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  • RESEARCH ARTICLE
    Min WANG, Mengmeng LIU
    Frontiers of Mathematics in China, 2023, 18(4): 251-275. https://doi.org/10.3868/s140-DDD-023-0020-x

    Given a connected graph G, the revised edge-revised Szeged index is defined as Sze(G)=e=uvEG(mu(e)+m0(e)2)(mv(e)+m0(e)2), where mu(e), mv(e) and m0(e) are the number of edges of G lying closer to vertex u than to vertex v, the number of edges of G lying closer to vertex v than to vertex u and the number of edges of G at the same distance to u and v, respectively. In this paper, by transformation and calculation, the lower bound of revised edge-Szeged index of unicyclic graphs with given diameter is obtained, and the extremal graph is depicted.

  • SURVEY ARTICLE
    Dongdong JIA, Yuebo SHEN, Gengsheng ZHANG
    Frontiers of Mathematics in China, 2023, 18(5): 301-312. https://doi.org/10.3868/s140-DDD-023-0024-x

    A combinatorial batch code has strong practical motivation in the distributed storage and retrieval of data in a database. In this survey, we give a brief introduction to the combinatorial batch codes and some progress.

  • SURVEY ARTICLE
    Yiguang YANG
    Frontiers of Mathematics in China, 2023, 18(5): 313-326. https://doi.org/10.3868/s140-DDD-023-0022-x

    Determining the search direction and the search step are the two main steps of the nonlinear optimization algorithm, in which the derivatives of the objective and constraint functions are used to determine the search direction, the one-dimensional search and the trust domain methods are used to determine the step length along the search direction. One dimensional line search has been widely discussed in various textbooks and references. However, there is a less-known technique—arc-search method, which is relatively new and may generate more efficient algorithms in some cases. In this paper, we will survey this technique, discuss its applications in different optimization problems, and explain its potential improvements over traditional line search method.

  • SURVEY ARTICLE
    Dengfeng LI
    Frontiers of Mathematics in China, 2023, 18(4): 223-233. https://doi.org/10.3868/s140-DDD-023-0021-x

    It is not completely clear which elements constitute the frame sets of the B-splines currently, but some considerable results have been obtained. In this paper, firstly, the background of frame set is introduced. Secondly, the main progress of the frame sets of the B-splines in the past more than twenty years are reviewed, and particularly the progress for the frame set of the 2 order B-spline and the frame set of the 3 order B-spline are explained, respectively.

  • RESEARCH ARTICLE
    Jie SHEN, Fangfang GUO, Liping PANG
    Frontiers of Mathematics in China, 2023, 18(5): 367-380. https://doi.org/10.3868/s140-DDD-023-0026-x

    By utilizing the improvement function, we change the nonsmooth convex constrained optimization into an unconstrained optimization, and construct an infeasible quasi-Newton bundle method with proximal form. It should be noted that the objective function being minimized in unconstrained optimization subproblem may vary along the iterations (it does not change if the null step is made, otherwise it is updated to a new function). It is necessary to make some adjustment in order to obtain the convergence result. We employ the main idea of infeasible bundle method of Sagastizàbal and Solodov, and under the circumstances that each iteration point may be infeasible for primal problem, we prove that each cluster point of the sequence generated by the proposed algorithm is the optimal solution to the original problem. Furthermore, for BFGS quasi-Newton algorithm with strong convex objective function, we obtain the condition which guarantees the boundedness of quasi-Newton matrices and the R-linear convergence of the iteration points.

  • RESEARCH ARTICLE
    Jinkui LIU, Xianglin DU
    Frontiers of Mathematics in China, 2023, 18(4): 287-299. https://doi.org/10.3868/s140-DDD-023-0018-x

    In this paper, a three-term derivative-free projection method is proposed for solving nonlinear monotone equations. Under some appropriate conditions, the global convergence and R-linear convergence rate of the proposed method are analyzed and proved. With no need of any derivative information, the proposed method is able to solve large-scale nonlinear monotone equations. Numerical comparisons show that the proposed method is effective.

  • RESEARCH ARTICLE
    Xiaomei WU
    Frontiers of Mathematics in China, 2023, 18(4): 277-285. https://doi.org/10.3868/s140-DDD-023-0015-x

    As the extension of classical Hardy operator and Cesàro operator, Hausdorff operator plays an important role in the harmonic analysis, so it is significant to discuss the boundedness of this kind of operator on various function spaces. The article explores the boundedness of a kind of Hausdorff operators on Lebesgue spaces and calculates the optimal constants for the operators to be bounded on such spaces. In addition, the paper also obtains the necessary and sufficient for a kind of multilinear Hausdorff operators to be bounded on Lebesgue spaces and their optimal constants.

  • RESEARCH ARTICLE
    Demin YU, Caihui LU
    Frontiers of Mathematics in China, 2023, 18(5): 353-365. https://doi.org/10.3868/s140-DDD-023-0025-x

    In this paper, a new infinite-dimensional necklace Lie algebra is studied and the left and right index arrays of a necklace word in necklace Lie algebra is first defined. Using the left and right index arrays, we divide the necklace words into 5 classes. We discuss finite-dimensional Lie subalgebras of necklace Lie algebras intensively and prove that some subalgebras are isomorphism to simple Lie algebra sl(n).

  • RESEARCH ARTICLE
    Chunyu WANG, Maozai TIAN
    Frontiers of Mathematics in China, 2023, 18(5): 327-339. https://doi.org/10.3868/s140-DDD-023-0023-x

    In many fields, we need to deal with hierarchically structured data. For this kind of data, hierarchical mixed effects model can show the correlation of variables in the same level by establishing a model for regression coefficients. Due to the complexity of the random part in this model, seeking an effective method to estimate the covariance matrix is an appealing issue. Iterative generalized least squares estimation method was proposed by Goldstein in 1986 and was applied in special case of hierarchical model. In this paper, we extend the method to the general hierarchical mixed effects model, derive its expressions in detail and apply it to economic examples.

  • RESEARCH ARTICLE
    Xiangrong ZHU, Yuchao MA
    Frontiers of Mathematics in China, 2023, 18(4): 235-249. https://doi.org/10.3868/s140-DDD-023-0019-x

    In this note, we consider a class of Fourier integral operators with rough amplitudes and rough phases. When the index of symbols in some range, we prove that they are bounded on L1 and construct an example to show that this result is sharp in some cases. This result is a generalization of the corresponding theorems of Kenig-Staubach and Dos Santos Ferreira-Staubach.

  • RESEARCH ARTICLE
    Shimeng SHEN, Huaning LIU
    Frontiers of Mathematics in China, 2023, 18(5): 341-351. https://doi.org/10.3868/s140-DDD-023-0028-x

    Let p and q be two distinct odd primes and let d=(p1,q1). In this paper, we construct d-ary generalized two-prime Sidelnikov sequences and study the autocorrelation values and linear complexity.