The Poisson structures on a basic cycle are determined completely via quiver techniques. As a consequence, all Poisson structures on basic cycles are inner.

The goal of this paper is to study a mixed finite element approximation of the general convex optimal control problems governed by quasilinear elliptic partial differential equations. The state and co-state are approximated by the lowest order Raviart-Thomas mixed finite element spaces and the control is approximated by piecewise constant functions. We derive a priori error estimates both for the state variables and the control variable. Finally, some numerical examples are given to demonstrate the theoretical results.

In this paper, we consider the module-relative-Hochschild homology and cohomology of tensor products of algebras and relate them to those of the factor algebras. Moreover, we show that the tensor product is formally smooth if and only if one of its factor algebras is formally smooth and the other is separable.

The skewness of a graph G is the minimum number of edges in G whose removal results in a planar graph. In this paper, we determine the skewness of the generalized Petersen graph P(4k, k) and hence a lower bound for the crossing number of P(4k, k). In addition, an upper bound for the crossing number of P(4k, k) is also given.

In this paper, we study a risk model with two independent classes of risks, in which both claim number processes are renewal processes with phasetype inter-arrival times. Using a generalized matrix Dickson-Hipp operator, a matrix Volterra integral equation for the Gerber-Shiu function is derived. And the analytical solution to the Gerber-Shiu function is also provided.

We show that the following classes of C*-algebras in the classes Ω are inherited by simple unital C*-algebras in the classes TAΩ: (1) simple unital purely infinite C*-algebras, (2) unital isometrically rich C*-algebras, (3) unital Riesz interpolation C*-algebras.

Using a bounding technique, we prove that the fluid model of generalized Jackson network (GJN) with vacations is the same as a GJN without vacations, which means that vacation mechanism does not affect the dynamic performance of GJN under fluid approximation. Furthermore, in order to present the impact of vacation on the performance of GJN, we show that exponential rate of convergence for fluid approximation only holds for large N, which is different from a GJN without vacations. The results on fluid approximation and convergence rate are embodied by the queue length, workload, and busy time processes.

In this paper, it is characterized when a multiple unilateral weighted shift belongs to the classes $\mathbb{A}_n \left( {1 \leqslant n \leqslant \aleph _0 } \right)$. As a result, we perfect and generalize the previous conclusions given by H. Bercovici, C. Foias, and C. Pearcy. Moreover, we remark that Question 21 posed by Shields has been negatively answered.

Let F be a field, and let$\mathbb{G}$ be the standard Borel subgroup of the symplectic group Sp(2m, F). In this paper, we characterize the bijective maps ϕ: $\mathbb{G}$ → $\mathbb{G}$ satisfying ϕ[x, y] = [ϕ(x), ϕ(y)].

It is proved that all automorphism groups of the sporadic simple groups are characterized by their element orders and the group orders.

It is known that the Lyapunov exponent is not continuous at certain points in the space of continuous quasi-periodic cocycles. We show that the Lyapunov exponent is continuous for a higher-dimensional analytic category in this paper. It has a modulus of continuity of the form exp(−∣logt∣^σ) for some 0 < σ < 1.

Let G be a properly edge-colored graph. A rainbow matching of G is a matching in which no two edges have the same color. Let δ denote the minimum degree of G. We show that if |V(G)| > (δ² + 14δ + 1)/4, then G has a rainbow matching of size δ, which answers a question asked by G. Wang [Electron. J. Combin., 2011, 18: #N162] affirmatively. In addition, we prove that if G is a properly colored bipartite graph with bipartition (X, Y) and max{|X|, |Y|} > (δ² + 4δ − 4)/4, then G has a rainbow matching of size δ.

The prime concern of this paper is the first passage time of a non-homogeneous random walk, which is nearest neighbor but able to stay at its position. It is revealed that the branching structure of the walk corresponds to a 2-type non-homogeneous branching process and the first passage time of the walk can be expressed by that branching process. Therefore, one can calculate the mean and variance of the first passage time, though its exact distribution is unknown.

In this paper, we present an explicit and computable lower bound for the first eigenvalue of birth-death processes with killing. This estimate is qualitatively sharp for birth-death processes without killing. We also establish an approximation procedure for the first eigenvalue of the birth-death process with killing by an increasing principal eigenvalue sequence of some birth-death processes without killing. Some applications of our results are illustrated by many examples.

The quantum codes have been generalized to inhomogeneous case and the stabilizer construction has been established to get additive inhomogeneous quantum codes in [Sci. China Math., 2010, 53: 2501–2510]. In this paper, we generalize the known constructions to construct non-additive inhomogeneous quantum codes and get examples of good d-ary quantum codes.

By weakening or dropping the superquadraticity condition (SQC), the existence of positive solutions for a class of elliptic equations is established. In particular, we deal with the asymptotical linearities as well as the superlinear nonlinearities.

We derive the Hessian estimate of the w-function defined on the pseudo-Grassmann manifold G_n,m^m, which is convex by the estimate. As an application, we give a direct proof of the Bernstein-type theorem due to Y. Xin [Manuscripta Math., 2000, 103: 191–202]. We also estimate the squared norm of the second fundamental form of a complete spacelike submanifold in pseudo-Euclidean space in terms of the w-function and the mean curvature.