Effects of carbon sources on electrochemical performance of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C composite anode materials

Abstract

Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C composite materials were synthesized by two-step solid state reaction method with glucose, sucrose, and starch as carbon sources, respectively. The effects of carbon sources on the structure, morphology, and electrochemical performance of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C composite materials were investigated by SEM, XRD and electrochemical tests. The results indicate that carbon sources have almost no effect on the structure of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C composite materials. The initial discharge capacities of the Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C composite materials are slightly lower than those of as-synthesized Li₄Ti₅O₁₂. However, Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C composite materials show better electrochemical rate performance than the as-synthesized Li₄Ti₅O₁₂. The capacity retention (79%) of the Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C composite materials with starch as carbon source, is higher than that of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C composite materials with glucose and sucrose as carbon source at current rate of 2.0C.

Keywords

lithium-ion battery / anode material / Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ / carbon / electrochemical performance

References

[1] ScrosatiB., GarcheJ.. Lithium batteries: Status, prospects and future [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2010, 195: 2419-2430

[2] KötzR., CarlenM.. Principles and applications of electrochemical capacitors [J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2000, 45(15/16): 2483-2498

[3] MajimaM., UjiieS., YagasakiE., KoyamaK., InazawaS.. Development of long life lithium ion battery for power storage [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2001, 101: 53-59

[4] ChristensenJ., SrinivasanV., NewmanJ.. Optimization of lithium titanate electrodes for high-power cells [J]. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2006, 153(3): A560-A565

[5] LuW., BelharouakI., LiuJ., AmineK.. Thermal properties of Li_4/3Ti_5/3O₄/LiMn₂O₄ cell [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2007, 174: 673-677

[6] JiangC., IchiharaM., HonmaI., ZhouH.. Effect of particel dispersion on high rate performance of nano-sized Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ anode [J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2007, 52: 6470-6475

[7] StewartS., AlbertusP., SrinivasanV., PlitzI., PereiraN., AmatucciG., NewmanJ.. Optimizing the performance of lithium titanate spinel paired with activated carbon or iron phosphate [J]. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2008, 155(3): A253-A261

[8] WuH. M., BelharouakI., DengH., AouimraneA., SunY. K., AmineK.. Development of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ system with long cycle life [J]. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2009, 156(12): A1047-A1050

[9] KubiakP., GarciaA., WomesM., AldonL., Olivier-FourcadeJ., LippensP., JumasJ.. Phase transition in the spinel Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ induced by lithium insertion: Influence of the substitutions Ti/V, Ti/Mn, Ti/Fe [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2003, 119/121: 626-630

[10] MukaiK., AriyoshiK., OhzukuT.. Comparative study of Li[CrTi]O₄, Li[Li_1/3Ti_5/3]O₄ and Li_1/2Fe_1/2[Li_1/2Fe_1/2Ti]O₄ in non-aqueous lithium cells [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2005, 146: 213-216

[11] ChenC. H., VaugheyJ. T., JansenA. N., DeesD. W., KahaianA. J., GoacherT., ThackerayM. M.. Studies of Mg-substituted Li_4−xMg_xTi₅O₁₂ spinel electrodes (0⩽x⩽1) for lithium batteries [J]. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2001, 148(1): A102-A104

[12] GaoJ., YingJ. R., JiangC. Y., WanC. R.. High-density spherical Li₄Ti₅O₁₂/C anode material with good rate capability for lithium ion batteries [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2007, 166: 255-259

[13] WangG. J., GaoJ., FuL. J., ZhaoN. H., WuY. P., TakamuraT.. Preparation and characteristic of carbon-coated Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ anode material [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2007, 174: 1109-1112

[14] KanamuraK., UmegakiT., NaitoH., TakeharaZ., YaoT.. Structural and electrochemical characteristics of Li_4/3Ti_5/3O₄ as an anode material for rechargeable lithium batteries [J]. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 2001, 31: 73-78

[15] DominkoR., GaberscekM., BeleM., MihailovicD., JamnikJ.. Carbon nanocoatings on active materials for Li-ion batteries [J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2007, 27: 909-913

[16] KimK., JeongJ. H., KimI. J., KimH. S.. Carbon coatings with olive oil, soybean oil and butter on nano-LiFePO₄ [J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2007, 167: 524-528