The yield behavior of metallic glasses was studied. Three yield criteria, including von Mises yield criterion, Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion and the unified yield criterion were used to describe the yield phenomena of the metallic glasses. Two classes of the experimental data were chosen to draw the yield loci using the unified yield criterion. It is shown that the unified yield criterion can be used to describe the yield behavior of the metallic glasses no matter whether the metallic glasses show strength-different effect or non-strength-different effect. Almost all the widely accepted yield criteria are the subsets of the unified yield criterion if the intermediate principle stress and/or the intermediate principle shear stress are not considered at all.

Porous anodic oxide films were fabricated galvanostatically on titanium alloy Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al in ammonium tartrate solution with different anodizing time. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were used to investigate the morphology evolution of the anodic oxide film. It is shown that above the breakdown voltage, oxygen is generated with the occurrence of drums morphology. These drums grow and extrude, which yields the compression stress. Subsequently, microcracks are generated. With continuous anodizing, porous oxides form at the microcracks. Those oxides grow and connect to each other, finally replace the microcrack morphology. The depth profile of the anodic oxide film formed at 1 800 s was examined by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). It is found that the film is divided into three layers according to the molar fractions of elements. The outer layer is incorporated by carbon, which may come from electrolyte solution. The thickness of the outer layer is approximately 0.2–0.3 μm. The molar fractions of elements in the intermediate layer are extraordinarily stable, while those in the inner layer vary significantly with sputtering depth. The thicknesses of the intermediate layer and the inner layer are 2 μm and 1.0–1.5 μm, respectively. Moreover, the growth mechanism of porous anodic oxide films in neutral tartrate solution was proposed.

In order to continuously simulate multi-pass plate rolling process, a 3-D elastic hollow-roll model was proposed and an auto mesh-refining module with data passing was developed and integrated with FE software, Marc. The hollow-roll model has equivalent stiffness of bending resistance and deformation to the real solid and much less meshes, so the computational time is greatly reduced. Based on these, the factors influencing plate profile, such as the roll-bending force, initial crown, thermal crown and heat transfer during rolling and inter-pass cooling can be taken into account in the simulation. The auto mesh-refining module with data passing can automatically refine and re-number elements and transfer the nodal and elemental results to the new meshes. Furthermore, the 3-D modeling routine is parametrically developed and can be run independently of Marc pre-processing program. A seven-pass industrial hot rolling process was continuously simulated to validate the accuracy of model. By comparison of the calculated results with the industrial measured data, the rolling force, temperature and plate profile are in good accordance with the measured ones.

The influence of casting parameters on stray grain formation of a unidirectionally solidified superalloy IN738LC casting with three platforms was investigated by using a 3D cellular automaton-finite element (CAFE) model in CALCOSOFT package. The model was first validated by comparison of the reported grain structure of Al-7%Si (mass fraction) alloy. Then, the influence of pouring temperature, heat flux of the lateral surface, convection heat coefficient of the cooled chill and mean undercooling of the bulk nucleation on the stray grain formation was studied during the unidirectional solidification. The predictions show that the stray grain formation is obviously sensitive to the pouring temperature, heat flux and mean undercooling of the bulk nucleation. However, increasing the heat convection coefficient has little influence on the stray grain formation.

The microstructure and texture of C/C composites with a resin-derived carbon, a rough laminar (RL) pyrocarbon and a smooth laminar pyrocarbon, before and after braking tests, were investigated by Raman spectroscopy. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the D-band indicates the amount of defects in the in-plane lattice, while the G-to-D band intensity (peak area) ratios (I_G/I_D) is used to evaluate the degree of graphitization. The results show that the FWHM of D-band of sample with RL pyrocarbon changes greatly from 36 cm⁻¹ to 168 cm⁻¹ after braking tests, which indicates that a large number of lattice defects are produced on its wear surface. However, the graphitization degree of resin-derived carbon sample rises significantly, because the I_G/I_D increases from 0.427 to 0.928. Braking tests under normal loading conditions, involving high temperature and high pressure, produce a lot of lattice defects on the wear surface, and induce the graphitization of the surface. Sample with RL pyrocarbon having a low hardness is easy to deform, and has the most lattice defects on the wear surface after braking. While raw materials with resin-derived carbon have the lowest graphitization degree which rises greatly during braking.

Isothermal compression tests at temperatures from 1 273 to 1 423 K and strain rates from 0.1 to 10 s⁻¹ were carried out to investigate the flow behaviors of Q420qE steel. Stress-strain data collected from the tests were employed to establish the constitutive equation, in which the influence of strain was incorporated by considering the effect of strain on material constants Q, n, a, and lnA. The results show that the flow stress curves are dependent on the strain, strain rate and deformation temperature. They display typical dynamic recrystallization behavior and consist of three stages, i.e., hardening stage, softening stage and steady stage. The flow stress decreases with increasing the deformation temperature and decreasing the strain rate. In addition, the flow stress data predicted by the proposed constitutive model agree well with the corresponding experimental results, and the correlation coefficient and the average absolute relative error between them are 0.990 3 and 3.686%, respectively.

Undoped and Na-doped ZnO films were deposited by sol-gel method. The effects of sodium incorporation on structure, surface morphology and optical constants of the films were investigated. X-ray diffraction patterns show the hexagonal wurtzite polycrystalline structure and that the sodium incorporation leads to the change in the structural characteristics of ZnO films. The SEM observations show that the surface morphology of the films is affected by the sodium incorporation. The transmission spectra show that the average transmittance of the films is above 85% in the visible range. The absorption edge initially blue-shifts and then red-shifts with the increase of Na doping content. The optical constants of these films were calculated using transmission spectra. Refractive indices of the films in the visible range decrease at first and then increase with increasing Na doping content.

A comprehensive thermodynamic model, which combined the Helgeson-Kirkham-Flowers (HKF) equation of state for standard-state thermodynamic properties of all species with realistic activity coefficient model developed by BROMLEY, was used to calculate the thermodynamic equilibrium, and a graphical method was developed to construct predominance existence diagrams (PED) for copper-ammonia-chloride in the presence of realistically modeled aqueous solutions. The existence of the different predominant chemical species for Cu(II) predicted by the diagrams was corroborated by spectrophotometrical studies and X-ray diffractometry. The simulated and experimental results indicate that the predominance of a given species in solution strongly depends on the pH value in this system. More quantitative information on real copper hydrometallurgy in the presence of ammonia and chloride can be obtained from these diagrams compared with the conventional predominance existence diagrams.

Zirconia-supported CuO (CuO/ZrO₂) composite photocatalysts were successfully synthesized via citric acid-assisted sol-gel technique. For comparison, CuO/ZrO₂ materials were also prepared by solid state reaction and co-precipitation method. The as-prepared powders were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA). The photocatalytic activity of CuO/ZrO₂ catalyst was investigated based on the H₂ evolution from oxalic acid solution under simulated sunlight irradiation. The effects of molar ratio of CuO to ZrO₂, preparation method, phase change with the calcination temperature and the durability on the photocatalytic activity of the photocatalyst were investigated in detail. It is found that the optimal activity of photocatalytic H₂ evolution (2.41 mmol·h⁻¹μ⁻¹) can be obtained when CuO/ZrO₂ composite photocatalyst is synthesized by sol-gel technique and the mole ratio of CuO to ZrO₂ is 40%. The activity of copper oxide supported on monoclinic ZrO₂ calcined at higher temperature is much higher than that on tetragonal ZrO₂ calcined at lower temperature, and the best calcination temperature is 900 °C.

A new functionalized heteroleptic iridium complex coordinated with 1-phenylisoquinoline (1-piq) and a functionalized β-diketone (G1), Ir(1-piq)₂G1, was synthesized and characterized by ¹H-NMR, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. The larger conjugation of the replacement of acetylacetone (acac) by a functionalized β-diketonate ligand led to a significant decrease in the HOMO level toward vacuum level, while Ir(1-piq)₂G1 and Ir(1-piq)₂(acac) showed red phosphorescent emissions of about 620 nm in dichloromethane solution. The phosphorescent polymer light-emitting devices were achieved, with the complexes incorporated with polyfluorene (PFO) as a host polymer doped with 30% of 5-(4-biphenylyl)-2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (PBD) as electron transport material. The energy transfer mechanism of the devices was also discussed. The lower EL performance of Ir(1-piq)₂G1 is ascribed to the inter-ligand energy transfer, indicating that it is important to control the energy level of the cyclometalated and ancillary ligands.

Based on the characteristics of the lignite sample, effects of assistant anthraquinone (AQ) on extraction yield of humic substances (HS) and the action mechanisms of AQ in alkaline condition were studied by Fouvier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results indicate that assistant AQ can not only increase the extraction yield of HS but also reduce the alkali dosage (NaOH) as well as the extraction temperature and extraction time. Under the optimal conditions of alkali dosage of 9%, AQ dosage of 0.75%, extraction temperature of 80 °C, extraction time of 30 min, stirring speed of 600 r/min and solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:3, the extraction yield of HS reaches 80.08%, which is increased by more than 20% compared with the conventional extraction. FT-IR spectra show that AQ is able to prevent dissolved HS from being destroyed into undissolved substance by alkali and HS obtained in the presence of AQ possesses more groups of -COOR and -COOH than that obtained without AQ.

Niobium(V) ethoxide (Nb(OEt)₅) was synthesized by electrochemical reaction of ethanol with niobium plate as the sacrificial anode, stainless steel as the cathode and tetraethylammonium chloride (TEAC) as the conductive additive. The condensates were isolated by vacuum distillation under 5 kPa. The product was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, Raman spectra and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. The results indicate that the product is niobium ethoxide. Thermal properties of niobium ethoxide were analysed by TG/DTG. Vapour pressure was calculated from the Langmuir equation and the enthalpy of vaporization was calculated from the vapour pressure-temperature data using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The concentrations of impurity metallic elements in the sample were detected by ICP-MS. It is shown that the purity can reach 99.997%. The volatility and purity of the niobium ethoxide ensure that it could be a good precursor for chemical vapor deposition and atomic layer deposition of niobium oxide layers.

H⁺ doped polyaniline nanofibre (PH) was synthesized by interfacial polymerization and polyanilines doped with Li salt (PLI and PHLI) were prepared by immersing emeraldine base (EB) and H⁺ doped polyaniline in 1 mol/L LiPF₆/(EC-EMC-DMC), respectively. PH, PLI and PHLI were all characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. With 1 mol/L LiPF₆/(EC-EMC-DMC) as electrolyte, PH, PHLI and PLI were used as the active materials of symmetric non-aqueous redox supercapacitors. PLI shows the highest initial specific capacitance of 120 F/g (47 F/g for PH and 66 F/g for PHLI) among three samples. After 500 cycles, the specific capacitance of PLI remains 75 F/g, indicating the good cycleability.

To explicate the thermodynamics of the chromite ore lime-free roasting process, the thermodynamics of reactions involved in this process was calculated and the phrases of sinter with different roasting times were studied. The thermodynamics calculation shows that all the standard Gibbs free energy changes of the reactions to form Na₂CrO₄, Na₂O·Fe₂O₃, Na₂O·Al₂O₃ and Na₂O·SiO₂ via chromite ore and Na₂CO₃ are negative, and the standard Gibbs free energy changes of the reactions between MgO, Fe₂O₃ and SiO₂ released from chromite spinel to form MgO·Fe₂O₃ and MgO·SiO₂ are also negative at the oxidative roasting temperatures (1 173–1 473 K). The phrase analysis of the sinter in lime-free roasting process shows that Na₂O·Fe₂O₃, Na₂O·Al₂O₃ and Na₂O·SiO₂ can be formed in the first 20 min, but they decrease in contents and finally disappear with the increase of roasting time. The final phase compositions of the sinter are Na₂CrO₄, MgO·Fe₂O₃, MgO·SiO₂ and MgO. The results indicate that Na₂CrO₄ can be formed easily via the reaction of Na₂CO₃ with chromite ore. Na₂O·Fe₂O₃, Na₂O·Al₂O₃ and Na₂O·SiO₂ can be formed as intermediate compounds in the roasting process and they can further react with chromite ore to form Na₂CrO₄. MgO released from chromite ore may react with iron oxides and silicon oxide to form stable compounds of MgO·Fe₂O₃ and MgO·SiO₂, respectively.

Micaceous iron oxide (MIO) with a hexagonal flaky shape was prepared by hydrothermal method. The ferric hydroxide used as precursor was obtained by an acidic leaching solution of pyrite cinders reacting with ammonia solution. The optimal experimental conditions for preparing micaceous iron oxide were investigated by orthogonal experiments. Micaceous iron oxide can be successfully prepared when optimal parameters of total iron concentration of 2.0 mol/L, pH value of 8, n(Fe²⁺)/n(Fe³⁺) of 0.1, mass of seed crystal of 1 g, reaction temperature of 260 °C and reaction time of 30 min are applied. X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffractometry (SAEM) were adopted to characterize the hydrothermal products prepared under optimal conditions. The results indicate that highly crystallized α-Fe₂O₃ hexagonal flakes, about 1.0–1.5 μm in diameter and 0.1 μm in thickness, are prepared. Furthermore, the quality of micaceous iron oxide prepared can meet the required characteristics of micaceous iron oxide pigments for paints (ISO10601—2007).

The pretreatment of refractory polyvinyl-alcohol (PVA) wastewater with low value of COD_Cr by Fenton’s reagent was investigated to enhance the biodegradability. The effects of operating conditions such as pH of the solution, Fe²⁺ dosage, H₂O₂ dosage, reaction time and initial PVA concentration on the removal efficiency of COD_Cr were discussed. It is demonstrated that the optimum value of pH for removal of COD_Cr is 5 and the most suitable dosages of H₂O₂ (2%) and FeSO₄ (10 mg/L) are 5% and 8.0%, respectively. When the initial COD_Cr value of the PVA water is 760 mg/L, the favorable reaction time is 110 min. Under these optimum conditions, the removal ratio of COD_Cr is 58.6%–61.4%, and the value of biodegradability (COD_B/COD_Cr) increases markedly from 8.9%–9.7% to 62.6%–68.3%.

The process of urbanization affects the urban warming. The change of urban warming was investigated by several urbanization factors in Changsha, China. The data of surface temperature (minimum, maximum and mean) of Changsha were analyzed to understand the possible effects of urbanization on the climate of this region owing to the population growth, built-up area expansion and energy consumption increases. The weights of these three factors were calculated by the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Then, three weights were simulated with nonlinear method to obtain the urbanization development rate which was utilized to reveal the influence of the urbanization factors on the surface temperature. The result shows that there is a significant upward trend in the urban temperatures of Changsha. The temperature increase seems to be closely related to the rate of urbanization between 1993 and 2008, and there is an evidential increase trend of the influence on urban temperature by urbanization during 16 years. It is a quantifiable approach measuring the relationship between urbanization and urban eco-environment, and can be applied for the urban sustainability.

The modal characteristics of the transverse vibration of an axially moving roller chain coupled with lumped mass were analyzed. The chain system was modeled by using the multi-body dynamics theory and the governing equations were derived by means of Lagrange’s equations. The effects of the parameters, such as the axially moving velocity of the chain, the tension force, the weight of lumped mass and its time-variable assign position in chain span, on the modal characteristics of transverse vibration for roller chain were investigated. The numerical examples were given. It is found that the natural frequencies and the corresponding mode shapes of the transverse vibration for roller chain coupled with lumped mass change significantly when the variations of above parameters are considered. With the movement of the chain strand, the natural frequencies present a fluctuating phenomenon, which is different from the uniform chain. The higher the order of mode is, the greater the fluctuating magnitude and frequency are.

In order to protect copyright of digital images, a new robust digital image watermarking algorithm based on chaotic system and QR factorization was proposed. The host images were firstly divided into blocks with same size, then QR factorization was performed on each block. Pseudorandom circular chain (PCC) generated by logistic mapping (LM) was applied to select the embedding blocks for enhancing the security of the scheme. The first column coefficients in Q matrix of chosen blocks were modified to embed watermarks without causing noticeable artifacts. Watermark extraction procedure was performed without the original cover image. The experimental results demonstrate that the watermarked images have good visual quality and this scheme is better than the existing techniques, especially when the image is attacked by cropping, noise pollution and so on. Analysis and discussion on robustness and security issues were also presented.

A 1 kbit antifuse one time programmable (OTP) memory IP, which is one of the non-volatile memory IPs, was designed and used for power management integrated circuits (ICs). A conventional antifuse OTP cell using a single positive program voltage (V_PP) has a problem when applying a higher voltage than the breakdown voltage of the thin gate oxides and at the same time, securing the reliability of medium voltage (V_M) devices that are thick gate transistors. A new antifuse OTP cell using a dual program voltage was proposed to prevent the possibility for failures in a qualification test or the yield drop. For the newly proposed cell, a stable sensing is secured from the post-program resistances of several ten thousand ohms or below due to the voltage higher than the hard breakdown voltage applied to the terminals of the antifuse. The layout size of the designed 1 kbit antifuse OTP memory IP with Dongbu HiTek’s 0.18 μm Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS (BCD) process is 567.9 μm×205.135 μm and the post-program resistance of an antifuse is predicted to be several ten thousand ohms.

There were many contradictory evaluation criteria to select next-hop in the delay-disruption tolerance networks (DTN). To solve this problem, an attribute hierarchical model was proposed, in which the predefined criteria were summarized as static identity attributes, forwarding desire attributes and delivery capability attributes (IDC). Based on this model, a novel multi-attributes congestion aware routing (MACAR) scheme with uncertain information for next-hop selection was presented, by adopting an decision theory to aggregate attributes with belief structure and computing partial ordering relations. The simulation results show that MACAR presents higher successful delivery rate, lower average delay and effectively alleviate congestion.

Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model is difficult to be linearized because of membership functions included. So, novel T-S fuzzy state transformation and T-S fuzzy feedback are proposed for the linearization of T-S fuzzy system. The novel T-S fuzzy state transformation is the fuzzy combination of local linear transformation which transforms local linear models in the T-S fuzzy model into the local linear controllable canonical models. The fuzzy combination of local linear controllable canonical model gives controllable canonical T-S fuzzy model and then nonlinear feedback is obtained easily. After the linearization of T-S fuzzy model, a robust H_∞ controller with the robustness of sliding model control (SMC) is designed. As a result, controlled T-S fuzzy system shows the performance of H_∞ control and the robustness of SMC.

Cam mechanics is one of the most popular devices for generating irregular motions and is widely used in automatic equipment, such as textile machines, internal combustion engines, and other automatic devices. In order to obtain a positive motion from the follower using a rotating cam, its shape should be correctly designed and manufactured. The development of an adequate CAD/CAM system for a cam profile CNC grinding machine is necessary to manufacture high-precision cams. The purpose of this study is the development of a CAD/CAM system and profile measuring device for a CNC grinding machine to obtain an optimal grinding speed with a constant surface roughness. Three types of disk cams were manufactured using the proposed algorithm and procedures to verify effectiveness of the developed CAD/CAM system.

Factors for determining the spindle size are the shaft diameter, positions of bearing and motor, and entire length of the spindle. Then, it is important to find the assembling of the optimal design variables, which satisfy the stiffness and rotational speed required to the spindle. A general full factorial design method was used to verify some factors that affect the natural frequency of a spindle. It is verified that the shorter shaft length and bearing span length represent the higher natural frequency, and there are some effects according to the change in the levels of factors. The detailed spindle dimension is determined by applying an EVD method, which can define the optimal bearing position through considering the limiting condition. Based on the estimated regression model, the optimal spindle size and bearing distance that can improve the primary natural frequency are obtained, and the influence of design factors on the natural frequency is also analyzed.

In order to develop a practical postprocessor for 5-axis machine tool, the general equations of numerically controlled (NC) data for 5-axis configurations with non-orthogonal rotary axes were exactly expressed by the inverse kinematics, and a windows-based postprocessor written with Visual Basic was developed according to the proposed algorithm. The developed postprocessor is a general system suitable for all kinds of 5-axis machines with orthogonal and non-orthogonal rotary axes. Through implementation of the developed postprocessor and verification by a cutting simulation and machining experiment, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is confirmed. Compatibility is improved by allowing exchange of data formats such as rotational total center position (RTCP) controlled NC data, vector post NC data, and program object file (POF) cutter location (CL) data, and convenience is increased by adding the function of work-piece origin offset. Consequently, a practical post-processor for 5-axis machining is developed.

The use of design method considering a coil temperature to maximize the thrust density of a double side coreless permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM) was presented. The optimal current density where the coil temperature reaches an allowable temperature with heat analysis was applied to a magnetic circuit design. Changing optimal current density is verified whenever the design parameters of the motor are altered. The design parameters of the motor were applied to thrust calculation. In this way, the optimal model, which is a reversal of the existing design method, is deduced. The results were compared with the experimental data to verify their validity. When the convection heat transfer coefficient is applied to other models, the results of the analysis and test values show good concordance. The method proposed has some limitations.

For the purpose of analyzing the torsional vibration caused by the gravitational unbalance torque arisen in a spindle system when it is machining heavy work piece, a 10-DOF lumped parameter model was made for the machine tool spindle system with geared transmission. By using the elementary method and Runge-Kutta method in Matlab, the eigenvalue problem was solved and the pure torsional vibration responses were obtained and examined. The results show that the spindle system cannot operate in the desired constant rotating speed as far as the gravitational unbalance torque is engaged, so it may cause bad effect on machining accuracy. And the torsional vibration increases infinitely near the resonant frequencies, so the spindle system cannot operate normally during these spindle speed ranges.

Remote monitoring of tools for prediction of tool wear in cutting processes was considered, and a method of implementation of a remote-monitoring system previously developed was proposed. Sensor signals were received and tool wear was predicted in the local system using an ART2 algorithm, while the monitoring result was transferred to the remote system via internet. The monitoring system was installed at an on-site machine tool for monitoring three kinds of tools cutting titanium alloys, and the tool wear was evaluated on the basis of vigilances, similarities between vibration signals received and the normal patterns previously trained. A number of experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed system, and the results show that the wears of finishing-cut tools are successfully detected when the moving average vigilance becomes lower than the critical vigilance, thus the appropriate tool replacement time is notified before the breakage.

Fuzzy entropy was designed for non convex fuzzy membership function using well known Hamming distance measure. The proposed fuzzy entropy had the same structure as that of convex fuzzy membership case. Design procedure of fuzzy entropy was proposed by considering fuzzy membership through distance measure, and the obtained results contained more flexibility than the general fuzzy membership function. Furthermore, characteristic analyses for non convex function were also illustrated. Analyses on the mutual information were carried out through the proposed fuzzy entropy and similarity measure, which was also dual structure of fuzzy entropy. By the illustrative example, mutual information was discussed.

An advanced fuzzy C-mean (FCM) algorithm was proposed for the efficient regional clustering of multi-nodes interconnected systems. Due to various locational prices and regional coherencies for each node and point, modified similarity measure was considered to gather nodes having similar characteristics. The similarity measure was needed to contain locational prices as well as regional coherency. In order to consider the two properties simultaneously, distance measure of fuzzy C-mean algorithm had to be modified. Regional clustering algorithm for interconnected power systems was designed based on the modified fuzzy C-mean algorithm. The proposed algorithm produces proper classification for the interconnected power system and the results are demonstrated in the example of IEEE 39-bus interconnected electricity system.

Focusing on the issue to deal with inadequate extraction of metallogenic information especially geological information, a new method of extracting metallogenic information based on field model, i.e. the field analysis method of metallogenic information, was proposed. In addition, a case study by using the method of the extraction of metallogenic information from the west Guangxi and southeast Yunnan district as an example was performed. The representation method for the field models of metallogenic information, including the metallogenic influence field model and the metallogenic distance field model, was discussed by introducing the concept of the field theory, based on the characteristic analysis of the distance gradualness and the influence superposition of metallogenic information. According to the field theory superposition principle and the spatial distance analysis method, the mathematical models for the metallogenic influence field and the metallogenic distance field of point, line and area geological bodies were derived out by using parameter equation and calculus. Based on the metallogenic background analysis, the metallogenic information field models of synsedimentary faults and manganese sedimentary basins were built. The relationship between the metallogenic information fields and the manganese mineralization distribution was also investigated by using the method of metallogenic information field analysis. The instance study indicates that the proposed method of metallogenic information field analysis is valid and useful for extracting the ore-controlling information of synsedimentary faults and manganese sedimentary basins in the study area, with which the extraction results are significant both statistically and geologically.

In order to study the mechanism of bearing behavior at the tip of a pile embedded in rock, the generalized nonlinear unified strength criterion and slip line principle for resolving the differential equation systems which govern the stress field were applied to derive the ultimate end bearing capacity based on some reasonable hypothesis and failure plane model. Both numerical simulation and test results were compared with the theoretic solution. The results show good consistency with each other and verify the validity of the present approach. The depth effect with respective to embedment ratio and other influence factors like geological strength index, intermediate principal stress, overburden factor, and damage on end bearing capacity were discussed in the analytical solution. The results show that the proposed yield criterion can be much better for investigating the ultimate end bearing performance of rock-socketed pile. The end bearing capacity increases with embedment ratio and the increasing degree is influenced intensely by the above parameters. Furthermore, ignoring intermediate stress effect would underestimate the strength properties of the rock material and lead to a very conservative estimation value.

In order to improve the reliability of the design and calculation of single piles under the combined vertical and lateral loads, the solutions were presented based on the subgrade reaction method, in which the ultimate soil resistance was considered and the coefficient of subgrade reaction was assumed to be a constant. The corresponding computational program was developed using FORTRAN language. A comparison between the obtained solutions and the model test results was made to show the validity of the obtained solutions. The calculation results indicate that both the maximum lateral displacement and bending moment increase with the increase of the vertical and lateral loads and the pile length above ground, while decrease as the pile stiffness, the coefficient of subgrade reaction and the yielding displacement of soil increase. It is also shown that the pile head condition controls the pile responses and the vertical load may cause the instability problem to the pile. In general, the proposed method can be employed to calculate the pile responses independent of the magnitude of the pile deflection.

The coupling model of major influence factors such as environmental relative humidity, load-induced crack and stress state affecting the chloride diffusion process in concrete is discussed. The probability distributions of the critical chloride concentration C_C, the chloride diffusion coefficient D, and the surface chloride concentration C_s were determined based on the collected natural exposure data. And the estimation of probability of corrosion initiation considering the coupling effects of influence factors is presented. It is found that the relative humidity and curing time are the most effective factors affecting the probability of corrosion initiation before and after 10 years of exposure time. At the same exposure time, the influence of load-induced crack and stress state on the probability of corrosion initiation is obvious, in which the effect of crack is the most one.

Monitoring the service condition of concrete structures requires the quantitative assessment of properties and corrosion rate of structural steels surrounded by concrete. A multi-cell sensor system that included a reference electrode, a chloride content sensor, a macrocell current unit and an electrical resistance measurement unit was developed. This system provided the following important electrochemical data in the cover-zone concrete on site: open circuit potential, macrocell current from anodes to cathode, chloride profile, concrete resistance and corrosion rate of built-in anodes. The experimental results show that the macrocell current increases when the chloride content in concrete is higher. Thus, monitoring the chloride content is a good method for monitoring the corrosion state. The chloride ion content and cover depth are the key factors that affect the electrical resistance of concrete. Without considering the temperature and time, a simplified model of the instantaneous corrosion rate of steel rebar in a concrete structure based on the measured chloride contents and concrete resistance was proposed. The test results further prove the reliability of this simplified predicting model.

The permeability and sorptivity properties of the two prestressed concrete containment buildings (PCCBs) of a nuclear power plant in South China, which had been under operation for 5 years, were measured by using the autoclam permeability system. The air permeability, sorptivity and water permeability indexes of No.1 PCCB are smaller than or equal to 0.11 ln(10² Pa)/min, 0.98×10⁻⁷ m³/min^1/2 and 1.93×10⁻⁷ m³/min^1/2, respectively, and the air permeability, sorptivity and water permeability indexes of No.2 PCCB are smaller than or equal to 0.17 ln(10² Pa)/min, 1.6×10⁻⁷ m³/min^1/2 and 4.43×10⁻⁷ m³/min^1/2, respectively. Based on the criteria for evaluating the protective quality of concrete structures in terms of their permeability and sorptivity properties, proposed by the research organization of the autoclam permeability system, the protective quality of No.1 PCCB is still in very good grade and that of No.2 PCCB is not in very good grade but in good grade, and the in-service inspection of the protective quality of No.2 PCCB should be strengthened in the future.

To protect passengers, absorb enough kinetic energy and meet the special requirements for trains which are different from the other means of transportation, a method is presented to realize the plastic deformation threshold based on three main aspects of train connection structure, crashworthy vehicle structure, energy-absorbing component. In practical engineering, trains need enough strength and stiffness to transfer longitudinal force under the normal operation condition, and have to produce controllable large plastic deformation to absorb energy shortly under the collision condition. To realize the structural damage threshold of connecting structure in terminal end, two control methods are also proposed which can be divided as the parametric method based on ‘extrusion’ and ‘cutting’ theories; the method which can cut the connecting components between coupler-buffer devices and train bodies and separate them away when the damage thresholds of coupler-buffer devices are more than the pre-supposed damage thresholds. The damage thresholds can be realized based on changing the parameters of the number of shearing bolts, material parameters, etc. To realize the collision threshold of energy-absorbing components of trains, a control method is presented based on the ways of setting plastic deformation induced structure, local hole and pre-deformation structure. To realize the threshold of the controllable plastic structure of energy-absorbing vehicles, a control method is proposed for the multi-level longitudinal stiffness of train terminal structures.

A three dimensional finite element program incorporating actually measured vertical tire-pavement contact pressure (TPCP) was utilized for modeling the mechanistic responses in asphalt concrete (AC) layers by simulating various vehicle motions: stationary and non-stationary (i.e. in acceleration or deceleration mode). Analysis of the results indicated the following items. 1) It is critical to use the vertical TPCP as the design control criteria for the tensile strains at the bottom of the AC layer when the base layer modulus is lower in magnitude (e.g. ≤400 MPa); however, when the base layer modulus is higher in magnitude (e.g. ≥7 000 MPa), the horizontal TPCP and the tensile strains in the X-direction at the surface of the AC layer should also be considered as part of the design response criteria. 2) The definition of “overload” needs to be revised to include tire pressure over-inflation, i.e., a vehicle should be considered to be overloaded if the wheel load exceeds the specification and/or the tire inflation pressure is higher than the specification. 3) Light trucks have more structural impact on the strain responses and pavement design when the thickness of the surfacing AC layer is thinner (e.g. ≤50 mm). 4) The acceleration of a vehicle does not significantly impact the AC surface distresses such as rutting at the top of the upgrade slopes or intersections; however, vehicle deceleration can dramatically induce horizontal shear strains and consequently, aggravate shoving and rutting problems at the highway intersections. Evidently, these factors should be taken into account during mechanistic stress-strain modeling and structural design of asphalt pavements.

Three kinds of aggregates were polished by genuine pneumatic rubber tyres. The initial states of surface texture and dynamic friction coefficient were measured and their developments in polishing process were monitored. The characterizations of height distribution and power spectral density of aggregate surface texture were estimated. The changes of micro-texture were also investigated based on a fractal filtering method with sound theoretical backgrounds of rubber friction on rough surfaces. Global height reduction and differential removal of mineral component are observed in polishing process. It is concluded that the tyre-polishing action plays the critical roles in the micro-scale texture, and the evolution of friction of aggregate is governed by the micro-texture changes due to the differential removal of mineral component.

A disorder situation of traffic operation always appears in on-ramp junction area of urban freeway, because the operation action for vehicles presents the weaving condition, especially for different vehicle types. Based on the analysis on the cellular automata theory, and combining with on-site survey data, several key parameters were defined, namely, cellular length, cellular speed, cellular acceleration, updating time interval. In addition, cellular acceleration rule, cellular deceleration rule, random rule, lane-changing rule and other micro-simulation rules were set, and cellular automaton micro-simulation model was set up. Further-more, a micro-simulation module was developed for traffic operation actions of on-ramp junction with Matlab toolbox. Finally, a simulation experiment for traffic operation reliability was done with this micro-simulation module, and the situation of change for on-ramp junction area was obtained under the conditions of different mainline design speed, acceleration lane length, vehicle generation probability and lane-changing probability. The results show that operation reliability for on-ramp junction is determined by the parameters of the probability of vehicle generation and the length of acceleration lane, especially for on-ramp.

Combustion chamber components (cylinder head, cylinder liner, piston assembly and oil film) are treated as a coupled body. Based on the three-dimensional numerical simulation of heat transfer of the coupled body, a coupled three-dimensional calculation model for the in-cylinder working process and the combustion chamber components was built with domain decomposition and boundary coupling method, in which the coupled three-dimensional simulation of in-cylinder working process and the combustion chamber components was adopted. The simulation was applied in the influence investigation of the space non-uniformity in heat transfer among combustion chamber components on the generation of in-cylinder emissions. The results show that the space non-uniformity in heat transfer among the combustion chamber components has great influence on the generation of in-cylinder NO_x emissions. The heat transfer space non-uniformity of combustion chamber components has little effect on soot formation, and far less effect on soot formation than on NO_x. Under two situations of different wall temperature distributions, the soot in cylinder is different by 1.3% when exhaust valves are open.