In the present review, the application of metaproteomics is highlighted to understand the microbial species under different environmental conditions. As the environmental conditions are changing because of natural and anthropogenic activities, the molecular microbiology of the environment is also affected. The proteins are essential molecules expressed by the microorganism under environmental stresses, which are extracted and analyzed for the studies. Metaproteomics based on the molecular microbial ecology is still at the very incipient stage but has a strong potential over other non-omics and omics methods.
Ensuring our survival primarily hinges on nourishment, as it provides the energy essential for various metabolic functions within our bodies. In the current scenario, adopting sustainable practices is imperative to satisfy our demand for both quantity and quality of food. This approach facilitates meeting our dietary needs and promotes an eco-friendly, pollution-free environment. The implementation of algae involves the utilization of biofertilizers, which augment the nutrient content of the soil, leading to elevated crop productivity. Algae can be used as biofertilizers, which are reservoirs for nutrients, and blue-green algae (BGA) can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialized heterocyst cells and play a vital role in plant growth and stimulation. Microalgae used as biofertilizers include Acutodesmus dimorphus, Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, Oscillatoria angustissima, Scenedesmus dimorphus, Anabaena azolla, and Nostoc sp. This can help to boost the plant growth, enhance soil fertility, and even help to improve the soil's physical and chemical properties, maintain the soil's temperature, and regulate aeration. The review focuses on an in-depth exploration of the implementation of algae as biofertilizers, specifically BGA, emphasizing their profound impact on soil ecosystems and sustainable agricultural practices. Ultimately, the review highlights and promotes the importance of various algae as a solution to raising environmental issues caused by excessive agricultural fertilizers and resulting agricultural pollution.
The noxious weed Parthenium hysterophorus has spread globally since departing from its native environment over two centuries ago. Its ability to thrive is attributed to adaptive features such as the lack of natural adversaries, broad adaptability, resilience to drought, insensitivity to light conditions, rapid seed production, easy seed dispersal, and allelopathic traits, enabling it to flourish in various soil types and overcome climatic constraints. We aim to eliminate the P. hysterophorus infection because we are aware of its harmful effects. Attempting to limit its expansion is not a feasible strategy for eradication; instead, it can be effectively handled by harnessing it for diverse purposes. This review provides a concise overview of the P. hysterophorus issue and highlights potential uses that could offer innovative approaches to address the problem. Newly identified applications of P. hysterophorus encompass composting, serving as a bioremediation agent for hazardous metals and dyes, acting as a cost-effective substrate for cellulase production, contributing to nanoparticle synthesis, facilitating ethanol production, and serving as a biogas source.
Biogenic amines are a group of microbial metabolites detected in fermented foods that have potential health risk. Reduction of biogenic amines in fermented foods by enzymes is an effective and safe approach as it has less influences on food flavor and fermentation process. In this work, a multicopper oxidase named as MCOP from Lactobacillus paracasei XJ02 was successfully expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The K m and V max of MCOP were detected to be 4.34 mmol/L and 5.61 mmol/ (L· min), respectively. MCOP was resistant to acidic condition and was stable at a wide temperature range (4oC−65oC). Activity of MCOP was significantly inhibited by 5−20% NaCl, whereas it was dramatically increased in the presence of 5−20% ethanol. This enzyme significantly degraded putrescine and cadaverine in soy sauce with a degradation rate of 10.3% of total BAs. Moreover, addition of MCOP efficiently reduced the content of histamine and putrescine in huangjiu by 41.1% and 19.8%, respectively. The degradation rate for total biogenic amines in huangjiu was 20.5%. The results demonstrated the good performance of an ethanol tolerant multicopper oxidase in reduction of biogenic amines in alcohol beverages. This provides potential enzyme candidates for being used in food safety control.
Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) generated from various agro-waste can be effectively used to manufacture a broad range of value-added products cost-effectively. However, the high cost of cellulases is still a major challenge in producing biofuels and biochemicals from LCB on an industrial scale. The enzyme output and activity of cellulase in the fermentation broth are closely linked in terms of enzyme manufacturing costs. Therefore, research on efficient fermentation processes of hyperactive fungi, and cost-effective recovery systems have been directed toward lowering enzyme costs and increasing overall enzyme production. Penicillium funiculosum NCIM 1228 (P. funiculosum NCIM 1228) is a feasible cellulase-producing strain that possesses all four enzymes required to efficiently hydrolyse LCB. The primary objective of this study was to employ random mutagenesis to increase enzymes titer, yield, and productivity. The potential mutant D4 (derived by Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutation) exhibited 6.47, 3.05, 3.03, and 3.19-fold higher activities of FPase, CMCase, β-glucosidase, and xylanase, respectively, compared to the parent strain. Mutant D4 demonstrated a promising protein titer of 17.96 g/L at the 40 L fermenter scale, with productivities of 479, 4249, and 6987 U/L/day for FPase, CMCase, and Xylanase, respectively, on the tenth day. Interestingly, the crude form of enzymes from the mutant demonstrated promising saccharification, releasing 3.54% of glucose and achieving a 54.03% of cellulose conversion efficiency without formulation. In comparison, a commercially formulated enzyme exhibited 53.07% efficiency against pre-treated sugarcane bagasse, indicating its promising potential for future applications.
The aim of this work was to study the efficiency of native lignocellulolytic enzymes obtained from isolated bacteria towards enhanced bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. Maximum cellulose (199.33 ± 0.2 mg/g) and hemicellulose (62.21 ± 0.22 mg/g) content was measured from rice straw in alkali condition compared to acid and biological pretreatment, while significant lignin removal has been observed in biological pretreatment. Saccharification of rice straw using isolated cellulase–xylanase enzymes exhibited 60.33% production of total reducing sugar obtained by commercial cellulase–xylanase cocktail. Maximum glucose, xylose, and total reducing sugar yield of 309 ± 0.32, 190.7 ± 0.42, and 499.7 ± 0.37 mg/g, respectively, at 37.5 °C, pH-7, rice straw concentration of 2.5 g/100 mL, enzyme loading 175 μl, and incubation period 42 h by commercial cellulase–xylanase enzyme mediated hydrolysis. While in case of using the native cellulase–xylanase cocktail from the isolated bacterial strains, highest yields of glucose, xylose and total reducing sugar production was 253.52 ± 0.56 mg/g, 47.94 ± 0.78 mg/g, and 301.46 ± 0.67 mg/g, respectively. While applying the isolated enzymes on alkali-pretreated rice straw, bioethanol concentration of around 32.57 ± 0.25 g/L was recorded after the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The above mentioned bioethanol concentration was obtained at a process parameter of temperature 35 °C, incubation time 58 h, and pH 5.5 for isolated cellulase–xylanase enzymes. A maximum bioethanol concentration using isolated cellulase–xylanase enzymes was nearly 93.89% of bioethanol concentration (34.69 ± 0.28 g/L) obtained using commercial cellulase–xylanase. The present study interpreted that the cutting-edge approach for the native enzymes along with metabolic engineering of the isolated bacteria could be promising towards enhanced bioethanol production.