Visual quality assessment of urban green spaces is a major topic in landscape architecture research, yet traditional methods face limitations in practice. The rapid development of artificial intelligence and street-view big data offers opportunities for advancing green space perception studies. However, the lack of full street view image coverage of green spaces in China poses challenges for related research. Focusing on public landscape perception evaluation, this research took Zhujiang Park in Guangzhou, China as a case study. The research team utilized a convenient image collection method by panoramic camera and an effective processing workflow, and then employed the Segformer-B5 semantic segmentation model and the ViT-base-p16 image classification model to calculate four objective evaluation metrics (green view index, sky view factor, road visibility index, and artificial structure visibility index) and four subjective evaluation metrics (attractiveness, richness, naturalness, and depression) for visual quality assessment. Based on the spatial distribution results of these metrics, comprehensive analyses were conducted and low-score areas were identified. Research results indicate that vegetation and water features significantly enhance park attractiveness and positive perceptions, while excessive sky and artificial structures produce negative effects; oppressive artificial landscapes and constrained architectural views also lower overall landscape quality. The image collection and visual perception evaluation methods proposed in this study provide a scientific basis for the renovation and management of urban green spaces.

This study introduces a Landscape Information Modeling–Stable Diffusion (LIM–SD)-based digital workflow for ecological engineered landscaping (EEL) design, focusing on urban river wetlands. It explores how students from diverse academic backgrounds perform EEL tasks using the LIM–SD approach. A total of 30 participants, including industrial design postgraduates and landscape architecture undergraduates and postgraduates, completed the design tasks. The efficacy of their designs was assessed through expert evaluations on site appropriateness, aesthetics, spatial layout, and eco-engineering techniques of the design proposals, as well as the parametric simulation which calculated the vegetation coverage rate and proportion of riparian areas for each design. Moreover, evaluation of participants' subjective design experiences was conducted via questionnaires. Results indicated that landscape architecture postgraduates outperformed others applying ecological engineering principles. The study also elucidated discrepancies between LIM models and SD-generated renderings, as well as the uncertainty of SD-generated renderings, suggesting improvements are needed to align digital outputs with ecological design criteria.

The construction of a barrier-free environment is an important measure that guarantees the safety, right-of-way, and interests of the disabled, the elderly, and other mobility disadvantaged groups. It is also an indispensable part of the low-carbon urban transportation and a necessary way to protect the rights of mobility disadvantaged groups in green travel. In this paper, the researchers conducted life log surveys on the travels of 10 wheelchair users residing in Beijing with IoT Inspector, a self-developed, wheelchair-mountable intelligent sensing device. Wheelchair users' travel preferences and reasons were then analyzed using the image and textual data from the surveys. Combined with a mapping workshop, a comparative analysis was performed on the bumpiness of sidewalk paving materials. The study found that wheelchair travelers' preferred non-motor lanes over sidewalks; substandard curb ramps, unleveled tree pools, limited access widths, and bumpy pavement were the main problems faced by wheelchair users in sidewalk accessibility. In addition, the study explores the inclusive needs and challenges of non-motorized right-of-way for new transportation means at urban planning and traffic management levels. Based on multi-sourced data, this paper discusses the possibility of assessing urban barrier-free environment and representing a narrative of the needs of mobility disadvantaged groups, so as to provide practical experience and technical support to the improvement strategies of adaptive roads.

As social and economic dynamics continue to evolve and the demand for companionship increases, pet ownership has become an increasingly popular lifestyle choice. Pet parks, as a new form of urban public space, are gaining significant attention. This study, grounded in the theory of spatial justice, employs a combination of questionnaires and semi-structured interviews to evaluate four representative pet parks in Hong Kong, China. It explores how pet parks, as inclusive green infrastructure in high-density environments, contribute to urban community well-being and broader spatial justice. The study reveals the conflicts between pet owners and non-pet owners regarding the rights to use public spaces, examining how to guarantee the spatial rights of specific groups while avoiding harm to others. The findings indicate that green space availability, sociability and participation, walkability, safety, and flexibility in pet parks play a positive role in achieving urban spatial justice. However, pet parks also face challenges related to social exclusion and safety, requiring a balance between promoting community integration and ensuring public safety. This study offers valuable insights for the development of pet parks, the creation of vibrant and diverse public spaces, and the promotion of harmonious human-animal environments in cities across China and other Asian countries.

● Applies the spatial justice theoretical framework to the study of pet parks in an Asian city for the first time

With the continuous advance of big data and artificial intelligence technologies, various data-driven machine learning algorithms have been widely applied in the studies of urban resilience, particularly in addressing the challenging issue of urban waterlogging. Currently, it is a pressing task to understand the influencing factors of waterlogging from the perspective of built environment, and provide guidance on dynamic monitoring and early alarm services. Focusing on Shenzhen, China, a typical high-density urbanized city, this research constructed a multifactorial dataset encompassing hydrological, meteorological, urban morphology, and waterlogging event data. Then, this research assessed and compared the performance of four mainstream machine learning models—LightGBM, RF, SVR, and BPDNN—in predicting urban waterlogging risks. The results showed that LightGBM had the best accuracy and robustness in predicting waterlogging depths and risk levels in urban areas. The research also employed interpretability algorithm—Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP)—for decoupling analysis. The results indicated that hydro-meteorological factors (the total rainfall volume and the rainfall lasting time) and several architectural configuration factors (e.g., density of buildings, building congestion degree) are the main influencing factors. In addition, the percentage of water body is vital to waterlogging regulation and retention, especially exhibiting a significant mitigating effect when exceeding 2.5%. This research provides a new technical method for urban waterlogging prediction and reveals the influencing factors and intrinsic mechanisms from the perspective of built environment, which is of great significance for the enhancement of the resilience of high-density cities.

Artificial light at night (ALAN) is an essential infrastructure to support nighttime functions while serving as a significant indicator for urban vitality and economic development. However, the increasing prevalence of artificial lighting in urban areas threatens the health of urban residents of all kinds. Citizen science data are characterized by large sample size and complete spatio-temporal coverage, which have promising application prospects in ecological investigation and related research. In this context, focusing on Shanghai as the study area, this research explores the impact of nighttime light intensity on the distribution of urban birds. Using birding data from China Bird Report, from 2017 to 2023, ten common bird species were selected for the analysis. Based on ALAN remote sensing data, observed bird number varies as illumination radiance increases, revealing three patterns across species: decreasing, multimodal, and balanced. Specifically, most bird species were observed distributed in the lower light irradiance interval, i.e., 0 ~ 0.15 nW/(cm²·sr), while a few species, such as Nycticorax nycticorax and Passer montanus, exhibited an aggregation in higher light irradiance intervals at 75 nW/(cm²·sr) or above. The study revealed a preliminary correlation of the light irradiance and the distribution of urban bird species with a threshold of light irradiation for bird preference, providing evidences and strategic guidelines to reduce light pollution and improve bird-friendly nighttime environment in cities.

Design increasingly plays a pivotal role in achieving justice for all. However, there are often gaps between visions and implementation due to the variety of factors and stakeholders involved in design practice. Through literature review and a keyword co-occurrence analysis, this paper investigates current landscape justice research and identifies the distinguishing concerns in design, and highlights the importance of systematic thinking in achieving landscape justice. By examining the practices of the British company Building Design Partnership (BDP), a multinational design company, this paper identifies BDP’s three key design principles as experiences can be followed for landscape justice: design for inclusion, design for resilience, and design for future ecosystems. The paper also addresses potential challenges and conflicts in implementing landscape justice across different contexts and highlights multinational design companies’ efforts to mediate between various stakeholders. Finally, this paper demonstrates that design companies can contribute to 1) bridging social and environmental justice through landscape design, 2) achieving the visions promoted by scholars, 3) identifying and deploying diverse approaches to achieving landscape justice with their sensitivity to practical problems, and 4) fostering integrated feedback loops via both top-down and bottom-up approaches to ensure effective implementation of landscape justice.

● Investigates current landscape justice research and identifies the gap between theories and design practice through a keyword co-occurrence analysis

As important cultural service providers in urban ecosystems, historical blocks play a crucial role in ensuring the well-being of multiple stakeholders during the urban renewal process. Based on theories of Landsenses Ecology and literature review, this study systematically examined the landsense elements of historical blocks and their related cultural ecosystem services (CES) by proposing a landsense design practice framework for CES enhancement and further constructing a landsense evaluation indicator system. Using the Three-Lanes and Seven-Alleys Block in Fuzhou, China as a case study, this research analyzed the status quo and existing problems of the block according to the evaluation indicator system, and then proposed suggestions for landsense creation to enhance, preserve, and improve CES of the block. Finally, it qualitatively elaborated the evaluation indicators upon the practice framework of landsense design. This study provides an essential theoretical foundation and evaluation basis for enhancing CES in historical blocks from a perspective of multi-dimensional perceptions.

This research investigated the impact of social-networking service posts on the formation of image structure of cities, focusing on the spatial distribution of images and their content similarity. It aimed to delineate the image structure of cities created by numerous users, moving beyond traditional qualitative methods towards a more quantitative and objective approach with big data. Taking central Tokyo as an example, this study extracted geotagged image data of 33 major railway station areas from Flickr's API (Application Programming Interface). Four coverage types of viewpoint distribution, namely planar, intersecting linear, linear, and nodal, were identified, reflecting the unique urban structures respectively. Further investigation of the image contents, primarily consisting of "urban landscape" and "landscape/street trees, " showed that such contents significantly influenced the formation of the image structure of cities. The study concluded that as the number of photo posts increased and the representative viewpoints concentrated, the digital information received by users became more homogeneous, leading to strongly stereotyped images of urban landscapes. These findings highlight the role of social networking services in shaping perceptions of the urban environment and provide insights into the image structure of cities as formed by digital information.

Noise pollution significantly impacts people's health and quality of life, while urban green spaces not only beautify the environment but also play a crucial role in noise reduction and sound absorption. This study, using the plant communities of waterfront green spaces along Suzhou Creek in Shanghai as a case, innovatively develops a comprehensive evaluation system for physical and psychological noise reduction effectiveness, with 13 indicators. Through field measurements and surveys of 14 urban green spaces with different plant community characteristics, the study found that physical noise reduction effectiveness is closely related to plant species richness and vertical canopy density. Densely planted trees with thick trunks and tall shrubs significantly improve physical noise reduction effectiveness. When the vertical canopy density is less than 35%, the physical noise reduction effectiveness of waterfront plant communities (with 70% vegetation cover and 30% water cover) outperforms that of terrestrial plant communities (with no water cover) at the same canopy density level. For psychological noise reduction, increasing shrub crown width, height, and spacing improves visual perception, while enhancing vertical canopy density enriches auditory perception—both of which raise the auditory annoyance threshold. The most effective plant community combination for comprehensive noise reduction is a mix of densely planted trees, shrubs, and ground cover. The noise reduction effectiveness of a waterfront plant community is impacted by vertical canopy density. When it reaches 40% or more, the psychological noise reduction effectiveness will improve as the density increases.This study provides theoretical support and practical guidance for addressing noise issues in urban green spaces and optimizing plant community configurations.

The research on the impact of urban blue spaces on residents' mental health has attracted great attention from scholars internationally, and quantitative studies of the effects dominate the current academia. This study, on the basis of reviewing the theories of urban blue spaces and residents' mental health, conducted a meta-analysis of 47 key studies by systematically selecting and examining the literature from Web of Science, CNKI, and other databases. This paper analyzed the measuring indicators and research models among the literature and standardized the effect size of the research findings. The meta-analysis results include that: 1) the measurements of the characteristics of urban blue spaces are mainly conducted in space-based and individual-based dimensions; 2) residents' mental health is mainly measured from aspects of general mental health, positive psychology, and negative psychology; 3) the proximity of blue space has a significant positive effect in improving residents' general mental health and positive psychology; 4) the availability of blue space is significantly positively correlated with general mental health and positive psychology; 5) although there are studies confirming that factors such as blue space visibility, frequency of visit, and exposure types have an impact on mental health, the relevant studies are still limited; and 6) research on the effect of blue spaces on negative psychology is controversial, especially on mental disorders such as depression, and the findings among existing studies vary significantly. The results of this meta-analysis can provide guidelines for future research and the construction of healthy cities.

As an extension of environmental justice, landscape justice emphasizes achieving inclusive and equitable planning and design in both built and natural environments, allowing different social groups to enjoy and share landscape resources and benefits more equally. By endowing landscape design with a “just” orientation, landscape justice significantly improves the spatial and environmental benefits while promotes the process of environmental justice. Landscape justice is characterized by its interdisciplinary nature, showing great variability in spatio-temporal scales, site dimensions and attributes, and social groups and scenarios, the research of which urgently requires in-depth dialogues, sincere collaborations, and active explorations among multiple disciplines. We call for enriching the connotation of landscape justice through interdisciplinary perspectives and addressing practical issues, to provide innovative spatial propositions and paths for creating sustainable urban environments and landscapes.

The establishment and development of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area have demonstrated the collaborative relationship of the globally regional reconstructing. As a major strategy of the Greater Bay Area, Northern Metropolis faces challenges in transboundary ecological collaborative management. Based on the analysis of the ecological issues and the complexity of the transboundary management in Shenzhen Bay, this article proposes a co-governed “Special Ecological Conservation Zone” under the context of “one country, two systems” by zoning areas with varied protection levels. The development and operation framework includes: establishing an independent Joint Work Group, building consensus and standardizing collaboration procedure, conducting hierarchical management and regulating development, leveraging and motivating knowledge and technological innovation, and strengthening community engagement and emphasizing shared benefits. By case-studying three sites along the Shenzhen Bay, this article also provides place-making strategies for different levels of protection zones. Exploring innovative collaboration models for Northern Metropolis, this article is expected to provide new solutions for the sustainable development of the Greater Bay Area and creative insights for global transboundary ecological collaborative management.

Facing challenges of population decline and fiscal austerity, Japan has implemented a series of initiatives to promote public-private partnerships (PPP) to ensure the sustainability of urban parks and revitalize urban spaces. These initiatives, while alleviating the government's financial burdens on parks, have also raised concerns about the potential erosion of publicness and public interests resulted from the commercialization of public assets. This paper reviews the evolution of Japan's urban park management system after World War Ⅱ—including three phases of being purely public goods, initiating marketization, and diversifying management entities. The functions of parks have continuously enriched, and the construction, management, and operational modes have shifted from government-led towards multi-stakeholder participation, along with expanded funding sources. By examining the PPP types, driving forces, implementation mechanisms and challenges in urban park management, this paper points out that, in different eras and social contexts, the Japanese government has kept adjusting its role to maximize public interests. This has proactively updated the implications of publicness in infrastructure like urban parks, from a post-war opposite of publicness versus privateness on ownership, to the participation of private capital for a higher efficiency, and finally to a community for a stronger regional competitiveness. The reforms of urban park management system in Japan offer significant lessons and insights for urban infrastructure management in other countries and regions.

● Proposes that the evolution of Japan's urban park management system has undergone three phases: being purely public goods, initiating marketization, and diversifying management entities

Enhancing green space exposure is a crucial strategy for proactively intervening in public health from an upstream perspective. However, the distribution of green spaces in urban areas is often uneven, leading to issues such as "green inequity." This study aims to systematically assess the level of green space exposure at overhead and eye levels, analyze the geographical and social equity of green space exposure, and propose planning and regulatory strategies. Focusing on Nanjing as the study area, the research team first constructed a green space exposure assessment system based on the composition and configuration of urban green spaces at the overhead level, and the quantity and perceived quality of street green space at the eye level, assessing the geographical equity of green space exposure. Next, by selecting housing price as a socio-economic indicator, the research used various spatial regression models to analyze the spatial correlation between green space exposure and housing price, evaluating the social equity of green space exposure. The research finds 1) significant imbalances in both the geographical and social equity of green space exposure within the study area; 2) the spatial correlation between eye-level green space exposure indicators and housing price ranges from 0.08 to 0.29, generally higher than that at overhead level (ranging from 0.02 to 0.13); 3) significant heterogeneity in the spatial correlation between green space exposure and housing price, with people in higher-priced housing being more likely to benefit from green space services. The results can accurately identify blind spots in green space exposure and imbalance areas between green space supply and socioeconomic status, providing guidance for "scientific greening, " and further promoting empirical studies in Exposure Ecology.

As carriers of rural ecological and cultural systems, rural landscapes provide essential ecosystem services. Using Wuhan, China as a case study, this study explores rural landscape classification and enhancement strategies based on dominant ecosystem services. Six ecosystem services—water retention, water and soil conservation (regulating services), grain production (provisioning service), natural scenic value, scientific, educational, and cultural value, and leisure and recreational value (cultural services)—were evaluated. The cumulative proportion method was applied to classify the results, identifying dominant ecosystem services at the administrative village level. The findings reveal significant spatial variations, with regulating services more prominent in the north and south of the study area, provisioning services in the south, and cultural services in the north. Based on these patterns, rural landscapes of the study area were classified into four major types and eight subcategories, each exhibiting distinct spatial clustering. Finally, improvement strategies were proposed from the perspectives of optimizing functions and landscape distinctiveness development, emphasizing a balance between ecological conservation and economic growth. Recommendations include optimizing industrial structures, preserving cultural heritage, and promoting green agriculture and tourism to strengthen the capacity, vitality, and appeal of rural landscapes. This study provides a new approach to rural landscape classification and offers theoretical and practical insights for rural revitalization.

Plant landscapes play a vital role in promoting physical and mental health. Rosa chinensis, commonly known as "Chinese rose" and with diverse colors and fragrances, is widely used in urban landscaping and home gardening. However, its restorative benefits have yet to be explored from a sensory interaction perspective. This study investigated the effects of rose landscapes on stress relief, attention recovery, and emotional regulation. Participants (university students) were randomly assigned to 12 sensory groups combining six color series (white, orange, pink, red, yellow, and blue-violet) with two fragrance types—Fragrance of Rose (FR) and Fragrance of Fruity (FF). Through stress-inducing tasks followed by visual-olfactory recovery experiments, physiological and psychological data—including EEG and mood states—were analyzed. Results showed that white and blue-violet roses significantly alleviated stress, with the FF roses outperforming the FR ones. Warm colors (e.g., red, yellow), particularly the red–FR and yellow–FF combinations, excelled in boosting attention and positive emotions. Furthermore, visual stimuli had a greater impact on attention recovery and improvement of emotional health than olfactory stimuli. The study also confirmed the potential of sensory interactions in optimizing landscape perception and enhancing health benefits. Based on these findings, practical design strategies were proposed to maximize the therapeutic value of rose landscapes for various land uses. This research offers critical insights into leveraging plant landscapes for health promotion and provides new directions for designing urban green spaces and therapeutic environments.

The Niagara Escarpment, a 440-million-year-old landform, cuts through a property owned by the University of Toronto in Caledon, Ontario in Canada. The property juxtaposes impacts from historical quarrying activity which burrowed directly into the Escarpment’s slope, the greater context of the region’s urban development demands, and the Escarpment’s identity as an ancient geological formation, ecological refugium, and old-growth forest housing ancient species such as Thuja occidentalis.

This project explores the university’s responsibility in advocating for the protection of the Escarpment’s unique ecologic conditions, including the distinct cliff ecosystems and the novel successional plant communities evolving on sites of former quarry activities. Interventions on the trail system, cave bridges and lookouts, and the boardwalk and path system, along with guidance of signage and trail markers, will bring visitors to areas where former quarry activities sculptured the Escarpment’s limestone faces and are now reclaimed by a system of lush novel wetlands and habitats in evolutionary stages. Connecting to a system of existing public trails, this project leverages the university’s educational and recreational objectives to form new strategic partnerships with local conservancy groups, aiming at monitoring and managing access and habitat protection.

● Indigenous-led conservation efforts and partnerships with local conservancy groups are emphasized to enhance sustainability and stewardship

Exploring the scale-effect of different land use types on the distribution pattern of urban park green space (PGS) at multiple grid scales would inform rational allocation and efficient collaborative construction of urban development land at different scales. Selecting 300-m, 500-m, 1, 000-m, and 2, 000-m grid scales, the research employed Create Fishnet tool in ArcGIS and Geodetector to construct a scale-effect analysis framework that revealed the scale-effects of different land use types on the distribution pattern of PGS at multiple grid scales in the main urban area of Nanjing, China in 2006, 2012, and 2017. Main research results are: 1) the overall distribution pattern of PGS showed the evolution characteristics from polarization to advancing quality and efficiency, while the trend gradually weakened with the increase of grid scale; 2) the scale-effect of other land use types on PGS increasingly enhanced—the larger the grid scale, the more obvious the synergistic or compressive effect; 3) the interactive scale-effects of different land use types gradually enhanced—the larger the grid scale, the more significant the overall factor interaction; and 4) at the 300-m grid scale, the major interaction factors were residential, transportation, industrial/manufacturing, water area, and administration/public services, which gradually changed to residential, water area, and administration/public services up to the 2, 000-m grid scale. The findings of this paper are expected to deepen the theory of the coupling between PGS and other land use types, as well as provide scientific support and a basis for efficient allocation, spatial layout optimization, and sustainable development of urban spaces.

Historical streets are an important component of urban form and embody urban culture. A detailed quantitative analysis of visitors’ spatial perception in historical streets is crucial for enhancing the spatial quality of streets. Focusing on Gulangyu Island, Xiamen, this study proposed a physical–physiological–psychological research framework for spatial perception by constructing a 3D virtual geographic environment. Based on environmental behavior theories and five dimensions of street design quality, it assessed the spatial features of historical streets, visitors’ eye-tracking and physiological sensing data, and psychological perception, summarized the mechanisms of how historical streetscapes influence visitors’ perception, and finally proposed corresponding streetscape optimization strategies. The main findings are as follows. 1) Spatial features of historical streets, including architectural style, layout of commercial spaces, spatial scale, and interface transparency, directly affect visitors’ visual experience and preferences. 2) Visual attention is significantly positively correlated with the historical streets’ imagery, openness, transparency, and complexity, and significantly negatively correlated with enclosure; among these factors, street openness, vitality, and lighting are key factors influencing visitors’ physiological responses. 3) The physical–physiological–psychological interaction mechanisms show that the visual attractiveness and emotional stimulation of the streetscapes can significantly influence individual perception and behavioral decisions, which confirmed the “physical environment–eye-tracking fixation–emotional arousal” mechanism of visitors’ visual preferences. Finally, spatial perception optimization strategies for different types of streets are proposed to inform decision-making for historical street renewals.

In the field of Landscape Ecology, due to the excessive parallel development of landscape ecological science research and landscape ecological planning and design practice, the knowledge produced by landscape ecological research cannot effectively guide landscape ecological planning and design practice. This theory–practice gap has been widely concerned by landscape ecologists and landscape ecological planning designers. Although many scholars have made useful contributions to bridging the gap, a systematic translational pathway has not yet been formed. In this context, this study first reviews the development history of landscape ecological research and landscape ecological planning and design practice, as well as the evolutionary characteristics of their integration. Second, based on the internal relationship between the two, a three-level research system linking up research to planning and design practice is constructed. Third, the spatial mechanism analysis framework is further proposed to open the "black box" in the transformation from research to planning and design practice, and to bridge the theory–practice gap. The landscape ecological planning and design procedure through synergic analyses of spatial interaction mechanism and spatial constraint mechanism is constructed correspondingly. Finally, taking the Sanya Mangrove Ecological Park project in China as an example, the effectiveness of the procedure is verified.

Urban green-blue infrastructures (GBIs) are increasingly gaining attention in the pursuit of carbon neutrality, particularly within residential areas. With this background, this study established an integrated quantitative framework to assess both direct and indirect carbon reduction benefits of urban GBIs, by leveraging Life Cycle Assessment approach to precisely calibrate the carbon sequestration benefits of three typical urban GBIs (green roofs, sunken green spaces, and rain gardens) under three different scenarios and building a carbon sequestration database that includes 36 local plant species in Shanghai. The research results indicate that GBIs have a reducing effect on carbon emissions in urban residential areas. If extrapolating the simulation results to the city scale, the preliminary estimation suggests that the construction of GBIs within residential areas in Shanghai can achieve a carbon sink of approximately 540.54 million tCO₂eq per year. This level of carbon sequestration is equivalent to 32% of Shanghai's annual carbon emissions. It is evident that the construction of GBIs possesses significant potential in carbon reduction benefits and for achieving urban carbon neutrality strategies.

This project delves into the establishment of place attachment in evolving landscapes through an interdisciplinary lens. It starts with the interpretation of the story of A-Fei, a mushroom forager in Yunnan, China from the perspective of multispecies ethnography, revealing that place attachment is tied to the nearby, where everyday interactions with the surrounding landscape can evoke memories of hometown and generate meanings of a new residence. Extending these insights, this project adopts auto-ethnography to examine the author’s experiences in the multicultural city of Toronto to explore how she as an immigrant builds an attachment to the local landscape. Through sensory engagement, cultural observation, and interviews of the other immigrants, how magnolias facilitate a new sense of belongings has been found. This project aims to transcend disciplinary boundaries and expand the realm of landscape architecture to anthropologic perspectives. By emphasizing the co-evolution of human and non-human lifeways, it seeks to explore how individuals perceive landscape and build relationship with it and proposes “ethnographizing landscape architecture” as a value-centered approach for socially impactful and contextually relevant design.

Community gardens play a pivotal role in promoting urban sustainability and enhancing residents' well-being. However, various challenges persist in their development, resulting in diverse governance structures tailored by local factors such as policies, budget constraints, participating organizations, and available resources. Since 2019, Shenzhen has piloted the "We Garden" program, which fosters public participation in co-discussing, co-constructing, co-managing, and co-sharing community gardens. Existing research on this innovative initiative primarily focuses on the roles of government, non-profit organizations, and local communities. This study offers a new perspective by examining the case in Pingshan District, where Shenzhen Technology University assumes a central role in facilitating public participation and providing design services for community garden projects. It also demonstrates how such initiatives can enrich design education by offering students practical, hands-on learning experiences. The case study provides valuable insights for other cities or regions, showcasing a distinctive model of governance structure for developing community garden projects that integrates social service with design education.

Social forestry has emerged as a popular approach to achieving landscape justice by empowering local communities. However, the development and implementation of such programs often face challenges. This paper explores the concept of landscape justice within the context of Indonesian social forestry in two ways. First, it juxtaposes the social forestry program with palm oil plantations to highlight the relationship between environmental initiatives and capital expansion, and the formation of green capitalism. By examining the historical development of social forestry, the paper argues that current political and legal frameworks have facilitated the depoliticization of previously radical, anti-capitalist, and anti-palm oil civil movements, despite notionally "empowering" local communities. Second, the paper interrogates the inclusivity of the social forestry program within local communities, noting that NGOs sometimes label local people as "cooperative" or "stubborn," thus overlooking the pre-existing social tensions. The paper posits that more attention should be given to the social foundations underlying environmental projects and the new eco-social structure arising from environmental governance.

● Reviews the debate surrounding neoliberal environmental projects and the concept of "green capitalism"