The aim of this article was to summarize the author's own experimental data and the data available from literature on the neurotransplantation in the ectopic sites such as peripheral nerve(mainly) and rat anterior eye chamber. The review examinesissues relating to the following problems: histogenesis and survivalof neural tissues after transplantation, host/transplant tissueinteractions, the fate of long-term transplants, co-transplants of different embryonic anlages, dorsal root ganglion grafting, the effects of various trophic factors on graft development. The review discusses the new data on stem cell transplantation into a peripheral nerve.

Using an immunocytochemical method for calretinin (CR)detection, we have earlier described (Morfologiya, 2009 v. 135, № 3, p. 7-19) the population of previously unknown mono- and bipolar cells with polymorphous spines (PS) covering their cellbodies and processes, in adult mice forebrain structures adjacentto anterior horn of lateral ventricle. CR-positive spiny (CR+PS)cells were negative to GAD67 and were detected in the whitematter and in layers V and VI of frontal area of dorsomedial cortexclose to the cingulum, in in rostro-dorsal part of the caudatenucleus-putamen complex, anterior olfactory nucleus and in subependymallayer of the dorso-lateral angle of the lateral ventricle.In this work, the distribution of these cells in 7-day-old mice was studied. Comparative topographical analysis of definitive and early CR+PS cells demonstrated that in 7-day-old mice CR+PScells were absent from the areas of their localization in adult animals- anterior olfactory nucleus, cortical plate and inner portionof neostriatum. Meanwhile, some CR+PS-like cells were detectedin 7-day-old mice inside the rostral migratory route, close to neostriatum anterior boundary, along the dorsal border betweenneostriatum and corpus callosum, subependymal layer of lateralwall of the lateral ventricle, and in the cingulum area. These findingsare indicative of the possible postnatal appearance of CR+PScells. To test this hypothesis, the experiments were conducted in which bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered to the miceon their postnatal days 2-4 with the subsequent study of the brainsections of these animals sacrificed on their postnatal day 20.Double immunolabeling of these sections for CR and BrdU has detected the presence of CR+PS cells that contained postnatallyadministered BrdU. These results strongly suggest that, at least, some portion of CR+PS cells have their mitosis postnatally. It may be assumed, that CR-PS cells migrate to the sites of theirdistribution in adult animals from day 7 till day 20 of postnataldevelpment.

In this work, using the classical neurohistological Bielschowsky-Gros method, all the morphological phenomena were reproducedthat were earlier interpreted by many authors as the signs of neuron division, budding and fission. It is suggested that thesephenomena are associated with the effect of enucleation demonstratedin many cells of other tissue types exposed to differentphysical and chemical factors. The experiments were conductedin tissue culture, using the isolated neurons of the molluskLymnaea stagnalis, in which the neural cells were treated withactin microfilament inhibitor cytochalasin B. Phase-contrasttime-lapse video recording during 4-8 hours demonstrated the effects of nucleus displacement, ectopy and bulging up to almostcomplete fission of neuronal body. These effects reproduce the images obtained in static fixed preparations under normaland various experimental conditions. Sometimes, at the earlyexperimental stages, the bulging of cytoplasm was also detected.Control experiments in which the neurons were treated withthe culture medium containing cytochalasin B solvent dimethylsulfoxide, showed no changes in neurons during 8-hour period.It is suggested that the images, interpreted earlier as neuron divisionor fission, could be explained by inhibition of actin microfilaments, which sometimes may develop spontaneously in cellsexperiencing individual metabolic changes compromising the cytoskeleton stability maintenance.

To study the changes of neuron and gliocyte numbers and somemorphometric parameters in mesoaccumbocingulate (MAC)dopaminergic system of rats after pre- and postnatal opiate treatment, 0.1 mg dose of 1% morphine hydrochloride solution was injected into the fetal amnion of Wistar female rats (n=4) at Day 17 post fertilization and intraperitoneally into newborn rats (n=4)at postnatal Day 4. Perinatal influence of morphine on MACsystemin rats resulted in the chromophilic degeneration, swellingand death of some part of neurons, decrease in the volumeof the other (slightly injured) neurons. Neuronal injury was morepronounced after prenatal morphine treatment and was accompaniedby the increase in both microgliocyte cell number and phagocytic activity. Morphine administration induced no changesin the satellite macrogliocyte number and in the average distancebetween these cells and the bodies of slightly injured neurons.

Preconditioning using threefold mild hypobaric hypoxia (HH)is known to increase the tolerance of vulnerable brain neurons to severe hypoxia and other damaging factors. In the present study, the changes of the expression of transcription factors NF-κB(nuclear factor kappa B) and CREB (cAMP response elementbinding protein) were studied in the hippocampus of rats preconditionedby mild hypoxia. Using immunocytochemical method, it was demonstrated that HH increased NF-κB and phosphorylatedCREB (pCREB) immunoreactivity in CA1-CA4 fields of the hippocampus and gyrus dentatus. It also contributed to the up-regulation of the expression of these transcription factors in the hippocampus of preconditioned rats 3-24 h following severeHH. These findings suggest that NF-κB and CREB are involvedin HH-activated mechanisms of brain tolerance development.

The influence of aggregated beta-amyloid peptide fragment25-35 application on three-dimensional structure and volumeof Mauthner cells (MCs), as determined by reconstruction fromserial histological sections, and on goldfish motor asymmetry was studied. It was shown that in intact and control goldfish motorasymmetry was stable and strongly correlated with structuralasymmetry of neurons. But under the influence of beta-amyloid, motor asymmetry appeared to be strongly changed or inverted, did not correlate with structural asymmetry and frequently evenwas opposite to it. This resulted from strong dystrophy or, on the contrary, hypertrophy of individual neurons and their separatedendrites with the change in the proportions between them. It is suggested that injurious effect of beta-amyloid peptide on MCs structure, discordant with (irregular) fish behavior, could be the result of mechanical deformation, induced by ribbon-like fibrilsof amyloid peptide. These findings collectively suggest that MCs are the adequate object for the study of the structural aspects of amyloidosis.

The effect of hexenal and nembutal on the tissue bushy receptorswas studied the living isolated frog urinary bladder usingmethylene blue staining. These drugs were shown to inducethe changes in the receptor pulse activity which included threephases: an initial sharp increase, an abrupt decline and a low protracted plateau. Reactions to hexenal and nembutal, whilepossessing some common features, had their own peculiarities.Synchronously, the dynamics of methylene blue staining of the receptor elements was registered for the control of the intensityof oxidation-reduction processes in the receptor neuroplasm, that is for redox-system dynamics. It was found that the phasesof this dynamics coincided in many respects with the phases of the receptor electric activity changes. No ultrastructural changesassociated with the putative damaging effect of barbiturates on the receptors were recorded (during the exposure of 1-30 min).The most significant characteristic was an accumulation glycogengranules in the neuroplasm of the receptor elements, suggestingthe prevalence of energy substrate deposition over its expenditure. Depression of the receptor pulse activity supportsthe assumption that barbiturates, besides their soporific and narcoticactions, apparently possess some anesthetic property.

The experimental modeling of heart contusion which was accompanied by ventricular fibrillation development was performedin Wistar rats, with the electrocardiographic study and subsequent histological and histochemical examination of the myocardium samples. Following heart contusion, acute circulatorydisturbances, muscle fiber fragmentation, cardiomyocyteovercontraction or relaxation were detected in the myocardium.Also, the increase of total and intracellular calcium ion contentin the myocardium was demonstrated. It is suggested that the mechanism of ventricular fibrillation development after heartcontusion is associated with the increase of calcium concentrationin both the cardiomyocytes and intercellular spaces leadingto uncoordinated cardiac contractions.

Using the standard cryodestruction model, the peculiarities of reparative regeneration were studied in cat thoracic duct endothelium.Material was collected 12 hours, 1, 2 and 3 days after the injury and was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The restoration of the endothelial layer was shown to be completedby day 3 due to cell migration and proliferation at the marginof cryodestruction zone. The degree of tissue regeneration was evaluated using the topological and informational parameters.The results demonstrated the imperfect completion of regenerationprocess by day 3; the borderline state of the cellular systemwas detected together with the possibility of the disturbance of endothelial lining reorganization process. Thus, the informationalparameters may be used as the complementary criteria for the assessment of the processes, cellular system state and functioning.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of starvationon all the tunics of duodenum and rectum wall. The animals were20 outbred albino rats; the control group comprised 4 animals.The animals were starved while the drinking regime remainedunchanged. Material was obtained at days 3 and 6 of starvationand was studied using electron microscopy. The changes weredetected in the structure of mucosa, submucosa, tunica muscularisand serosa. These structural changes were of similar naturein all the tunics and differed only by the degree of their severity.The most pronounced changes were observed in all the epithelialcell types (absorbing, goblet and endocrine) in both parts of the intestine. These included cell flattening, microvilli reduction and deformation, mucus production disturbances, destructive changesin the mitochondria (swelling, cristae reduction, vacuoles and myelin-like structures formation, disruption of both mitochondrialmembranes).

This investigation was aimed at the complex evaluation of the reactivity mechanisms of bronchial smooth muscle tissue (SMT)in experimental bronchial spasm. Morphometric, cytospectrophotometricand electron microscopical analysis demonstratedthe presence of three types of smooth muscle cells (SMC) withinthe bronchial SMT (small, medium, large), that differed in theirlinear and metabolic parameters. The findings of this study indicatethat under the conditions of experimental bronchial spasmdevelopment, the ratios of SMC in bronchial SMT are changedwith the increase in proportion of small SMC and the eliminationof large SMC. In the dynamics of experimental bronchial spasmdevelopment, the activation of cytoplasmic synthesis as well as of DNA synthesis was detected mainly in group of small SMC.The reactive-dystrophic changes were marked at the subcellularlevel, that were most often identified in large SMC resulting in their elimination from population in the dynamics of an experiment.The data obtained suggest that one of the important mechanismsof airway SMT adaptation to the bronchial spasm developmentis a dynamic reorganization of SMC population.

The aim of this study was to examine the connective tissue of penis in normal individuals and in patients with erectile dysfunction(ED) and Peyronie's disease (PD) using computer methodsof image analysis. Penis tissues were obtained from 20 malesaged 20-40 years who died in accidents, penis biopsies weretaken from 23 patients with ED and 9 patients with PD (averageage: 51±11,5 years). In both groups of patients, the volumetricfraction of collagen fibers in the tunica albuginea and corporacavernosa was increased, while that one of elastic fibers was decreased.At the same time, the changes of elastic fibers were noted: the fibers become thinner and formed rods. The reduction of the amplitude and the wavelength in the collagen fibers of the tunicaalbuginea in patients with ED and the presence of fibrous plaquesin corpora cavernosa in in patients with PD were registered. The methods of computer image analysis may improve the morphologicdiagnosis of ED and PD.

Foot structural and functional peculiarities after cyclic centrifugalphysical loads in sports runners were studied. The workdemonstrates the results of computer morphometry of 120 athleterunners (50 boys and 70 girls) aged 15-17 years - the studentsof Volgograd School of Olympic Reserve and Volgograd StateAcademy of Physical Education. Cyclic centrifugal loads of shock-type (long run on an inclined plane) resulted in significantreduction of the foot arch hight. In female runners, the reductionwas found mainly in the longitudinal foot arch, while in malerunners it was detected in transverse foot arch. Two basic types of foot arch reaction to prolonged cyclic loads were detected. Thisallowed us, for the first time, to divide the static flat-footednessinto two major categpries: compensated, or dynamic, and true. In compensated static flat-footedness, the structural and functionalfoot parameters returned to their initial levels after the rehabilitation, while in true flat-footedness the complex rehabilitationmeasures could not restore the initial morpho-functional parameters: foot arches remained reduced.

The photometric computer image analysis method is described.It is based on the creation of the gallery of the images of variouserythrocyte forms (discocytes, ecchinocytes, target cells and degenerative forms). Using the Bio Vision program, the structureof membranes of each type of erythrocytes was studied. It was found that the morpho-functional changes of erythrocytes of variousdegrees were accompanied by the alterations in the relativecontent of condensed membrane protein-lipid complexes.

This review presents the analysis of the systematized data on human juxtaoral organ (JOO) development, structure and functionbased on the results of classical and recent morphologicalstudies. JOO morphogenesis is traced, including the appearanceof its anlage at the bottom of the primitive mouth, epithelialinvagination into the mesenchyme, JOO detachment from the oral epithelium, its innervation, connective tissue capsule formation, and final maturation. The analysis of the results of macroscopical, histological, electron microscopical, histochemicaland immunohistochemical studies is presented, suggesting highmetabolic and synthetic activity of its epithelium, which expressesseveral neural markers, and emphasizing a rich innervationof both its epithelial and stromal components. The findingssupporting the concepts of JOO secretory and mechanosensoryfunctions, are examined. The data on the differential diagnosisbetween JOO and tumoral processes are discussed, as well as the pathological changes of JOO it self and their significance for the diagnosis of the diseases.

The present paper reviews the current approaches used to studycell proliferative activity. In the last years, a number of proteinsinvolved in cell cycle control were discovered, that may serveas selective markers of proliferating cells. This work gives the characteristics of immunocytochemical methods demonstrating5-bromodeoxyuridine, PCNA, Ki-67, FEN-1, phosphorylatedhistone H3 and cyclins. The data on the role of these proteins in cell cycle control are presented.