A new class of activated mesoporous Al-MCM-41 layers was deposited on FeCrAl metallic foils in the presence of cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide under basic conditions by an in-situ hydrothermal method. The characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption and transmission electron microscopy, as well as field-emission scanning electron microscopy were performed to investigate the pore structure and surface morphology of the Al-MCM-41 layers. The Al-MCM-41 materials are of amorphous structure but exhibit large BET surface area (up to 757.0 m2/g) and pore volume (up to 0.72 cm3/g), as well as a mean pore diameter of 3 nm. The layers deposited on the FeCrAl foils are continuous despite with a few of holes on the surface.
The strength loss mechanism of the phosphate bonded sand mold/core was studied. The morphology and composition of phosphate membrane on the surface of sands was analyzed with electron probe X-ray microanalyzer. Results show that magnesium causes cracks in cured phosphate membrane and results in the decrease of sand molds/cores strength. However, the addition of magnesium significantly enhanced hygroscopy resistance of phosphate membrane. In addition, the phosphate binder added with the magnesium modifier has more rapid hardening reaction speed compared that without or with low magnesium binder. It can be concluded that the phosphate binder with the addition of magnesium modifier is favorably used in high humid and cold circumstance.
In vitro biomineralization of glutaraldehyde crosslinked chitosan/glutamic acid films were studied. IR and ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis) determinations confirm that chitosan and glutamic acid are successfully crosslinked by glutaraldehyde to form chitosan-glutamic acid surfaces. Composite films were soaked in saturated Ca(OH)2 solution for 8 d and then immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) for more than 20 d. Morphological characterizations and structure of calcium phosphate coatings deposited on the films were studied by SEM, XRD, and EDAX (energy dispersive X-ray analysis). Initially, the treatment in SBF results in the formation of single-layer calcium phosphate particles over the film surface. As immersion time increases, further nucleation and growth produce the simulated calcium-carbonate hydroxyapatite coating. ICP results show Ca/P ratio of calcium phosphate coating is a function of SBF immersion time. The inducing of glutamic acid improves the biomineralization property of chitosan films.
Single crystal silicon was found to be very beneficial to the growth of aligned carbon nanotubes by chemical vapor deposition with C2H2 as carbon source. A thin film of Ni served as catalyst was deposited on the Si substrate by the K575X Peltier Cooled High Resolution Sputter Coater before growth. The growth properties of carbon nanotubes were studied as a function of the Ni catalyst layer thickness. The diameter, growth rate and areal density of the carbon nanotubes were controlled by the initial thickness of the catalyst layer. Steric hindrance between nanotubes forces them to grow in well-aligned manner at an initial stage of growth. Transmission electron microscope analysis revealed that nanotubes grew by a tip growth mechanism.
Ca(NO3)2·4H2O, Eu(NO3)3 and H2C2O4·2H2O were adopted to synthesize CaO: Eu3+ with the chemical co-precipitation method, and the effects of the calcination temperature and Eu3+ doping concentration on the phosphor structure and its luminescent properties were investigated by TG-SDTA, XRD, and PL-PLE. The results confirm that the Eu3+ ions as luminescent centers substitutes Ca2+ sites without changing the crystal structure of cubic CaO. The optimum calcination temperature and the optimum concentration of Eu3+ are 1 100 ° and 1 mol%, respectively, under which the best crystallinity and highest PL intensity appeared. The maximum emission wavelength is 592 nm (5D0→7F1) which is excited by xenon lamp with the wavelength of 200–280 nm, indicating that the Eu3+ ion mainly locates in the symmetric position (Oh) in the crystal lattice of CaO.
The mesoporous molecular sieves MCM-41 were prepared using room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) synthesized in laboratory and cethytrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as compound templates for the first time. They were prepared under low aging temperature and short aging time. Via characterizing by XRD and nitrogen adsorption instrument, MCM-41 synthesized by this new method exhibited good crystal structure and narrow pore distribution. The following preparatory conditions was optimal: the molar ratio of RTIL to CTAB was 1.0:1.0, aging at 80 °C, for 40 h and calcined at 540 °C. It is found that the acidified MCM-41 improves its activity as catalyst over the unmodified ones.
A facile solution-phase route for the synthesis of shape-controlled ZnO nanocrystals in a polyol/water mixture system was developed. The obtained nanocrystals were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. The results indicate that modulating the adding ways of water has a significant effect on the shape of the obtained nanocrystals. The addition of small quantity of water can increase the growth rate of crystals and leads to the formation of different shapes. The resulting shapes of the novel structures are diverse, including spheres, cones, and teardrops, all of which are obtained without any additional surfactants. These studies concerning the shape evolution of nanocrystals should be valuable for further design and for greater understanding of advanced nanoscale building-block architectures.
A novel method of direct synthesis of CeO2 nanoparticles onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) was developed with advantages of simplicity, ease of scale-up, and low costs. The size of CeO2 particles deposited on the MWNTs was less than 6 nm. SEM and TEM were employed to analysis the CeO2 coated MWNTs, and the properties of FTIR spectrum and UV-vis absorption spectrum were investigated. The functional groups on the MWNTs obtained by nitric acid treatment play an important role on the deposition of the CeO2 particles. The carbon nanotubes possess broadened UV absorption function after being coated with CeO2 nanopartilces.
A stainless steel/10wt%TiC nanocomposite particles were prepared by high-energy ball-milling method using stainless steel, carbon and titanium as raw materials. The evolution of phase composition, microstructure and specific surface area of the stainless steel/TiC nanocomposite particles with increasing ball-milling time in the range of 0–100 h were investigated by XRD, SEM, TEM and BET techniques. The results showed that the stainless steel/TiC nanocomposite particles were fabricated when the ball-milling time was longer than 20 h. However, the nanocomposite particles were soldered and agglomerated again when the ball-milling time was longer than 60 h. The microstructure of the composite particles transformed from lamellar structure to nanostructure during the repeated process of the cold welding and cracking. TEM image reveals clearly that the in-situ TiC nanoparticles with grain size of 3–8 nm are in the interior of the stainless steel/TiC nanocomposite particles obtained by ball-milling 100 h.
The magnetic chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by reversed-phase suspension method using Span-80 as an emulsifier, glutaraldehyde as cross-linking reagent. And the nanoparticles were characterized by TEM, FT-IR and hysteresis loop. The results show that the nanoparticles are spherical and almost superparamagnetic. The laccase was immobilized on nanoparticles by adsorption and subsequently by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. The immobilization conditions and characterizations of the immobilized laccase were investigated. The optimal immobilization conditions were as follows: 10 mL of phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.0) containing 50 mg of magnetic chitosan nanoparticles, 1.0 mg · mL−1 of laccase and 1% (v/v) glutaraldehyde, immobilization temperature of 4°C and immobilization time of 4 h. The immobilized laccase exhibited an appreciable catalytic capability (480 units · g−1 support) and had good storage stability and operation stability. The K m of immobilized and free laccase for ABTS were 140.6 and 31.1 μM in phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 3.0) at 37 °C, respectively. The immobilized laccase is a good candidate for the research and development of biosensors based on laccase catalysis.
A procedure for preparing a nanofluid that a solid-liquid composite material consists of solid nanoparticles with sizes typically of 1–100 nm suspended in liquid was proposed. By means of the procedure, Cu-H2O nanofluids with and without dispersant were prepared, whose sediment photographs and particle size distribution were given to illustrate the stability and evenness of suspension with dispersant. The viscosity of Cu-H2O nanofluid was measured using capillary viscometers. The mass fractions(w) of copper nanoparticles in the experiment varied between 0.04% and 0.16% with the temperature range of 30–70 °C. The experimental results show that the temperature and SDBS concentration are the major factors affecting the viscosity of the nano-copper suspensions, while the effect of the mass fraction of Cu on the viscosity is not as obvious as that of the temperature and SDBS dispersant for the mass fraction chosen in the experiment. The apparent viscosity of the copper nano-suspensions decreases with the temperature increase, and increases slightly with the increase of the mass fraction of SDBS dispersant, and almost keeps invariability with increasing the mass fraction of Cu. The influence of SDBS concentration on the viscosity of nano-suspension was relatively large comparing with that of the nanoparticle concentration.
The catalysts of air electrode were prepared by sintering the active carbon loaded with manganese nitrate and potassium permanganate at 360 °C The air electrode was made up of a catalyst layer, a waterproof and gas-permeable layer, a current collecting substrate and a second waterproof and gas-permeable layer. The cell was assembled by the air electrode, pure magnesium anode and 10% NaCl solution used as electrolyte. The microstructures of air electrodes before and after discharging were characterized by SEM. The electrochemical behaviors of the air electrodes were determined by means of polarization curves, volt-ampere curves and constant current discharge curves. The polarization voltage of air electrode is—173 mV (vs SCE) at the current density of 50 mA/cm2. The air electrodes exhibits good activity and stability in neutral electrolyte. The magnesium-air cell could work at 5 W for more than 7 h.
HfTiN film was deposited by co-reactive sputtering and then was annealed in different gas ambients at temperature of 650 °C for 2 min to form HfTiON film. Capacitance-voltage and gate-leakage characteristics were investigated. The N2O-annealed sample exhibited small interface-state and oxide-charge densities, and enhanced reliability, which was attributed to the fact that nitridation could create strong Si⊀N bonds to passivate dangling Si bonds and replaced strained Si-O bonds, thus forming a hardened dielectric/Si interface with high reliability. As a result, it is possible to prepare high-quality HfTiON gate dielectric of small-scaling CMOS devices in the industry-preferred N2O environment.
The effect of doping additional Bi on the magnetoresistance (MR) of La2/3Ca1/3B xMn1−xO3 was investigated. It is found that traditional colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) peak can only be observed in the x<0.05 samples and the peak value decreases with the increase of x, but the x≥0.05 samples show a magnetoresistance plateau above 200 K because of the presence of additional (La,Ca,Bi)-O layers. Moreover, this MR plateau is enhanced for the segregation of the La, Ca, and Bi elements.
Fe3O4 suspension, derived from chemical co-precipitation and subsequent ultrasonic treatment, was embedded into calcium alginate to form complex gel. Both gel beads and injectable gel floc were obtained by slightly tailoring the preparation condition. SEM analysis showed that the iron oxide was dispersed homogenously in nanometer. TGA profiles revealed that the content of Fe3O4 in beads was about 7.2%.
Ethylacetoacetate (EAA) was mixed with aluminum sec-butoxide (ASB) in aqueous medium. The molar ratio among aluminum sec-butoxide, water, and ethylacetoacetate was 1:200:1. Water diluted nitric acid was added into the mixture until it finally transformed into transparent solution. TEM analysis showed that the surfaces of the colloidal particles with EAA were not as clean as those without EAA, implying the formation of a surface modification layer around the colloidal particle. The IR spectra analysis revealed that with the addition of EAA two characteristic peaks of EAA at 1 731 cm−1 and 1 642 cm−1 associated with C=O stretching vibrations were red-shifted to 1 619 cm−1 and 1 530 cm−1, respectively, indicating the occurrence of the chemical modification reaction among the C=O bonds of EAA and the surface Al-OH bonds of the particles., Furthermore it was confirmed by UV spectra analysis that the UV absorption band of EAA underwent 26 nm of red-shift as a result of the formation of the six-membered ring of the complex between ethylacetoacetate and ASB. It was examined that the chemical modification could be photolyzed by the UV illumination with a wavelength shorter than 270 nm due to the excitation of π − π * transition in the complex.
Relationship between leucite content and compressive strength of K2O-Al2O3-SiO2 system dental glass ceramics were investigated. 10 groups of feedstock powder with different compositions were treated according to the same thermal treatment system of leucite micro-crystallization reported in some primary studies. The products of each group were analyzed by X-ray diffractometer, polaring microscope and scanning electronic microscope (SEM), and then the compressive strength was tested by a material testing machine. A direct proportion was found between leucite content and the compressive strength when leucite content was less than 50 vol%, and compressive strength decreased with the increasing of leucite micro-crystals when leucite content was more than 50vol%, The leucite content has a notable influence on the compressive strength of K2O-Al2O3-SiO2 system dental glass ceramics.
A coacervation method with double emulsion strategy (w/o/w) was used to prepare immobilized Lactobacillus E1. Diatomite was chosen as the carrier for bacteria. Sodium alginate, dextrin and gelatin were used as protective solutes for the preservation of Lactobacillus E1 and their effects on the storage viability during storage were discussed. The influence of storage temperature on the storage viability was also examined. The results show that high bacteria viable count over 109 cfu/g for an extended shelf life of 37 d can be achieved with 2% sodium alginate, 5% dextrin and 4% gelatin as protective solutes, at 10°C of the storage temperature. This immobilized Lactobacillus E1 has potential use as functional food ingredient for both human dairy food and animal feedstuff.
Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) powders were prepared by hydrolyzation process and surface-modified by directly grafted L-lactide (LLA) onto the surface of BCP through a chemical linkage. The grafting ratio of organic groups was 9 wt%. After surface modification, the surface of BCP powders was covered by the lamella-shaped crystal. Poly (L-lactide) was mixed with BCP to form the BCP/PLLA biocomposite. Modified BCP (mBCP) particles could be uniformly dispersed in PLLA matrix. The compressive strength of the mBCP/PLLA composite is 115 MPa, 28% higher than that of unmodified-BCP/PLLA composite. The improved mechanical strength is attributed to the enhanced adhesion between the inorganic BCP filler and the organic PLLA matrix.
Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) were combined with the biodegradable polymer chitosan to form chitosan-ODN nanoparticles by complex coacervation, in order to improve the stability and intracellular penetration. The diameter of the nanoparticles was light strength size and ranged between 60 and 219 nm with a mean value of 132 nm, while zeta potential was between +12 and +20 mV at pH 5.5. The chitosan-ODN nanoparticles could partially protect the encapsulated ODN from nuclease degradation. Moreover, chitosan-ODN nanoparticles were much more effective in inhibiting the proliferation of M.tuberculosis than free ODN.
In order to improve the performance of non-asbestos composite auto brake pads that are composed of matrix resin, reinforced material and fillers, a novel method with new technology of self-heal microcapsules was proposed. Nano reinforced fillers’ effects were also considered in the experiment project. Five recipe designs for new composite auto brake pads were carried out and corresponding samples were prepared as well. The friction coefficient and wearing properties at certain temperature, impact intensity and hardness were comparatively studied. Investigations indicate that properties of such composite auto brake pads meet the requirements of the national standards while microcapsule’s weight content varies from 5.5wt%–1.09wt% of matrix resin and microcapsule’s location varies in the pads. Nano reinforced fillers have the effects of increasing composites’ impact intensity and hardness. Application of self-healing microcapsules in auto brake pads is feasible.
Proton conducting composite membranes from sulfonated polyether ether ketone and SiO2 for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) application were prepared with sulfonated polyether ether ketone(SPEEK) and tetracethoxy silane(TEOS) by sol-gel method. The covalent crosslinking structure was formed between —SO3H of SPEEK via SiO2. The SEM images show that the interfacial compatibility of SPEEK and SiO2 is improved obviously and SiO2 disperses uniformly in the polymer matrix and the particle diameter of SiO2 does not exceed 40 nm. The proton conductivity of composite membranes decreases slightly compared with the SPEEK membrane while the methanol permeability and swelling of composite membrane are improved remarkablely owing to covalent cross-linking between —SO3H and SiO2.
The effects of 3 chairside polishing kits and mechanical brushing on the surface roughness of 3 different acrylic denture base resins were compared. Acrylic denture base resins (auto-polymerizing, heat-polymerizing, injected heat-polymerizing resins) were examined after a tungsten carbide bur, and after chairside polishing using 3 polishing kits and pumice. The specimens were subjected to mechanical brushing using a wear tester to simulate 30 000 strokes of brushing. The surface roughness of the acrylic denture base resin specimens was measured using a contact profilometer. After the test, the random polished acrylic resins were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Acrylic denture base resins polished using the 3 types of polishing kits had a smoother surface than those finished with the tungsten carbide bur (p<0.05). The surface of the resin polished by a TC cutter exceeded the R a of 0.2 μm (p<0.05). The auto-polymerizing resin showed a significantly higher surface roughness than the heat-polymerizing resin and injected heat-polymerizing resin (p>0.05). In the case of polishing step wise, there was almost no change in surface roughness after brushing (p>0.05).
Samples of surface chromising layer were prepared by the double glow plasma discharge technique. X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) analysis of different elements confirmed the formation of chrome in the layer. Their tribological properties were investigated by pin-on-disk tribometer. Silicon nitride, GCr15, and nickel-based alloy were selected as counterface materials. Results indicated that the lowest friction coefficients and wear rate were obtained when substrate and chromising layer against nickel-based alloy, and tribological properties of chromising layer were better than those of substrate. The highest friction and wear rate were samples against silicon nitride alloys. In the case of three rubbing pairs, the unchangeable materials against different hardness counterfaces leaded to different wear mechanisms. Samples against silicon nitride exhibited abrasive mechanism, and when GCr15 and nickel-based alloy were used as counterface, transfer film and glaze layer formed on the contact surface, which played the main role in decreasing friction and wear.
Slow strain rate testing (SSRT) was employed to study the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of ZE41 magnesium alloy in 0.01 M NaCl solution. Smooth tensile specimens with different thicknesses were strained dynamically in both longitudinal and transverse direction under permanent immersions at a strain rate of 10−6 s−1. It is found that ZE41 magnesium alloy is susceptible to SCC in 0.01 M NaCl solution. The SCC susceptibility of the thinner specimen is lower than that of the thicker specimen. Also, the longitudinal specimens are slightly more susceptible to SCC than the transverse specimens. The SCC mechanism of magnesium alloy is attributed to the combination of anodic dissolution with hydrogen embrittlement.
The piezomagnetic properties of rapidly quenched Fe73.5Cu1Nb3Si13.5B9 alloy strips were investigated in as-quenched state and after annealing for 2 h in vacuum in the temperature range of 100–300 °C. The impedance of amorphous strips increases with frequency, and sensitively decreases with stress increasing, especially in the frequency range of 10–100 MHz. The impedance increases approximately linearly with frequency below the critical frequency, but begins to decrease non-linearly with frequency above the critical frequency. The higher the point compressive stress is, the smaller the critical frequency will be. The stability of piezomagnetic properties is very excellent. The impedance of amorphous strips after annealing, especially at 300 °C, decreases very strongly. The impedance and the absolute values of the sensitive degree of couple layers’ amorphous strips are lower than those of single layer strips.
The effect of counter-pressure casting parameters on secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) of A357 alloy under different process parameters was studied. Quartz sand mould with chill can strongly decrease the SDAS. Reduced SDAS close to the mould bottom because of chilling was obtained. Pressure seems to have no apparent effect on the SDAS. In order to obtain casts with UTS ⩾ 320 MPa, SDAS must be less than 55 μm, which means a local cooling rate V L⩾0.23 °C/s.
Microstructures and microwave dielectric properties of 0.5Ba(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.5Ba(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3 ceramics with x wt% CuO−x wt% MnO2 additions (x=0.25–1) prepared by conventional solid-state route were investigated. It is found that low level-doping of CuO-MnO2 can significantly improve the density of the specimens and their microwave dielectric properties. The relative density of 0.5Ba(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.5Ba(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3 ceramics can be increased by 95% sintering at 1 330 °C due to the liquid phase effect. The second phase is not observed in ceramics with CuO-MnO2 addition. The parameter ε r increases with increasing sintering temperature, and Q f is effectively promoted by CuO-MnO2 addition. Higher CuO-MnO2 content would make τf value more positive. Meanwhile, ε r value of 30.5, Q f value of 63 200 GHz and τ f value of 0.5 ppm/°C were obtained for 0.5Ba(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.5Ba(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3 ceramics with 0.5 wt% CuO-0.5 wt% MnO2 addition sintered at 1 330 °C for 4 h.
Flame-retardant mechanism of magnesium oxychloride (MOC) in EP was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), XRD, SEM, TG-DTG and DSC. The results show that MOC performed well as an inorganic flame-retardant in EP. When the content of MOC is 50%, the LOI of EP reaches 29.6% and mass of residual char reaches 9.6%. The flame retarde mechanism of MOC is due to the synergies of diluting, cooling, catalyzing char forming and obstructing effects.
The calcining process was recorded by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry (DSC-TG). The dehydroxylation (activating process) was partitioned into two steps by calculating and comparing the O—H bond lengths between inner hydroxyl group and surface hydroxyl group, as well as the ionic bond of Al—OH and position of —OH. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and compressive strength measurement show that the activity of calcined materials increases with the increasing of temperature in dehydroxylation region but decreases abruptly in the “spinel” region. The suggested temperature for activating kaolinite is 900 °C.
Pure and fluorine-doped silica glass were fabricated by plasma chemical vapour deposition (PCVD) and characterized using Raman and infrared spectrum. The change in Raman intensity of 945 cm−1 peak, relating to ≡Si—F stretching vibration, agrees with the change of F content. Compared with measured wavenumber in IR spectrum, the calculated absorption wavelength confirms the incorporation form of F into the glass, the detail of which is a tetrahedron with a Si atom in the center coupled with one F atom and three network O atoms. Such structure identification may be useful for explaining some properties of F-doping silica glass.
Fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) were added to improve the performances of regenerated binding materials (RBM) which refer to dehydrated phases with rebinding ability of waste hardened cement paste. Flowability tests, compressive strength tests, SEM, TG-DSC, and non-evaporable water content tests were employed to study the performances of the combined binding materials and the interactions between RBM, FA, and GGBFS. Results show that adding FA or GGBFS can improve the workability of RBM paste, and GGBFS has positive effects on strength of RBM. Pozzolanic reactions happen between RBM, FA, and GGBFS. And the activation effect of RBM to FA and GGBFS is superior to that of P.O grade-32.5 cement, especially at earlier ages, because of the high reactive f-CaO existing in RBM. On the advantages of the synergetic effects of RBM and pozzolanic admixtures such as FA and GGBFS, new combined binding materials can be prepared by blending them together.
Structure characteristics of three kinds of ceramsite with different water absorption and the influence on microstructure of interfacial zone as well as performance of chloride permeability and frost resistance of combined aggregate concrete were investigated. The results show that, dense shell and closed internal pore have sharp effects on lowering water absorption of ceramsite. However, the ceramsite with high water absorption has obvious effect on the densification of interfacial paste which would develop a structure with lower porosity, finer aperture and higher microhardness. Furthermore, the impermeability and frost-resistance of concrete can be improved due to the effect of water absorption and releasing by ceramsite with higher water absorption.
The effects of fly ash and MgO-type expansive agent on the shrinkage and expansive strain of concrete with high magnesia cement were investigated. The results show that high volumes of fly ash may reduce the shrinkage strain of concrete and inhibit the expansive strain of concrete with MgO-type expansive agent, but can not eliminate the shrinkage of concrete. MgO-type expansive agent may produce expansive strain and compensate the shrinkage strain of concrete, relieve the cracking risk, but the hydration product of magnesia tends to get together in paste and produce expansive cracking of concrete with high magnesia content according to SEM observation.
A stabilized soil structure formation model was introduced. In order to form compact stabilized soil structure, cementitious hydrates were needed to wrap and bind the soil aggregates. Meanwhile, expansible hydrates were needed to squeeze and fill the pores, especially the pores in the aggregates. The experimental results show that the influences of various chemical characteristic factors of soil on the strength of the stabilized soil are boiled down, for the influence on the concentration of Ca(OH)2 in the pore solution of the stabilized soil, and the amount of CSH generated by cement. Finally an optimization design method is proposed, with which the stabilizer can be designed according to characteristics of soil samples.
Red mud was activated to be a mineral admixture for Portland cement by means of heating at different elevated temperatures from 400 °C to 700 °C. Results show that heating was effective, among which thermal activation of red mud at 600 °C was most effective. Chemical analysis suggested that cement added with 600 °C thermally activated red mud yielded more calcium ion during the early stage of hydration and less at later stage in liquid phase of cement water suspension system, more combined water and less calcium hydroxide in its hardened cement paste. MIP measurement and SEM observation proved that the hardened cement paste had a similar total porosity and a less portion of large size pores hence a denser microstructure compared with that added with original red mud.