Experimental investigation on viscosity of Cu-H₂O nanofluids

Abstract

A procedure for preparing a nanofluid that a solid-liquid composite material consists of solid nanoparticles with sizes typically of 1–100 nm suspended in liquid was proposed. By means of the procedure, Cu-H₂O nanofluids with and without dispersant were prepared, whose sediment photographs and particle size distribution were given to illustrate the stability and evenness of suspension with dispersant. The viscosity of Cu-H₂O nanofluid was measured using capillary viscometers. The mass fractions(w) of copper nanoparticles in the experiment varied between 0.04% and 0.16% with the temperature range of 30–70 °C. The experimental results show that the temperature and SDBS concentration are the major factors affecting the viscosity of the nano-copper suspensions, while the effect of the mass fraction of Cu on the viscosity is not as obvious as that of the temperature and SDBS dispersant for the mass fraction chosen in the experiment. The apparent viscosity of the copper nano-suspensions decreases with the temperature increase, and increases slightly with the increase of the mass fraction of SDBS dispersant, and almost keeps invariability with increasing the mass fraction of Cu. The influence of SDBS concentration on the viscosity of nano-suspension was relatively large comparing with that of the nanoparticle concentration.

Keywords

nano-Cu/water suspension / SDBS / kinematic viscosity / capillary viscometer

References

[1] Li X. F., Zhu D. S., Wang X. J., . Thermal Conductivity Enhancement Dependent pH and Chemical Surfactant for Cu-H₂O Nanofluids[J]. Thermochimica Acta, 2008, 469(1–2): 98-103.

[2] Wang S. W., Zhu D. S. Adsorption Heat Pump Using an Innovative Coupling Refrigeration Cycle[J]. Adsorption, 2004, 10(1): 47-55.

[3] X F Li, D S Zhu, G Chen, et al. Influence of SDBS on Stability of Copper Nano-suspensions[C]. Proceedings of International Conference on Integration and Commerciali-zation of Micro and Nano-Systems, Sanya, China, 2007, 971–976

[4] S U S Choi. Enhancing Thermal Conductivity of Fluids with Nanoparticles[A]. Siginer D A, Wang H P, eds., Developments and Applications of Non-newton Flows[C]. ASME FED-231, New York, 1995, 99–105

[5] Lee S., Choi S. U. S., Li S., . Measuring Thermal Conductivity of Fluids Containing Oxide Nanoparticles[J]. Journal of Heat Transfer, 1999, 121(3): 280-289.

[6] Choi S. U. S. Anomalous Thermal Conductivity Enhancement in Nanotube Suspensions[J]. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2001, 79(14): 2 252-2 254.

[7] Eastman J. A. Anomalously Increased Effective Thermal Conductivities of Ethylene Glycol-based Nanofluids Containing Copper Nanoparticles[J]. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2001, 78(6): 718-720.

[8] Das S. K., Putra N., Thiesen P., . Temperature Dependence of Thermal Conductivity Enhancement for Nanofluids[J]. J. Heat Transfer, Trans. ASME, 2003, 125(4): 567-574.

[9] Patel H. E. Thermal Conductivities of Naked and Monolayer Protected Metal Nanoparticle Based Nanofluids: Manifestation of Anomalous Enhancement and Chemical Effects[J]. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2003, 83(14): 2 931-2 933.

[10] You S. M. Effect of Nanoparticles on Critical Heat Flux of Water in Pool Boiling Heat Transfer[J]. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2003, 83(14): 3 374-3 376.

[11] Vassallo P. Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Experiments in Silica-water Nano-fluids[J]. Int. J. Heat Mass Trans., 2004, 47: 407-411.

[12] Xuan Y. M., Roetzel W. Conceptions for Heat Transfer Correlation of Nanofluids[J]. Int. J. Heat Mass Trans., 2000, 43(19): 3 701-3 707.

[13] Xuan Y. M., Li Q. Heat Transfer Enhancement of Nanofluids[J]. Int J of Heat and Fluids Flow, 2000, 21(1): 58-64.

[14] Shin S., Lee S.-H. Thermal Conductivity of Suspension in Shear Flow Fields[J]. Int. J. Heat Mass Trans, 2000, 43: 4 275-4 282.

[15] Li J. M., Li Z. L., Wang B. X. Experimental Viscosity Measurements for Copper Oxide Nanoparticle Suspension[J]. Tsinghua Science and Technology, 2002, 7(2): 198-201.

[16] Zhou L P, Wang B X. Experimental Research on the Thermophysical Properties of Nanoparticle Suspensions Using the Quasi-Steady state Method [C]. Annu. Proc. Chinese Eng. Thermophys, Shanghai, 2002: 889–892

[17] Drew D. A., Passman S. L. Theory of Multicomponent Fluids[M], 1999 Berlin Springer 236

[18] Brinkman H. C. The Viscosity of Concentrated Suspensions and Solutions[J]. J.Chemistry Physics, 1952, 20: 571-581.

[19] Zuber N. On the Dispersed Two-phase Flow in the Laminar Flow Regime[J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 1964, 19: 897-917.

[20] Li Q., Xuan Y. M., Jiang W. Experimental Investigation on Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity of Enhanced Heat Transfer Process Fluids for Aerospace[J]. Journal of Astronautics, 2002, 23(6): 73-76.

[21] Lisunova M. O., Lebovka N. I., Melezhyk O. V., . Stability of the Aqueous Suspensions of Nanotubes in the Presence of Nonionic Surfactant[J]. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2006, 299: 740-746.

[22] Li X. F., Zhu D. S., Wang X. J. Evaluation on Dispersion Behavior of the Aqueous Copper Nano-suspensions[J]. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2007, 310(2): 456-463.