Zr₅₀Al₁₅Ni₁₀Cu₂₅ amorphous powder was synthesized by mechanical alloying. The effect of Si₃N₄ addition on the crystallization behavior of the alloy during sintering process was studied. Thermal stability of the powders was performed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The phase and microstructure of the powders and bulk specimens sintered were determined by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that, introducing 0.05% (mass fraction) Si₃N₄ can enhance the crystallization activation energy of the Zr₅₀Al₁₅Ni₁₀Cu₂₅ amorphous powders, which indicates that Si₃N₄ addition has hindrance effect on forming crystals from Zr₅₀Al₁₅Ni₁₀Cu₂₅ amorphous powder. However, 0.10% Si₃N₄ results in the decrease of the crystallization activation energy, which makes its crystallization process easy to occur.

The complex impedance spectroscopy and surface morphology of Mn_1+xFe_2−2xTi_xO₄ (0⩽x⩽0.5) system, prepared using a conventional solid state reaction technique, were investigated. The impedance spectroscopy measurements were carried out at room temperature in the frequency range of 42–5 MHz. The electrical processes in the samples were modeled in the form of an equivalent circuit made up of a combination of two parallel RC circuits attributed to grain and grain boundaries. The DC conductivity obtained by extrapolation of AC data using impedance spectroscopy and four-probe method increases at 10% doping of Ti ions. The energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) pattern confirmed the homogeneous mixing of the Mn, Fe, Ti and O atoms in pure and doped ferrite samples.

The mixed spinel ferrite system Mg_0.95Mn_0.05Fe_2−2xTi_2xO₄ (0⩽x⩽0.7) was synthesized by the conventional solid-state reaction technique. The effect of Ti⁴⁺ doping was studied by using the Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements at room temperature. From the analysis of the Mössbauer spectra, it is observed that s-electron density, electric field gradient (EFG), quadrupole coupling constant (QCC) and the net hyperfine magnetic fields acting on the Mössbauer nuclei-Fe_A³⁺ and Fe_B³⁺ change with the increase of Ti⁴⁺ doping in Mg_0.95Mn_0.05Fe₂O₄. The hyperfine magnetic field decreases with the increase of Ti⁴⁺ doping.

Thin films of PrCoO₃ were deposited on LaAlO₃ substrates by pulsed laser deposition technique. X-ray diffraction result indicates that films are single phase and c-axis textured. To investigate the spin state transition, Raman spectroscopy measurements were performed at different temperatures. The position of the Raman modes is found to increase while full width at half maximum (FWHM) of these modes is found to decrease with the decrease of temperature across spin state transition temperature (220 K) of PrCoO₃.

The influence of stabilizing agents and reaction time on the luminescent properties of water-soluble CdTe quantum dots (QDs) was discussed. The thioglycolic acid (TGA)-CdTe ODs were characterized by TEM, XRD and FTIR. It is found that larger-size QDs can be synthesized more easily when L-cysteine (Cys) or golutathione (GSH) is chosen as stabilizing agent and TGA is proper to prepare highly luminescent QDs because of the effect between Cd²⁺ and sulfhydryl group. Furthermore, the absorption wavelength, full width at half maximum (FWHM), stokes shift, photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield and PL stability of TGA-CdTe are strongly dependent on reaction time, in which the absorption wavelength changes against reaction time with an exponential function. The TGA-CdTe QDs prepared at 2 h possess more excellent luminescent properties.

In order to obtain a high-performance surface on P110 steel that can meet the requirements in oil/gas field environment, the chromium coatings were fabricated by pack cementation. The chromium coatings differed in with/without the addition of La₂O₃. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and microhardness tester were employed to investigate the surface morphologies, surface element distributions, microstructures, phase constitutions and microhardness of the coatings. Friction-wear tests of the P110 steel substrate and the coatings were conducted in air at ambient temperature and humidity. The results show that uniform and continuous coatings are formed on P110 steel regardless of adding La₂O₃ or not. The chromium coatings consist of Cr₂₃C₆, Cr₇C₃, and (Cr, Fe)₇C₃. The La₂O₃-added chromium coating is more beneficial in terms of surface morphology, microstructure, thickness and microhardness as compared with the coating without adding La₂O₃. Chromizing treatment significantly improves the surface hardness and wear resistance of the P110 steel. The wear resistance of the tested samples can be sorted in the following sequence: La₂O₃-coating>no RE-coating>bare P110 steel.

The structural evolution and optical characterization of hydrogenated silicon (Si:H) thin films obtained by conventional radio frequency (RF) plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) through decomposition of silane diluted with argon were studied by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and ultraviolet and visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, respectively. The influence of argon dilution on the optical properties of the thin films was also studied. It is found that argon as dilution gas plays a significant role in the growth of nano-crystal grains and amorphous network in Si:H thin films. The structural evolution of the thin films with different argon dilution ratios is observed and it is suggested that argon plasma leads to the nanocrystallization in the thin films during the deposition process. The nanocrystallization initiating at a relatively low dilution ratio is also observed. With the increase of argon portion in the mixed precursor gases, nano-crystal grains in the thin films evolve regularly. The structural evolution is explained by a proposed model based on the energy exchange between the argon plasma constituted with Ar* and Ar⁺ radicals and the growth regions of the thin films. It is observed that both the absorption of UV-vis light and the optical gap decrease with the increase of dilution ratio.

The nanocomposite xCoFe₂O₄-(1−x)BaTiO₃ (x=0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, molar fraction) fibers with fine diameters and high aspect ratios (length to diameter ratios) were prepared by the organic gel-thermal decomposition process from citric acid and metal salts. The structures and morphologies of gel precursors and fibers derived from thermal decomposition of the gel precursors were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy. The magnetic properties of the nanocomposite fibers were measured by vibrating sample magnetometer. The nanocomposite fibers consisting of ferrite (CoFe₂O₄) and perovskite (BaTiO₃) are formed at the calcination temperature of 900 °C for 2 h. The average grain sizes of CoFe₂O₄ and BaTiO₃ in the nanocomposite fibers increase from 25 to 65 nm with the calcination temperature from 900 to 1 180 °C. The single fiber constructed from these nanograins of CoFe₂O₄ and BaTiO₃ has a necklace-like morphology. The saturation magnetization of the nanocomposite 0.4CoFe₂O₄-0.6BaTiO₃ fibers increases with the increase of CoFe₂O₄ grain size, while the coercivity reaches a maximum value when the average grain size of CoFe₂O₄ is around the critical single-domain size of 45 nm obtained at 1 000 °C. The saturation magnetization and remanence of the nanocomposite xCoFe₂O₄-(1−x)BaTiO₃ (x=0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) fibers almost exhibit a linear relationship with the molar fraction of CoFe₂O₄ in the nanocomposites.

A generalized form of material gradation applicable to a more broad range of functionally graded materials (FGMs) was presented. With the material model, analytical expressions of crack tip higher order stress fields in a series form for opening mode and shear mode cracks under quasi-static loading were developed through the approach of asymptotic analysis. Then, a numerical experiment was conducted to verify the accuracy of the developed expressions for representing crack tip stress fields and their validity in full field data analysis by using them to extract the stress intensity factors from the results of a finite element analysis by local collocation and then comparing the estimations with the existing solution. The expressions show that nonhomogeneity parameters are embedded in the angular functions associated with higher terms in a recursive manner and at least the first three terms in the expansions must be considered to explicitly account for material nonhomogeneity effects on crack tip stress fields in the case of FGMs. The numerical experiment further confirms that the addition of the nonhomogeneity specific terms in the expressions not only improves estimates of stress intensity factor, but also gives consistent estimates as the distance away from the crack tip increases. Hence, the analytical expressions are suitable for the representation of crack tip stress fields and the analysis of full field data.

Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles with diameters varying from 10 to 426 nm were synthesized and characterized. Heating effects of Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles under radiofrequency capacitive field (RCF) with frequency of 27.12 MHz and power of 60–150 W were investigated. When the power of RCF is lower than 90 W, temperatures of Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles (75–150 mg/mL) can be raised and maximal temperatures are all lower than 50 °C. When the power of RCF is 90–150 W, temperatures of Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles can be quickly raised and are all obviously higher than those of normal saline and distilled water under the same conditions. Temperature of Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles can even reach 70.2 °C under 150 W RCF. Heating effects of Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles are related to RCF power, particle size and particle concentration.

The effect of composite agglomeration process (CAP) on fluoric iron concentrates sintering was investigated. The yield and quality of the sinter are greatly improved when using CAP assisted with heat airflow and enhancing magnesium oxide (MgO) contents. For conventional sintering of fluoric iron concentrate, due to lower viscosity of binding phase and higher fluidity of liquid phase, the sinter is formed with large thin-walled holes and the strength of the sinter is deteriorated consequently. The novel process forms composite agglomerate in which acid pellets are embedded in basic sinter. The pellets are solid with interconnecting crystals of hematite (Fe₂O₃) and magnetic (Fe₃O₄). For basic sintering, after adding MgO, the viscosity of the melting phase increases and the fluidity decreases; and calcium and aluminum silico-ferrites and magnesium ferrite are formed with perfect crystals and good sintering microstructure.

The influence of different concentrations of copper solvent extractant ZJ 988 on the growth and activity of acidophilic microorganisms was studied and the microbial community structures were compared by 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis. The total bacteria numbers are reduced when 0.5% (volume fraction) extractant is added. The proportions of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidiphilium organovorum are increased, whereas the proportion of Leptospirillum ferriphilum is reduced. When the concentration of extractant is elevated to 1%, growth of all bacteria is inhibited. Clone library results reveal that the dominant bacteria in the culture solution with/without the extractant are At. ferrooxidans, A. organovorum and L. ferriphilum. The sensitivity order of the three bacteria to the extractant from the most to the least is found to be L. ferriphilum>At. ferrooxidans>A. organovorum.

In order to improve the quality of Hunyuan inferior Ca-based bentonite (Ca-Bent), semidry process was used to modify Ca-Bent into superior Na-based bentonite (Na-Bent). The factors affecting sodium-modification were investigated. The optimized experimental parameters are obtained as follows: Na₂CO₃ dosage 4.0%, ageing time 25 d, briquetting pressure 25 MPa and briquetting moisture 20%. Under the optimization conditions, the modified Na-Bent has a colloid value of 73.6 mL/(3g), dilation of 38 mL/g and water absorption in 2 h (2HWA) of 465%, respectively. The balling results indicate that the modified Na-Bent pellets have higher drop strength and compression strength than the Ca-Bent pellets.

Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C composite materials were synthesized by two-step solid state reaction method with glucose, sucrose, and starch as carbon sources, respectively. The effects of carbon sources on the structure, morphology, and electrochemical performance of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C composite materials were investigated by SEM, XRD and electrochemical tests. The results indicate that carbon sources have almost no effect on the structure of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C composite materials. The initial discharge capacities of the Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C composite materials are slightly lower than those of as-synthesized Li₄Ti₅O₁₂. However, Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C composite materials show better electrochemical rate performance than the as-synthesized Li₄Ti₅O₁₂. The capacity retention (79%) of the Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C composite materials with starch as carbon source, is higher than that of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C composite materials with glucose and sucrose as carbon source at current rate of 2.0C.

The microwave absorbing characteristics of basic cobalt carbonate, cobalt oxide (Co₃O₄), and the mixture of basic cobalt carbonate and cobalt oxide were investigated by means of microwave cavity perturbation, their temperature increasing curves were measured, and their ability to absorb microwave energy was also assessed based on the temperature increasing behavior of the material exposed to microwave field. Analyses of spectrum attenuation and relative frequency shift show that basic cobalt carbonate has weak capability to absorb microwave energy, while cobalt oxide has very strong capability to absorb microwave energy. It is feasible to thermally decompose basic cobalt carbonate though addition of small amount of cobalt oxide in microwave fields. The capability to absorb microwave energy of sample increases with an increase in mixing ratio of Co₃O₄.

The quality changes of shallow groundwater from karst hilly areas in Guiyang region of China impacted by the urbanization were investigated. The results show that the major ions in shallow groundwater from the karst hilly areas are mainly composed of HCO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, and the concentrations scopes of NO₃⁻, Cl⁻, K⁺ and Na⁺ of the groundwater in agricultural, residential and industrial areas are 4.5–9.6, 2.8–7.1, 3.9–6.3 and 2.5–4.9 times higher than those in the forest areas, respectively. The concentrations of As, Pb and Cd of shallow groundwater in the industrial areas are also significantly enhanced, followed by those in the residential areas and the agricultural areas. The concentrations of NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, As, Pb and Cd of the groundwater in the industrial areas and those of NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, As and Cd of shallow groundwater in the residential areas reach grade III of the Groundwater Quality Standard of China (GB/T 14848-93), while the concentration of NO₃⁻ in the groundwater from the industrial areas exceeds grade V. With the process of urbanization, NO₃⁻ is the key factor to influence the groundwater quality in karst hilly areas, followed by SO₄²⁻, As, Pb and Cd.

Activated carbon/nanosized CdS/chitosan (AC/n-CdS/CS) composites as adsorbent and photoactive catalyst were prepared under low temperature (≤60 °C) and ambient pressure. Methyl orange (MO) was chosen as a model pollutant to evaluate synergistic effect of adsorption and photocatalytic decolorization by this innovative photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. Effects of various parameters such as catalyst amount, initial MO concentration, solution pH and reuse of catalyst on the decolorization of MO were investigated to optimize operational conditions. The decolorization of MO catalyzed by AC/n-CdS/CS fits the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics model, and a surface reaction, where the dyes are absorbed, is the controlling step of the process. Decolorization efficiency of MO is improved with the increase in catalyst amount within a certain range. The photodecolorization of MO is more efficient in acidic media than alkaline media. The decolorization efficiency of MO is still higher than 84% after five cycles and 60 min under visible light irradiation, which confirms the reusability of AC/n-CdS/CS composite catalyst.

A novel maglev transportation system was proposed for large travel range ultra precision motion. The system consists of a levitation subsystem and a propulsion subsystem. During the propulsion subsystem driving the moving platform along the guideway, the levitation subsystem uses six pairs of electromagnets to steadily suspend the moving platform over the guideway. The model of the levitation system, which is a typical nonlinear multi-input multi-output coupling system and has many inner nonlinear coupling characteristics, was deduced. For testifying the model, the levitation mechanism was firstly controlled by proportional-integral-differential (PID) control, and then a lot of input-output data were collected for model parameter identification. The least-square parameter identification method was used. The identification results prove that the model is feasible and suitable for the real system.

A feature extraction and fusion algorithm was constructed by combining principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to detect a fault state of the induction motor. After yielding a feature vector with PCA and LDA from current signal that was measured by an experiment, the reference data were used to produce matching values. In a diagnostic step, two matching values that were obtained by PCA and LDA, respectively, were combined by probability model, and a faulted signal was finally diagnosed. As the proposed diagnosis algorithm brings only merits of PCA and LDA into relief, it shows excellent performance under the noisy environment. The simulation was executed under various noisy conditions in order to demonstrate the suitability of the proposed algorithm and showed more excellent performance than the case just using conventional PCA or LDA.

A novel modified Rayleigh model was developed for compensating hysteresis problem of an atomic force microscope (AFM) scanner. In high driving fields, piezoelectric actuators that integrated a scanner have severe hysteresis, which can cause serious displacement errors. Piezoelectric hysteresis is from various origins including movement of defects, grain boundary effects, and displacement of interfaces. Furthermore, because its characteristic is stochastic, it is almost impossible to predict the piezoelectric hysteresis analytically. Therefore, it was predicted phenomenologically, which means that the relationship between inputs and outputs is formulated. The typical phenomenological approach is the Rayleigh model. However, the model has the discrepancy with experiment result as the fields increase. To overcome the demerit of the Rayleigh model, a modified Rayleigh model was proposed. In the modified Rayleigh model, each coefficient should be defined differently according to the field direction due to the increase of the asymmetry in the high fields. By applying an inverse form of this modified Rayleigh model to an AFM scanner, it is proved that hysteresis can be compensated to a position error of less than 5%. This model has the merits of reducing complicated fitting procedures and saving computation time compared with the Preisach model.

V-type ultrasonic linear motor fabricated using a simple punching technique was proposed to utilize as an actuator of small precision machine. The stator of the motor is composed of a thin elastic body and four ceramics attached to the upper and bottom areas of the body. The ceramics have each direction of polarization. When two harmonic voltages with a 90° phase difference are applied to the ceramics, symmetric and anti-symmetric displacements will generate at the tip to produce an elliptical motion. A finite element analysis (ATILA) was conducted to simulate the motion pattern for the contact tip of the stator. To develop a model that generates the maximum displacement at contact tip, the FEM program was used for various lengths. In addition, an optimal model was chosen by considering the magnitude and shape of the displacement according to changes in frequency. The maximum elliptical displacement is shown by W2L11 model, which has a ratio of ceramic width to length of 1:5.5. However, the displacement of the contact tip is reduced by the bucking phenomenon if the ratio is larger than 1:6.

Though high accuracy of the thermal contour was obtained while adopting finite element method, it could not meet the real-time requirement. One-dimensional finite difference method could realize real-time control in the case of neglecting both the circumferential and radical heat exchange, but the over-simplified modes resulted in poor accuracy. And two-dimensional full explicit difference was also limited in practical application since its time step was restricted to keep the model stable. Consequently, a new method of alternating direction finite difference was introduced and discussed in the model’s stability, calculating speed and precision. Specific work roll after one real rolling unit was researched, The result shows that error of temperature on work roll surface between measured and calculated values is within 5 °C. The influence of rolling rhythm and strip width on thermal crown was also studied. The conclusion is verified theoretically and practically that it can maintain absolutely stable and meet the online requirement.

A new coarse-grained differentiated least interference routing algorithm (CDLI) with DiffServ-Aware was presented. This algorithm is composed of off-line and on-line stages, taking into account both real-time traffic and best-effort traffic. Off-line stage is to determine the shortest path set disjointed path (DP) database for real-time traffic, and to identify link critical value by traffic profile information of real-time traffic and DP database. On-line stage is at first to select route in the DP database for real-time traffic, if there is no path to meet the needs, the dynamic routing will be operated. On-line routing algorithm chooses the relatively short path for real-time traffic to meet their bandwidth requirements, and for best-effort traffic it chooses a lighter load path. The simulation results show that compared with the dynamic online routing algorithm (DORA) and constrained shortest path first (CSPF) algorithm, the new algorithm can significantly improve network throughput and reduce the average path length of real-time traffic. This guarantees quality of service (QoS) of real-time traffic while improving the utilization of network resources.

In order to obtain direct solutions of parallel manipulator without divergence in real time, a modified global Newton-Raphson (MGNR) algorithm was proposed for forward kinematics analysis of six-degree-of-freedom (DOF) parallel manipulator. Based on geometrical frame of parallel manipulator, the highly nonlinear equations of kinematics were derived using analytical approach. The MGNR algorithm was developed for the nonlinear equations based on Tailor expansion and Newton-Raphson iteration. The procedure of MGNR algorithm was programmed in Matlab/Simulink and compiled to a real-time computer with Microsoft visual studio.NET for implementation. The performance of the MGNR algorithms for 6-DOF parallel manipulator was analyzed and confirmed. Applying the MGNR algorithm, the real generalized pose of moving platform is solved by using the set of given positions of actuators. The theoretical analysis and numerical results indicate that the presented method can achieve the numerical convergent solution in less than 1 ms with high accuracy (1×10⁻⁹ m in linear motion and 1×10⁻⁹ rad in angular motion), even the initial guess value is far from the root.

The effect of the information delay, which was caused by the nature of the distance sensors and wireless communication systems, on the string stability of platoon of automated vehicles was studied. The longitudinal vehicle dynamics model was built by taking the information delay into consideration, and three typical information frameworks, i.e., leader-predecessor framework (LPF), multiple-predecessors framework (MPF) and predecessor-successor framework (PSF), were defined and their related spacing error dynamics models in frequency domain were proposed. The string stability of platoon of automated vehicles was analyzed for the LPF, MPF and PSF, respectively. Meanwhile, the related sufficient string stable conditions were also obtained. The results demonstrate that the string stability can be guaranteed for the LPF and PSF with considering the information delay, but the ranges of the control gains of the control laws are smaller than those without considering the information delay. For the MPF, the “weak” string stability, which can be guaranteed without considering the information delay, cannot be obtained with considering the information delay. The comparative simulations further demonstrate that the LPF shows better string stability, but the PSF shows better string scalable performance.

A kind of structure and a design method using transmission voltage-switch theory for pulse-triggered flip-flops were proposed, which are suitable for all kinds of pulse-triggered flip-flops and no extra techniques are needed to eliminate the switching activities of internal nodes. Based on the proposed structure and design technique, two pulsed flip-flops were implemented and simulated. The proposed pulsed flip-flops have simple circuit structures. HSPICE simulation shows that the proposed pulsed D flip-flop outperforms the conventional pulsed D flip-flop by 17.2% in delay and 30.1% in power-delay-product (PDP) and the proposed pulsed JK flip-flop has low power and small PDP compared with pulsed D pulsed flip-flops, confirming that the proposed structure and design technique are simple and practical.

In order to optionally regulate embedding capacity and embedding transparency according to user’s requirements in voice-over-IP (VoIP) steganography, a dynamic matrix encoding strategy (DMES) was presented. Differing from the traditional matrix encoding strategy, DMES dynamically chose the size of each message group in a given set of adoptable message sizes. The appearance possibilities of all adoptable sizes were set in accordance with the desired embedding performance (embedding rate or bit-change rate). Accordingly, a searching algorithm that could provide an optimal combination of appearance possibilities was proposed. Furthermore, the roulette wheel algorithm was employed to determine the size of each message group according to the optimal combination of appearance possibilities. The effectiveness of DMES was evaluated in StegVoIP, which is a typical covert communication system based on VoIP. The experimental results demonstrate that DMES can adjust embedding capacity and embedding transparency effectively and flexibly, and achieve the desired embedding performance in any case. For the desired embedding rate, the average errors are not more than 0.000 8, and the standard deviations are not more than 0.002 0; for the desired bit-change rate, the average errors are not more than 0.001 4, and the standard deviations are not more than 0.002 6.

In an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system, a time and frequency domain least mean square algorithm (TF-LMS) was proposed to cancel the frequency offset (FO). TF-LMS algorithm is composed of two stages. Firstly, time domain least mean square (TD-LMS) scheme was selected to pre-cancel the frequency offset in the time domain, and then the interference induced by residual frequency offset was eliminated by the frequency domain mean square (FD-LMS) scheme in frequency domain. The results of bit error rate (BER) and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) constellation figures show that the performance of the proposed suppression algorithm is excellent.

A potential energy framework for assessment of grid vulnerability was presented. In the framework, the branch potential energy function model was constructed. Two indexes, current vulnerability and forecasting vulnerability, were calculated. The current vulnerability was used to identify the current vulnerable area through calculating the distance between the current transmitted power and initial transmitted power; and the forecast vulnerability under variation of power injection was used to predict the vulnerable area of next step and verify the current vulnerable area. Numerical simulation was performed under variant operating conditions with IEEE-30 bus system, which shows that almost area of 90% overlaps between current vulnerable area and forecasting vulnerable area, the overlapped area is termed as inherent vulnerable area of grid. When considering N-1 contingency, the assessment results of this method proposed agree with those of optimal power flow. When considering N-2 contingency, optimal power flow fails to obtain correct results, while the method based on energy framework gives reliable results.

Multi-label data with high dimensionality often occurs, which will produce large time and energy overheads when directly used in classification tasks. To solve this problem, a novel algorithm called multi-label dimensionality reduction via semi-supervised discriminant analysis (MSDA) was proposed. It was expected to derive an objective discriminant function as smooth as possible on the data manifold by multi-label learning and semi-supervised learning. By virtue of the latent imformation, which was provided by the graph weighted matrix of sample attributes and the similarity correlation matrix of partial sample labels, MSDA readily made the separability between different classes achieve maximization and estimated the intrinsic geometric structure in the lower manifold space by employing unlabeled data. Extensive experimental results on several real multi-label datasets show that after dimensionality reduction using MSDA, the average classification accuracy is about 9.71% higher than that of other algorithms, and several evaluation metrices like Hamming-loss are also superior to those of other dimensionality reduction methods.

To solve the seam tracking problem of mobile welding robot, a new controller based on the dynamics of mobile welding robot was designed using the method of backstepping kinematics into dynamics. A self-turning fuzzy controller and a fuzzy-Gaussian neural network (FGNN) controller were designed to complete coordinately controlling of cross-slider and wheels. The fuzzy-neural control algorithm was described by applying the Gaussian function and back propagation (BP) learning rule was used to tune the membership function in real time by applying the FGNN controller. To make the tracking more quickly and smoothly, the neural network controller based on dynamic model was designed, which utilized self-learning and self-adaptive ability of the neural network to deal with the partial uncertainty and the disturbances of the parameters of the robot dynamic model and real-time compensate the dynamics coupling. The results show that the selected control input torques make the system globally and asymptotically stable based on the Lyapunov function selected out; the accuracy of the proposed controller tracing is within ±0.4 mm and can satisfy the requirements of practical welding project.

The stiffness matrix of semi-rigidly connected composite beams considering interface slip was established and the calculation method for elastic seismic response of composite frame was derived. The corresponding calculation programs were developed. Introducing the dimensionless quantities that were related to the connector shearing stiffness and the joint rotation stiffness, the influences of interface slip and semi-rigid joint on composite frame were transferred to quantitative parameter analysis, taking account of cross sectional properties, materials and linear stiffness of composite beam synthetically. Based on the calculation programs, free vibration frequencies and seismic responses of semi-rigid joint steel-concrete composite frame considering interface slip were calculated. The influences of interface slip and semi rigid joint on dynamic characteristics and seismic response were analyzed and the seismic design advices were presented. The results show that the interface slip decreases the free vibration frequencies and increase the seismic responses of composite frame. The semi-rigid joint reduces the free vibration frequencies and increases seismic responses of composite frame compared with rigid joint. With the increase of joint rotational stiffness, the elastic seismic responses of composite frame increase firstly and then decrease. The effects are related to the ratio of joint rotation stiffness to linear stiffness of composite beam.

The behavior of viscous fluid damper applied in coupling structures subjected to near-fault earthquake was studied. The structural nonlinearity was characterized by Bouc-Wen model and several near-fault ground motions were simulated by the combination of a recorded earthquake (background ground motion) with equivalent velocity pulses that possess near-fault features. Extensive parametric studies were carried out to find the appropriate damping coefficient. Performances of viscous fluid dampers were demonstrated by the relationship between the force and displacement, the maximal damper force and stroke. The control performances were demonstrated in terms of the response reductions of adjacent structures. The results show that the dynamic responses of adjacent structures are mitigated greatly. Proper damping coefficients of connecting fluid dampers have a small difference, while adjacent structures under different near-fault ground motions with the same peak acceleration. The maximum force of damper is about 0.8 MN, and the maximum damper stroke is about ±550 mm. Satisfied viscous fluid dampers can be produced according to the current manufacturing skills.

With the purpose of enhancing effective collaboration between architects and structural engineers in the building design field, an integration tool was developed for supporting information exchange from architectural model to structural model. The PKPM (Bopomofo acronym, a Chinese building design software) structural model and an industry foundation classes (IFC) data model were adopted and analyzed to design the framework of the integration tool. The technique of mixed program languages (C++ and FORTRAN) was applied to developing the tool software, and the connectivity relationships and intersection nodes between the structural elements were optimized and simplified. A case study was implemented to illustrate the method to use the integration tool for information exchange from IFC-format architectural model to PKPM structural model. The results show that the tool can extract the information of architectural model and form a corresponding structural model. The presented method can help to enhance the modeling efficiency at the structural design phase.

In order to study the engineering behaviors of reinforced gabion retaining wall, laboratory model test was carried out. Cyclic load and unload of five levels (0–50, 0–100, 0–50, 0–200 and 0–250 kPa) were imposed. Vertical earth pressure, lateral earth pressure, deformation behaviors of reinforcements, potential failure surface and deformation behaviors of wall face were studied. Results show that vertical earth pressure is less than theoretical value, the ratio of vertical earth pressure to theoretical value increases nearly linearly with increasing load, and the correlation coefficient of regression equation is 0.92 for the second layer and 0.79 for the fifth layer. The distribution of lateral earth pressure along the wall back is nonlinear and it is less than theoretical value especially when the load imposed at the top of retaining wall is large. Therefore, reinforced gabion retaining wall will be in great safety when current method is adopted. The deformation behaviors of reinforcements both in the third layer and the fifth layer are single-peak distributions, and the position of the maximum strain is behind that determined by 0.3H (Here H refers to the height of retaining wall) method or Rankine theory. Lateral deformation of wall face increases with increasing load, and the largest lateral deformation occurs in the fourth layer, which lead to a bulging in the middle of wall face.

An empirical expression of cohesion (C) and friction angle) (ϕ for layered rock was suggested. This expression was compared with a test result made by the former researchers. The constitutive relationship of a transversely isotropic medium and Mohr-Coulomb criterion in which C and ϕ vary with directions were employed, and a relative 3D elasto-plastic FEM code was developed, in which the important thing was to adopt a search-trial method to find the orientation angle (ρ) of shear failure plane (or weakest shear plane) with respect to the major principal stress as well as the corresponding C and ϕ. Taking an underground opening as the calculation object, the numerical analyses were carried out by using the FEM code for two cases of transversely isotropic rock and isotropic rock, respectively, and the computation results were compared. The results show that when the rock is a transversely isotropic one, the distributions of displacements, plastic zones and stress contours in the surrounding rock will be non-axisymmetric along the tunnel’s vertical axis, which is very different from that of isotropic rock. The stability of the tunnel in transversely isotropic rock is relatively low.

A 1/3-scale reinfored concrete (RC) frame of unequal storey height with specially shaped columns was tested under low frequency cyclic loading. The damage characteristic, bearing capacity, deformation capacity and ductility were analyzed. The restoring force model of the frame was obtained based on the study of the hysteresis curve measured in experiment, and the stiffness degeneration characteristics of every storey of the frame were analyzed. Finally the accumulated damage was analyzed with the damage assessment model. It is shown that the seismic behavior of this frame of unequal storey height with specially shaped columns is generally good, but the bottom of first floor column is a weak part, which should be paid more attention in design, and the restoring force model derived from this experiment can be seen as a valuable guide for design and non-linear finite element analysis for this kind of structure.

In order to analyze the seismic response characteristics of pile-supported structure, a computational model considering pile-soil-structure interaction effect was established by finite element method. Then, numerical implementation was made in time domain. At the same time, a simplified approximation for seismic response analysis of pile-soil-structure system was briefly presented. Furthermore, comparative study was performed for an engineering example. Through comparative analysis, it is shown that the results obtained by the simplified method well agree with those achieved by the finite element method. These results show that spectrum characteristics and intensity of input earthquakes are two important factors that can notablely influence the seismic response characteristics of superstructure. When the input ground motion acceleration amplitude gradually increases from 1 to 4 m/s², the acceleration of pier top will increase, but it will not be simply proportional to the increase of input acceleration amplitude.

According to the existing problems of liquefaction models of saturated sand that were put forward under dynamic action, on the basis of Handin-Drnevich model, a new calculating model of the dynamic constitutive relation of saturated sand was put forward. The model was based on the basic hypothesis of instantaneous limit balance according to the basic principle that the stress estate is the destroyed condition was not overstepped. The calculated method of increment nonlinear was referenced and combined with the excellence of the model of distributed particles. The process of vibrating liquefaction of saturated sand was divided into some areas. And the phenomena of shearing dilatation and unloading shrink of saturated sand were considered. On above basic a new calculating constitutive relation model was proposed. There are a few parameters in the model. The physical means of the parameters are very evident and quantized. They could be obtained from the dynamic triaxial test in door. The model was contrasted and validated with the results of the dynamic triaxial test in door. The comparison of the results of the dynamic triaxial test in door and the calculating results of the model indicates that all sorts of phenomenon appearing in the process of liquefaction of saturated sand could be more perfectly reflected by the model. Especially at the initial stage of development of pore water pressure and strain of saturated sand, the results of the dynamic triaxial test in door are consistent with the calculated results of the model very much. But there is some difference between the results at the anaphase of development of pore water pressure and strain. On the path of stress, the calculating and experimenting ultimate state surfaces are almost identical.

In worldwide, the most common triggering factor of rock landslides is extended and intense rainfall. However, different from the soil slope failure caused by softening action of infiltration rainwater, the mechanism of rock landslide in rainfall is not clear. From the view of fracture mechanics, the propagation of cracks on rock slope and the development of sliding surface were researched. Then based on hydraulics formulas and using Sweden arc method, the influence of crack water on stability of rock slope was quantitatively studied. Finally, an example was given to check the theoretical approach. The result shows that the development of sliding surface of rock slope is mainly caused by crack propagation under hydrostatic pressure when the stress intensity factor K_I at crack tip is bigger than the toughness index of rock fractures K_IC, and the failure of slope is the result of hydraulic action of crack water and the softening of materials on sliding surface when the depth of crack water is bigger than a minimum value h_min.

To predict three-dimensional temperature distribution of molten aluminum and its influencing factors inside an industrial aluminum holding furnace, a fluid-solid coupled method was presented. The fluid-solid coupled mathematics models of aluminum holding furnace in the premixed combustion processing were established based on mass conservation, moment conservation, momentum conservation, energy conservation and chemistry species conservation. Computational results agree well with the test data of the typical condition. The maximum combustion temperature is 1 850 K. The average temperature of the molten aluminum is 1 158 K, and the maximum temperature difference is about 240 K. The average temperature increases 0.3 °C while the temperature of combustion air increases 1 °C. The optimal excess air ratio is 1.25–1.30.

The micromigration of oil-drive-water and gas-drive-water in oil and gas fields was studied, by using core slices and micro-experimental technology, and the migration processes and characteristics of oil and gas in pores and throats were observed, as well as entry pressures of oil/gas migration. Research shows that entry pressures of both oil-drive-water and gas-drive-water increase obviously as porosity decreases, and the statistical regularity observes the power function variation. However, there is a complex changing relationship between porosity and different entry pressure values of the two replacement processes, forming three curve sections, each representing a different accumulation significance. When the porosity is over 10%–12%, the difference between oil-drive-water and gas-drive-water entry pressures is small. Both oil and gas can migrate and accumulate in this kind of reservoir. The probabilities of oil and gas reservoir formation are nearly equal, forming conventional oil/gas pools. When porosity is between 5% and 10%–12%, the difference between the two is obvious, which indicates that this kind of reservoir can seal oil, but can also be a reservoir for gas, easily forming unconventional hydrocarbon pools (deep-basin gas pools). When porosity is less than 5%, the difference is indistinct and the entry capillary pressures show the same sealing function for oil and gas. In this condition, both oil and gas pools are difficult to form. Experimental results give a rational explanation for the difference of accumulation probability between deep-basin gas and deep-basin oil, and also for the mechanism of tight sand acting as cap rock.

To make heat conduction equation embody the essence of physical phenomenon under study, dimensionless factors were introduced and the transient heat conduction equation and its boundary conditions were transformed to dimensionless forms. Then, a theoretical solution model of transient heat conduction problem in one-dimensional double-layer composite medium was built utilizing the natural eigenfunction expansion method. In order to verify the validity of the model, the results of the above theoretical solution were compared with those of finite element method. The results by the two methods are in a good agreement. The maximum errors by the two methods appear when τ (τ is nondimensional time) equals 0.1 near the boundaries of ξ =1 (ξ is nondimensional space coordinate) and ξ =4. As τ increases, the error decreases gradually, and when τ =5 the results of both solutions have almost no change with the variation of coordinate ξ.