Permanent ferrite magnet materials are extensively employed due to their exceptional magnetic properties and cost-effectiveness. The fast development in electromobile and household appliance industries contributes to a new progress in permanent ferrite materials. This paper reviews the deveolpement and progress of permanent ferrite magnet industry in recent years. The emergence of new raw material, the advancement of perparation methods and manufacturing techniques, and the potential applications of permanent ferrite materials are introduced and discussed. Specifically, nanocrystallization plays a crucial role in achieving high performance at a low cost and reducing reliance on rare earth resources, and therefore it could be a promising development trendency.
The effect of forging on the microstructure and texture evolution of a high Nb containing Ti-45Al-7Nb-0.3W (at.%) alloy was investigated by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the as-cast alloy is mainly composed of α 2/γ lamellar colonies with a mean size of 70 µm, but the hot-forged pancake displays a near duplex microstructure (DP). Kinking and bending of lamellar colonies, deformation twinning and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) occur during hot forging. Meanwhile, dense dislocations in the β phase after forging suggest that the high-temperature β phase with a disordered structure is favorable for improving the hot-workability of the alloy. Unlike the common TiAl casting texture, the solidification process of the investigated as-cast alloy with high Nb content is completely via the β phase region, resulting in the formation of a <110> γ fiber texture where the <110> γ aligns parallel to the heat-flow direction. In comparison, the relatively strong <001> and weak <302> texture components in the as-forged alloy are attributed to the deformation twinning. After annealing, static recrystallization occurs at the twin boundary and intersections, which weakens the deformation texture.
In this study, the Mg-3Zn-0.5Zr-χNd (χ=0, 0.6) alloys were subjected to final rolling treatment with large deformation of 50%. The impact of annealing temperatures on the microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated. The rolled Mg-3Zn-0.5Zr-0.6Nd alloy exhibited an ultimate tensile strength of 386 MPa, a yield strength of 361 MPa, and an elongation of 7.1%. Annealing at different temperatures resulted in reduced strength and obviously increased elongation for both alloys. Optimal mechanical properties for the Mg-3Zn-0.5Zr-0.6Nd alloy were achieved after annealing at 200 °C, with an ultimate tensile strength of 287 MPa, a yield strength of 235 MPa, and an elongation of 26.1%. The numerous deformed microstructures, twins, and precipitated phases in the rolled alloy could impede the deformation at room temperature and increase the work hardening rate. After annealing, a decrease in the work hardening effect and an increase in the dynamic recovery effect were obtained due to the formation of fine equiaxed grains, and the increased volume fraction of precipitated phases, which significantly improved the elongation of the alloy. Additionally, the addition of Nd element could enhance the annealing recrystallization rate, reduce the Schmid factor difference between basal and prismatic slip systems, facilitate multi-system slip initiation and improve the alloy plasticity.
The evolution of mechanical properties, localized corrosion resistance of a high purity Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy during non-isothermal aging (NIA) was investigated by hardness test, electrical conductivity test, tensile test, intergranular corrosion test, exfoliation corrosion test, slow strain rate tensile test and electrochemical test, and the mechanism has been discussed based on microstructure examination by optical microscopy, electron back scattered diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy. The NIA treatment includes a heating stage from 40 °C to 180 °C with a rate of 20 °C/h and a cooling stage from 180 °C to 40 °C with a rate of 10 °C/h. The results show that the hardness and strength increase rapidly during the heating stage of NIA since the increasing temperature favors the nucleation and the growth of strengthening precipitates and promotes the transformation of Guinier-Preston (GPI) zones to η′ phase. During the cooling stage, the sizes of η′ phase increase with a little change in the number density, leading to a further slight increase of the hardness and strength. As NIA proceeds, the corroded morphology in the alloy changes from a layering feature to a wavy feature, the maximum corrosion depth decreases, and the reason has been analyzed based on the microstructural and microchemical feature of precipitates at grain boundaries and subgrain boundaries.
The low-cost Fe-Cu, Fe-Ni, and Cu-based high-entropy alloys exhibit a widespread utilization prospect. However, these potential applications have been limited by their low strength. In this study, a novel Fe31Cu31Ni28Al4Ti3Co3 immiscible high-entropy alloy (HEA) was developed. After vacuum arc melting and copper mold suction casting, this HEA exhibits a unique phase separation microstructure, which consists of striped Cu-rich regions and Fe-rich region. Further magnification of the striped Cu-rich region reveals that it is composed of a Cu-rich dot-like phase and a Fe-rich region. The aging alloy is further strengthened by a L12-Ni3(AlTi) nanoprecipitates, achieving excellent yield strength (1185 MPa) and uniform ductility (∼8.8%). The differential distribution of the L12 nanoprecipitate in the striped Cu-rich region and the external Fe-rich region increased the strength difference between these two regions, which increased the strain gradient and thus improved hetero-deformation induced (HDI) hardening. This work provides a new route to improve the HDI hardening of Fe-Cu alloys.
In this paper, equal channel angular pressing and thermomechanical treatment was employed to improve the strength and electrical conductivity of an aging strengthened Cu-Ti-Cr-Mg alloy, and the microstructure and properties of the alloy were investigated in detail. The results showed that the samples deformed by the combination of cryogenic equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and rolling had good comprehensive properties after aging at 400 °C. The tensile strength of the peak-aged and over-aged samples was 1120 MPa and 940 MPa, with their corresponding electrical conductivity of 14.7%IACS and 22.1%IACS, respectively. ECAP and cryogenic rolling introduced high density dislocations, leading to the inhibition of the softening effects and refinement of the grains. After a long time aging at 400 °C, the alloy exhibited ultra-high strength with obvious increasing electrical conductivity. The high strength was attributed to the synergistic effect of work hardening, grain refinement strengthening and precipitation strengthening. The precipitation of a large amount of Ti atoms from the matrix led to the high electrical conductivity of the over-aged sample.
The vibration pretreatment-microwave curing process is an efficient, low energy consumption, and high-quality out-of-autoclave curing process for carbon fiber resin matrix composites. This study aims to investigate the impact of vibration pretreatment temperature on the fiber weight content, microscopic morphology and mechanical properties of the composite laminates by using optical digital microscopy, universal tensile testing machine and thermogravimetric analyzer. Additionally, the combined mode of Bragg fiber grating sensor and temperature measurement fiber was employed to explore the effect of vibration pretreatment on the strain process during microwave curing. The study results revealed that the change in vibration pretreatment temperature had a slight impact on the fiber weight content when the vibration acceleration remained constant. The metallographic and interlaminar strength of the specimen formed at a vibration pretreatment temperature of 80 °C demonstrated a porosity of 0.414% and a 10.69% decrease in interlaminar shear strength compared to autoclave curing. Moreover, the introduction of the vibration energy field during the microwave curing process led to a significant reduction in residual strain in both the 0° and 90° fiber directions, when the laminate was cooled to 60 °.
Manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) has the advantages of simple preparation, high resistivity, and high crystal symmetry. Herein, we have developed an electrochemical sensor utilizing graphene and MnFe2O4 nanocomposites modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE), which is very efficient and sensitive to detect bisphenol A (BPA). MnFe2O4/graphene (GR) was synthesized by immobilizing the MnFe2O4 microspheres on the graphene nanosheets via a simple one-pot solvothermal method. The morphology and structure of the MnFe2O4/GR nanocomposite have been characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In addition, electrochemical properties of the modified materials are comparably explored by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Under the optimal conditions, the proposed electrochemical sensor for the detection of BPA has a linear range of 0.8–400 µmol/L and a detection limit of 0.0235 µmol/L (S/N=3) with high sensitivity, good selectivity and high stability. In addition, the proposed sensor was used to measure the content of BPA in real water samples with a recovery rate of 97.94%–104.56%. At present, the synthesis of MnFe2O4/GR provides more opportunities for the electrochemical detection of BPA in practical applications.
The magnetization reduction of hematite using biomass waste can effectively utilize waste and reduce CO2 emission to achieve the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. The effects of temperatures on suspension magnetization roasting of hematite using biomass waste for evolved gases have been investigated using TG-FTIR, Py-GC/MS and gas composition analyzer. The mixture reduction process is divided into four stages. In the temperature range of 200–450 °C for mixture, the release of CO2, acids, and ketones is dominated in gases products. The yield and concentration of small molecules reducing gases increase when the temperature increases from 450 to 900 °C. At 700 °C, the volume concentrations of CO, H2 and CH4 peak at 8.91%, 8.90% and 4.91%, respectively. During the suspension magnetization roasting process, an optimal iron concentrate with an iron grade of 70.86%, a recovery of 98.66% and a magnetic conversion of 45.70% is obtained at 700 °. Therefore, the magnetization reduction could react greatly in the temperature range of 600 to 700 °C owing to the suitable reducing gases. This study shows a detail gaseous evolution of roasting temperature and provides a new insight for studying the reduction process of hematite using biomass waste.
The utilization of arsenic-containing gold dressing tailings is an urgent issue faced by gold production companies worldwide. The thermodynamic analysis results indicate that ferrous arsenate (FeAsO4), pyrite (FeS2) and sodium cyanide (NaCN) in the arsenic-containing gold metallurgical tailings can be effectively removed using straight grate process, and the removal of pyrite and sodium cyanide is basically completed during the preheating stage, while the removal of ferrous arsenate requires the roasting stage. The pellets undergo a transformation from magnetite to hematite during the preheating process, and are solidified through micro-crystalline bonding and high-temperature recrystallization of hematite (Fe2O3) during the roasting process. Ultimately, pellets with removal rates of 80.77% for arsenic, 88.78% for sulfur, and 99.88% for cyanide are obtained, as well as the iron content is 61.1% and the compressive strength is 3071 N, meeting the requirements for blast furnace burden. This study provides an industrially feasible method for treating arsenic-containing gold smelting tailings, benefiting gold production enterprises.
The long-term storage of phosphate tailings will occupy a large amount of land, pollute soil and groundwater, thus, it is crucial to achieve the harmless disposal of phosphate tailings. In this study, high-performance geopolymers with compressive strength of 38.8 MPa were prepared by using phosphate tailings as the main raw material, fly ash as the active silicon-aluminum material, and water glass as the alkaline activator. The solid content of phosphate tailings and fly ash was 60% and 40%, respectively, and the water-cement ratio was 0.22. The results of XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDS and XPS show that the reactivity of phosphate tailings with alkaline activator is weak, and the silicon-aluminum material can react with alkaline activator to form zeolite and gel, and encapsulate/cover the phosphate tailings to form a dense phosphate tailings-based geopolymer. During the formation of geopolymers, part of the aluminum-oxygen tetrahedron replaced the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron, causing the polycondensation reaction between geopolymers and increasing the strength of geopolymers. The leaching toxicity test results show that the geopolymer has a good solid sealing effect on heavy metal ions. The preparation of geopolymer from phosphate tailings is an important way to alleviate the storage pressure and realize the resource utilization of phosphate tailings.
This study considers an MHD Jeffery-Hamel nanofluid flow with distinct nanoparticles such as copper, Al2O3 and SiO2 between two rigid non-parallel plane walls with the fuzzy extension of the generalized dual parametric homotopy algorithm. The nanofluids have been formulated to enhance the thermophysical characteristics of fluids, including thermal diffusivity, conductivity, convective heat transfer coefficients and viscosity. Due to the presence of distinct nanofluids, a change in the value of volume fraction occurs that influences the velocity profiles of the flow. The short value of nanoparticles volume fraction is considered an uncertain parameter and represented in a triangular fuzzy number range among [0.0, 0.1, 0.2]. A novel generalized dual parametric homotopy algorithm with fuzzy extension is used here to study the fuzzy velocities at various channel positions. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed approach has been demonstrated through a comparison with the available results in the crisp case.
In order to overcome the limitations of traditional microperforated plate with narrow sound absorption bandwidth and a single structure, two multi-cavity composite sound-absorbing materials were designed based on the shape of monoclinic crystals: uniaxial oblique structure (UOS) and biaxial oblique structure (BOS). Through finite element simulation and experimental research, the theoretical models of UOS and BOS were verified, and their sound absorption mechanisms were revealed. At the same time, the influence of multi-cavity composites on sound absorption performance was analyzed based on the theoretical model, and the influence of structural parameters on sound absorption performance was discussed. The research results show that, in the range of 100–2000 Hz, UOS has three sound absorption peaks and BOS has five sound absorption peaks. The frequency range of the half-absorption bandwidth (α>0.5) of UOS and BOS increases by 242% and 229%, respectively. Compared with traditional microperforated sound-absorbing structures, the series and parallel hybrid methods significantly increase the sound-absorbing bandwidth of the sound-absorbing structure. This research has guiding significance for noise control and has broad application prospects in the fields of transportation, construction, and mechanical design.
Carbon fiber reinforced polyamide 12 (CF/PA12), a new material renowned for its excellent mechanical and thermal properties, has drawn significant industry attention. Using the steady-state research to heat transfer, a series of simulations to investigate the heat transfer properties of CF/PA12 were conducted in this study. Firstly, by building two- and three-dimensional models, the effects of the porosity, carbon fiber content, and arrangement on the heat transfer of CF/PA12 were examined. A validation of the simulation model was carried out and the findings were consistent with those of the experiment. Then, the simulation results using the above models showed that within the volume fraction from 0% to 28%, the thermal conductivity of CF/PA12 increased greatly from 0.0242 W/(m·K) to 10.8848 W/(m·K). The increasing porosity had little influence on heat transfer characteristic of CF/PA12. The direction of the carbon fiber arrangement affects the heat transfer impact, and optimal outcomes were achieved when the heat flow direction was parallel to the carbon fiber. This research contributes to improving the production methods and broadening the application scenarios of composite materials.
Heat and mass transfer of a circular-shaped porous moist object inside a two-dimensional triangle cavity is investigated by using finite element method. The porous object is considered to be a moist food sample, located in the middle of the cavity with inlet and outlet ports with different configurations of inlet/outlet ports. Convective drying performance is numerically assessed for different values of Reynolds numbers (between 50 and 250), dry air inlet temperature (between 40 and 80 °C) and different locations of the port. It is observed that changing the port locations has significant impacts on the flow recirculaitons inside the triangular chamber while convective drying performance is highly affected. The moisture content reduces with longer time and for higher Reynolds number (Re) values. Case P4 where inlet and outlet ports are in the middle of the walls provides the most effective configuration in terms of convective drying performance while the worst case is seen for P1 case where inlet and outlet are closer to the corners of the chamber. There is a 192% difference between the moisture reduction of these two cases at Re=250, T=80 °C and t=120 min.
In this paper, the experimental investigation on the performance improvement of conventional stepped solar still is conducted. The steps are covered by the porous material to improve the performance of the conventional device and increase the evaporation rate. All the parameters, including the temperature on the glass surface, the water temperature inside the evaporation zone, and the amount of water produced in both conventional and modified stepped solar stills are measured and compared. The efficiency of two devices and their exergy efficiency have been calculated. Finally, the economic analysis of both devices has been done to check the economic feasibility of the modified device. The amount of freshwater generated during one day was 2244.4 and 3076.2 mL/m2, respectively for the conventional and modified stepped solar stills. As a result, the amount of water produced in one day by modified stepped solar still is 35.5% more than the conventional one. Also, the costs for the conventional and modified stepped solar stills have been calculated as 0.0359 and 0.029 $/(L·m−2), respectively.
The utilization of prefabricated light modular radiant heating system has demonstrated significant increases in heat transfer efficiency and energy conservation capabilities. Within prefabricated building construction, this new heating method presents an opportunity for the development of comprehensive facilities. The parameters for evaluating the effectiveness of such a system are the upper surface layer’s heat flux and temperature. In this paper, thermal resistance analysis calculation based on a simplified model for this unique radiant heating system analysis is presented with the heat transfer mechanism’s evaluation. The results obtained from thermal resistance analysis calculation and numerical simulation indicate that the thermal resistance analysis method is highly accurate with temperature discrepancies ranging from 0.44 °C to −0.44 °C and a heat flux discrepancy of less than 7.54%, which can meet the requirements of practical engineering applications, suggesting a foundation for the prefabricated radiant heating system
Exploitation of sustainable energy sources requires the use of unique conversion and storage systems, such as solar panels, batteries, fuel cells, and electronic equipment. Thermal load management of these energy conversion and storage systems is one of their challenges and concerns. In this article, the thermal management of these systems using thermoelectric modules is reviewed. The results show that by choosing the right option to remove heat from the hot side of the thermoelectric modules, it will be a suitable local cooling, and the thermoelectric modules increase the power and lifespan of the system by reducing the spot temperature. Thermoelectric modules were effective in reducing panel temperature. They increase the time to reach a temperature above 50 °C in batteries by 3 to 4 times. Also, in their integration with fuel cells, they increase the power density of the fuel cell.
This study aims to evaluate the solar and wind energy potential across Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran, with a specific focus on the Khaf region. A preliminary assessment of mean solar radiation, mean wind speeds, and Weibull distribution parameters was conducted for different towns and zones within the province. The findings showed that Khaf has favorable characteristics for further analysis. The solar and wind energy metrics examined include global horizontal irradiance, clearness index, wind rose patterns, and turbulence intensity. At a height of 40 m, Khaf’s wind power density reached 1650 W/m2, indicating exceptional wind energy generation potential. Additionally, Khaf received an average annual solar radiation of 2046 kW·h/m2, representing significant solar energy potential. Harnessing these substantial renewable resources in Khaf could allow Razavi Khorasan Province to reduce reliance on fossil fuels, improve energy sustainability, and mitigate climate change impacts. This research contributes an in-depth assessment of Razavi Khorasan’s solar and wind energy potential, particularly for the promising Khaf region. Further work may examine optimal sites for renewable energy projects and grid integration strategies to leverage these resources.
Finding sustainable energy resources is essential to face the increasing energy demand. Trees are an important part of ancient architecture but are becoming rare in urban areas. Trees can control and tune the pedestrian-level wind velocity and thermal condition. In this study, a numerical investigation is employed to assess the role of trees planted in the windward direction of the building complex on the thermal and pedestrian wind velocity conditions around/inside a pre-education building located in the center of the complex. Compared to the previous studies (which considered only outside buildings), this work considers the effects of trees on microclimate change both inside/outside buildings. Effects of different parameters including the leaf area density and number of trees, number of rows, far-field velocity magnitude, and thermal condition around the main building are assessed. The results show that the flow velocity in the spacing between the first-row buildings is reduced by 30%–40% when the one-row trees with 2 m height are planted 15 m farther than the buildings. Furthermore, two rows of trees are more effective in higher velocities and reduce the maximum velocity by about 50%. The investigation shows that trees also could reduce the temperature by about 1°C around the building.
A study was conducted to analyze the deformation mechanism of strongly weathered quartz schist in the Daliangshan Tunnel, located in the western Transverse Mountain area. A large deformation problem was experienced during the tunnel construction. To mitigate this problem, a support system was designed incorporating negative Poisson ratio (NPR) anchor cables with negative Poisson ratio effect. Physical model experiments, field experiments, and numerical simulation experiments were conducted to investigate the compensation mechanical behavior of NPR anchor cables. The large deformations of soft rocks in the Daliangshan Tunnel are caused by a high ground stress, a high degree of joint fracture development, and a high degree of surrounding rock fragmentation. A compensation mechanics support system combining long and short NPR anchor cables was suggested to provide sufficient counter-support force (approximately 350 kN) for the surrounding rock inside the tunnel. Comparing the NPR anchor cable support system with the original support system used in the Daliangshan tunnel showed that an NPR anchor cable support system, combining cables of 6.3 m and 10.3 m in length, effectively prevented convergence of surrounding rock deformation, and the integrated settlement convergence value remained below 300 mm. This study provides an effective scientific basis for resolving large deformation problems in deeply buried soft rocks in western transverse mountain areas.
Dilatancy is a fundamental volumetric growth behavior observed during loading and serves as a key index to comprehending the intricate nonlinear behavior and constitutive equation structure of rock. This study focuses on Jinping marble obtained from the Jinping Underground Laboratory in China at a depth of 2400 m. Various uniaxial and triaxial tests at different strain rates, along with constant confining pressure tests and reduced confining pressure tests under different confining pressures were conducted to analyze the mechanical response and dilatancy characteristics of the marble under four stress paths. Subsequently, a new empirical dilatancy coefficient is proposed based on the energy dissipation method. The results show that brittle failure characteristics of marble under uniaxial compression are more obvious with the strain rate increasing, and plastic failure characteristics of marble under triaxial compression are gradually strengthened. Furthermore, compared to the constant confining pressure, the volume expansion is relatively lower under unloading condition. The energy dissipation is closely linked to the process of dilatancy, with a rapid increase of dissipated energy coinciding with the beginning of dilatancy. A new empirical dilatancy coefficient is defined according to the change trend of energy dissipation rate curve, of which change trend is consistent with the actual dilatancy response in marble under different stress paths. The existing empirical and theoretical dilatancy models are analyzed, which shows that the empirical dilatancy coefficient based on the energy background is more universal.
To address the seismic face stability challenges encountered in urban and subsea tunnel construction, an efficient probabilistic analysis framework for shield tunnel faces under seismic conditions is proposed. Based on the upper-bound theory of limit analysis, an improved three-dimensional discrete deterministic mechanism, accounting for the heterogeneous nature of soil media, is formulated to evaluate seismic face stability. The metamodel of failure probabilistic assessments for seismic tunnel faces is constructed by integrating the sparse polynomial chaos expansion method (SPCE) with the modified pseudo-dynamic approach (MPD). The improved deterministic model is validated by comparing with published literature and numerical simulations results, and the SPCE-MPD metamodel is examined with the traditional MCS method. Based on the SPCE-MPD metamodels, the seismic effects on face failure probability and reliability index are presented and the global sensitivity analysis (GSA) is involved to reflect the influence order of seismic action parameters. Finally, the proposed approach is tested to be effective by a engineering case of the Chengdu outer ring tunnel. The results show that higher uncertainty of seismic response on face stability should be noticed in areas with intense earthquakes and variation of seismic wave velocity has the most profound influence on tunnel face stability.
Sudden earthquakes pose a threat to the running safety of trains on high-speed railway bridges, and the stiffness of piers is one of the factors affecting the dynamic response of train-track-bridge system. In this paper, a experiment of a train running on a high-speed railway bridge is performed based on a dynamic experiment system, and the corresponding numerical model is established. The reliability of the numerical model is verified by experiments. Then, the experiment and numerical data are analyzed to reveal the pier height effects on the running safety of trains on bridges. The results show that when the pier height changes, the frequency of the bridge below the 30 m pier height changes greater; the increase of pier height causes the transverse fundamental frequency of the bridge close to that of the train, and the shaking angle and lateral displacement of the train are the largest for bridge with 50 m pier, which increases the risk of derailment; with the pier height increases from 8 m to 50 m, the derailment coefficient obtained by numerical simulations increases by 75% on average, and the spectral intensity obtained by experiments increases by 120% on average, two indicators exhibit logarithmic variation.
The tunnel subjected to strike-slip fault dislocation exhibits severe and catastrophic damage. The existing analysis models frequently assume uniform fault displacement and fixed fault plane position. In contrast, post-earthquake observations indicate that the displacement near the fault zone is typically nonuniform, and the fault plane position is uncertain. In this study, we first established a series of improved governing equations to analyze the mechanical response of tunnels under strike-slip fault dislocation. The proposed methodology incorporated key factors such as nonuniform fault displacement and uncertain fault plane position into the governing equations, thereby significantly enhancing the applicability range and accuracy of the model. In contrast to previous analytical models, the maximum computational error has decreased from 57.1% to 1.1%. Subsequently, we conducted a rigorous validation of the proposed methodology by undertaking a comparative analysis with a 3D finite element numerical model, and the results from both approaches exhibited a high degree of qualitative and quantitative agreement with a maximum error of 9.9%. Finally, the proposed methodology was utilized to perform a parametric analysis to explore the effects of various parameters, such as fault displacement, fault zone width, fault zone strength, the ratio of maximum fault displacement of the hanging wall to the footwall, and fault plane position, on the response of tunnels subjected to strike-slip fault dislocation. The findings indicate a progressive increase in the peak internal forces of the tunnel with the rise in fault displacement and fault zone strength. Conversely, an augmentation in fault zone width is found to contribute to a decrease in the peak internal forces. For example, for a fault zone width of 10 m, the peak values of bending moment, shear force, and axial force are approximately 46.9%, 102.4%, and 28.7% higher, respectively, compared to those observed for a fault zone width of 50 m. Furthermore, the position of the peak internal forces is influenced by variations in the ratio of maximum fault displacement of the hanging wall to footwall and the fault plane location, while the peak values of shear force and axial force always align with the fault plane. The maximum peak internal forces are observed when the footwall exclusively bears the entirety of the fault displacement, corresponding to a ratio of 0: 1. The peak values of bending moment, shear force, and axial force for the ratio of 0:1 amount to approximately 123.8%, 148.6%, and 111.1% of those for the ratio of 0.5:0.5, respectively.