered back from a moving particle in the external cavity of the laser. The parameters of the single particle, such as the diameter, velocity, and quantity, can be measured and calculated from the change in output laser power. In the experiment, the confocal external cavity composed of a concave reflector and a positive lens is designed. This device is able to obtain the corresponding variety curve of standard particles passing through the confocal area, and then the parameters of the particles can be measured and calculated by combining the experimental data and standard curves. Experimental results show that this method is an easily operated and reliable way for particle detection. The measurement ranges from 0.2 to 2000 μm, resolution is 0.2 μm, and measurement error is within 2%. This device may have wide application in areas such as atmosphere particle detection and calibration of a single particle producer.
Significant progress has been made in the study of optical coherence tomography (OCT) - a non-invasive, high resolution, and
It is essentially important to understand the temperature dependence of the photoluminescence of multimodal quantum dot (QD) arrays for the realization of efficient photonic devices. In this paper, the dynamics processes of different density multimodal QD arrays were fitted by using the rate equation model. It is shown that, in high density QD arrays, the intensity of photoluminescence of different QD families has different temperature dependence, and the intensity of photoluminescence is quenched as the temperature increases in low density QD arrays. In high density QD arrays, as the temperature increases, the carriers will be thermally excited into the wetting layer from QDs, and then some of them will be recaptured by the big scale QDs; carrier coupling takes place between the different QD families, while in low density QD arrays, the carrier transfer between different QD families will be limited. Temperature dependence of the maximum of the ratio of photoluminescence intensity of different QD families strongly depends on the difference of thermal activation energies.
To correct the phase aberrations in a wavefront, a wavefront sensorless adaptive optical (AO) system is set up. A real-number encoding Gaussian mutation genetic algorithm (GA) that is adopted to control a 61-element deformable mirror (DM) is presented. This GA uses the light intensity behind a pinhole on the focal plane as the objective function to optimize, and therefore to omit the procedure of measuring the phase aberrations in the laser wavefront by a wavefront sensor. Phase aberrations generated by the DM are brought to an ideal incident wavefront. Several correction simulations have been accomplished. The simulation results show that the genetic algorithm is capable of finding the optimum DM shape to correct the phase aberrations. After the phase aberrations of the wavefront have been corrected by GA, the peak light intensity on the focal plane can be improved at most by a factor of 30, and the encircled energy Strehl ratio can be increased ultimately to 0.96 from 0.032. It is also found that the convergence and stability of the 61 voltages on the DM is quite well. The simulation results prove that the genetic algorithm can be used in AO systems effectively.
An optimization model of circle array was set up from the basic optical synthetic aperture imaging principle. The circle array was optimized by adopting a genetic algorithm with an improved real coding method coding the location of sub-apertures. The measure function was designed based on maximizing the distances between
Based on the dual-wavelength high altitude detecting lidar we developed, daytime observation capability was realized in its sodium fluorescence channel by employing a Na (sodium) atomic filter and other relevant technologies. Because of the very narrow passband and very high out-of-band suppression of the Na atomic filter, the lidar echo at an 80–110 km altitude can be obtained even at noontime when background light from the sun is very strong. The capability for a 24-h continuous observation of the lidar system has been demonstrated by the preliminary observation result. This development makes the constant detection and investigation of high altitude atmosphere over the country possible.
To aid psychology researches on the function of the prefrontal cortex, a 16-channel brain functional imaging instrument based on near-infrared spectroscopy is developed. The probe of the instrument, covering a detection area of 15 cm × 4.4 cm of the prefrontal cortex, is made flexible and is easy to fix to the forehead. By employing multi-wavelength LEDs as light sources, using integrated detectors and choosing a USB-interface-based data acquisition device, the whole system is portable and convenient to use, which is good for psychological experiments. The system software is developed using Visual C++ 6.0, which controls the imaging process, measurement data plotting and storage. The maximal temporal resolution is about 100 ms. Noise and long-term drift test are given. The Valsalva maneuver experiment is used to validate the reliability of the instrument for monitoring hemodynamic changes.
Automatic exposure (AE) is one of the indispensable functions of modern video cameras. According to the attention mechanism of human visual systems, peak regions in luminance histogram correspond to the region of no interest in an image. Based on this assumption, a new AE algorithm using the luminance histogram of an image is proposed in this paper. The algorithm finds the first two largest peak regions in the histogram and calculates the mean weighted luminance (MWL) of the entire image by weighting the luminance of pixels inside the two peak regions. The MWL is then used to control the exposure of video cameras. The weight of pixel luminance is decided by a set of quadratic curves, and the parameters of the quadratic curves are affected by the brightness of the image background. Fuzzy logic is also applied to optimize the practical AE systems. Results show that the proposed algorithm gives efficient exposure control over various scene tests.
Super-resolution near-field structure (Super-RENS) is one of the most promising near-field optical recording schemes with significant application prospects. The development of Super-RENS from the basic type to the third-generation is introduced. The development of mask material and the application of Super-RENS in different recording systems are summarized.
A series of novel aminoalkyl-substituted fluorene/carbazole-based main chain copolymers with benzothiadiazole (BTDZ) of different contents: poly[3,6-(
In applications of solar physics, extreme ultraviolet imaging of solar corona by selecting the He-II (
The ohmic contact and photoresponse of a ZnO single crystal film by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) were investigated. The electrical and photoresponsive changes in the ZnO film due to RF sputter deposition of SiO2 (antireflection coating) were also discussed. The experimental results show that the non-alloyed Al/Au metallization scheme forms good ohmic contact on n-type ZnO, RF sputter deposition of SiO2 induces defects which behave as carrier traps and prolong response time, and the photoresponse of ZnO epitaxial film deteriorates with time.
128 × 128, 128 × 160 and 256 × 256 AlGaAs/GaAs quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) focal plane arrays (FPA) as well as a large area test device are designed and fabricated. The device with n-doped back-illuminated AlGaAs/GaAs quantum structure is achieved by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) epitaxial growth and GaAs integrated circuit processing technology. The test device is valued by its dark current performance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra at 77 K. Cut off wavelengths of 9 and 10.9 μm are realized by using different epitaxial structures. The blackbody detectivity
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and slowdown of group velocity (SGV) in Eu3+:Y2SiO5 were investigated by using density matrix equations of the interaction between light and matter and their numerical solutions. The relationship of the probe transmission with different probe detuning and coupling Rabi frequency was obtained. The influence of inhomogeneous line width on electromagnetically induced transparency and slowdown of group velocity were analyzed. Such transparency was restrained when inhomogeneous line width increased. The center transmission did not homogeneously change with an increase in ion-doped concentration. There is an optimal concentration which can make the electromagnetically induced transparency significant. It is evident that the group velocity of the probe has a minimum value for a certain level of coupling field strength.
Green organic light-emitting devices with a structure of indium-tin-oxide (ITO)/polystyrene (PS):
The rate equations of Er-doped and Yb-Er co-doped systems pumped at 0.98 μm are presented, with consideration for the upconversion mechanisms such as cooperative upconversion, cross relaxation, and excited state absorption. A multi-theoretical model is founded to analyze the gain characteristics of Er-doped and Yb-Er co-doped Al2O3 waveguide amplifiers by using rate equations, a two-dimension waveguide finite element model and propagation equations with forward and backward amplified spontaneous emission. The dependence of the gain on amplifier length, pump power and doping concentration is obtained. The optimum design curve is given for designing waveguide amplifiers. The new theory is used to analyze the gain performance of a practical Yb-Er co-doped Al2O3 waveguide amplifier, and the analyzed results are in accordance with the experimental data.
The epitaxial structure and growth, circuit design, fabrication process and characterization are described for the photoreceiver opto-electronic integrated circuit (OEIC) based on the InP/InGaAs HBT/PIN photodetector integration scheme. A 1.55 μm wavelength monolithically integrated photoreceiver OEIC is demonstrated with self-aligned InP/InGaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) process. The InP/InGaAs HBT with a 2 μm × 8 μm emitter showed a DC gain of 40, a DC gain cutoff frequency of 45 GHz and a maximum frequency of oscillation of 54 GHz. The integrated InGaAs photodetector exhibited a responsivity of 0.45 A/W at
By means of optical absorption, photoluminescence (PL), Raman scattering and ellipsometry, optical properties of indium nitride (InN) films grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) are investigated. Through absorption and PL measurements, it is proven that the band gap of high quality InN is 0.68 eV, which agrees with the recently reported value, 0.7 eV. By analysis of the Raman scattering spectrum, the comparatively low background concentration of electron results in a smaller band gap value. The transition energy of wurtzite InN at critical point is determined by ellipsometric spectra. In addition, the complex refractive index of InN at energy ranging from 0.65 to 4.0 eV is obtained for the first time.
In electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI), because saw-tooth phase map obtained by phase-shifting is inherently full of speckle noise, noise reduction should be carried out to suppress high-level noise before it is unwrapped. In accordance with the feature of the saw-tooth phase map, an adaptive filter method combining the classical sine/cosine filter and the fringe orientation information of the phase map is developed. A fringe orientation map is first generated from the saw-tooth phase map, and then a fringe-contoured window is derived accordingly. Finally, filtering is carried out within the window. Compared with existing filters, it has a better performance on phase jump information preservation without any blurring effect on phase distribution provided that filtering is implemented on the equal-phase window. Moreover, its capability for noise reduction is more powerful. The effectiveness and advantages of the novel filter have been also verified by both simulated and real saw-tooth phase maps.