True stress-true strain curve, microstructure and texture information were obtained to investigate the superplastic deformation behavior of 1420 Al-Li alloy sheets with initial elongated grains. From the true stress-true curve, the stress increases with the increase of strain to 0.15, then dramatically decreases with the increase of strain to 0.80, and finally keeps almost a horizontal line. Meanwhile, initial elongated grains are gradually changed into equiaxed grains and the initial strong Brass {0 1 1} 〈2 1 1〉 and S {1 2 3} 〈6 3 4〉 orientations are turned into nearly random orientation with increasing strain. All these results suggest that dislocation activity is the dominant mechanism during the first stage, then dynamic recrystallization occurs, and grain rotation is expected as an accommodation for grain boundary sliding (GBS). At larger strains, grain boundary migration (GBM) becomes necessary to accommodate GBS.
The effect of strain hardening and strain softening behavior of flow stress changing with temperature on welding residual stress, plastic strain and welding distortion of A7N01-T4 aluminum alloy was studied by finite simulation method. The simulation results show that the weld seam undergoes strain hardening in the temperature range of 180–250 °C, however, it exhibits strain softening at temperature above 250 °C during welding heating and cooling process. As a result, the strain hardening and strain softening effects counteract each other, introducing slightly influence on the welding residual stress, residual plastic strain and distortion. The welding longitudinal residual stress was determined by ultrasonic stress measurement method for the flat plates of A7N01-T4 aluminum alloy. The simulation results are well accordant with test ones.
Based on the pseudo potential plane-wave method of density functional theory (DFT), Ti1−xNbxAl (x=0, 0.062 5, 0.083 3, 0.125, 0.250) crystals’ geometry structure, elastic constants, electronic structure and Mulliken populations were calculated, and the effects of doping on the geometric structure, electronic structure and bond strength were systematically analyzed. The results show that the influence of Nb on the geometric structure is little in terms of the plasticity, and with the increase of Nb content, the covalent bond strength remarkably reduces, and Ti-Al, Nb-M (M=Ti, Al) and other hybrid bonds enhance; meanwhile, the peak district increases and the pseudo-energy gap first decreases and then increases, the overall band structure narrows, the covalent bond and direction of bonds reduce. The population analysis also shows that the results are consistent with the electronic structure analysis. The density of states of TiAlNb shows that Nb doping can enhance the activity of Al and benefit the form of Al2O3 film. All the calculations reveal that the room temperature plasticity and the antioxidation properties of the compounds can be improved with the Nb content of 8.33%–12.5% (mole fraction).
Prussian blue (PB) was used as catalyst to improve the extent of graphitization of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fibers. PB was deposited on carbon fibers by anodic electrodeposition and the thickness of PB coating (PB content) was controlled by adjusting the electrodeposition time. PAN-based carbon fibers with PB coating were heat-treated and the extent of graphitization was measured by X-ray diffractometry and Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate that the extent of graphitization of PAN-based carbon fibers is enhanced in the presence of the coating. When the PB-coated carbon fibers were heat-treated at 1 900 °C, interlayer spacing (d002) and crystallite size (Lc) reach 0.336 8 and 21.2 nm respectively. Contrarily, the values of d002 and Lc are 0.341 4 and 7.4 nm respectively when the bare carbon fibers were heat-treated at 2 800 °C. Compared with the bare carbon fibers, PB can make the heat treatment temperature (HTT) drop more than 500 °C in order to reach the same extent of graphitization. Furthermore, the research results show that PB content also has a certain influence on the extent of graphitization at the same HTT.
By using the rigid-visco-plasticity finite element method, the welding process of aluminum porthole die extrusion to form a tube was simulated based on Deform-3D software. The welding chamber height (H), back dimension of die leg (D), process velocity and initial billet temperature were used in FE simulations so as to determine the conditions in which better longitudinal welding quality can be obtained. According to K criterion, the local welding parameters such as welding pressure, effective stress and welding path length on the welding plane are linked to longitudinal welds quality. Simulation turns out that pressure-to-effective stress ratio (p/σ) and welding path length (L) are the key factors affecting the welding quality. Higher welding chamber best and sharper die leg give better welding quality. When H=10 mm and D=0.4 mm, the longitudinal welds have the best quality. Higher process velocity decreases welds quality. The proper velocity is 10 mm/s for this simulation. In a certain range, higher temperature is beneficial to the longitudinal welds. It is found that both 450 and 465 °C can satisfy the requirements of the longitudinal welds.
The fatigue behaviors of 2E12 aluminum alloy in T3 and T6 conditions at room temperature in air were investigated. The microstructures and fatigue fracture surfaces of the alloy were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the alloy exhibits higher fatigue crack propagation (FCP) resistance in T3 condition than in T6 condition, the fatigue life is increased by 54% and the fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) decreases significantly. The fatigue fractures of the alloy in T3 and T6 conditions are transgranular. But in T3 condition, secondary cracks occur and fatigue striations are not clear. In T6 condition, ductile fatigue striations are observed. The effect of aging conditions on fatigue behaviors is explained in terms of the slip planarity of dislocations and the cyclic slip reversibility.
A novel carbon fiber pretreatment was proposed. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fibers were first anodized in H3PO4 electrolyte to achieve an active surface, and then coated with Mo-B catalysts by immersed the carbon fibers in a uniformly dispersed Mo-B sol. The as-treated carbon fibers were then graphitized at 2 400 °C for 2 h. The structural changes were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electronic microscopy (HRTEM). The results show that much better graphitization can be achieved in the presence of Mo-B, with an interlayer spacing (d002) of 0.335 8 nm and a crystalline size (Lc) of 28 nm.
Ni-Co-Fe2O3 composite coatings were electrodeposited using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-modified Watt’s nickel bath with Fe2O3 particles dispersed in it. The effects of the plating parameters on the chemical composition, structural and morphological characteristics of the electrodeposited Ni-Co-Fe2O3 composite coatings were investigated by energy dispersive X-ray (EDS) spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results reveal that Fe2O3 particles can be codeposited in the Ni-Co matrix. The codeposition of Fe2O3 particles with Ni-Co is favoured at high Fe2O3 particle concentration and medium stirring, and the deposition of Co is favoured at high concentration of CTAB. Moreover, the study of the textural perfection of the deposits reveals that the presence of particles leads to the worsening of the quality of the observed 〈220〉 preferred orientation. Composites with high concentration of embedded particles exhibit a preferred crystal orientation of 〈111〉. The more the embedded Fe2O3 particles in the metallic matrix, the smaller the sizes of the crystallite for the composite deposits.
In order to predict and control the properties of Cu-Cr-Sn-Zn alloy, a model of aging processes via an artificial neural network (ANN) method to map the non-linear relationship between parameters of aging process and the hardness and electrical conductivity properties of the Cu-Cr-Sn-Zn alloy was set up. The results show that the ANN model is a very useful and accurate tool for the property analysis and prediction of aging Cu-Cr-Sn-Zn alloy. Aged at 470–510 °C for 4-1 h, the optimal combinations of hardness 110–117 (HV) and electrical conductivity 40.6–37.7 S/m are available respectively.
A rapid, ultrasensitive and convenient fluorescence measurement technology based on the enhancement of the fluorescence intensity resulting from the interaction of functionalized CdSe/CdS quantum dots (QDs) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was proposed. The citrate-stabilized CdSe/CdS (QDs) were synthesized by using Se powder and Na2S as precursors instead of any pyrophoric organometallic precursors. The modified CdSe/CdS QDs are brighter and more stable against photobleaching in comparison with organic fluorophores. At pH 7.0, the fluorescence signal of CdSe/CdS is enhanced by increasing the concentration of BSA in the range of 0.1–10 μg/mL, and the low detection limit is 0.06 μg/mL. A linear relationship between the enhanced fluorescence peak intensity (ΔF) and BSA concentration (c) is established using equation ΔF=50.7c+16.4 (R=0.996 36). Results of determination for BSA in three synthetic samples are identical with the true values, and the recovery (98.9%–102.4%) and relative standard deviation (RSD, 1.8%–2.5%) are satisfactory.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the chemometric resolution method (alternative moving window factor analysis, AMWFA) were used for comparative analysis of volatile constituents in herbal pair (HP) flos lonicerae-caulis lonicerae (FL-CL) and its single herbs. The temperature-programmed retention index (PTRI) was also employed for the identification of compounds. In total, 44, 39, and 50 volatile chemical components in volatile oil of FL, CL and HP FL-CL were separately determined qualitatively and quantitatively, accounting for 87.22%, 94.54% and 90.08% total contents of volatile oil of FL, CL and HP FL-CL, respectively. The results show that there are 32 common volatile constituents between HP FL-CL and single herb FL, 33 common volatile constituents between HP FL-CL and single herb CL, and 10 new constituents in the volatile oil of HP FL-CL.
Six additives, i.e., limestone, lime, magnesite, magnesia, dolomite and light-burned-dolomite, were added for investigating their influences on the pellet quality. For green balls, adding lime and light-burned-dolomite makes the wet drop strength decrease firstly, and then increase with further increase of additive dosage. Ca(OH)2 affects the bentonite properties at the beginning, but the binding property of Ca(OH)2 will be main when the dosage is higher. The other four additives decrease the drop strength for their disadvantageous physical properties. For preheated pellets, no mater what kind of additive is added, the compressive strength will be decreased because of unmineralized additives. For roasted pellets, calcium additives can form binding phase of calcium-ferrite, and suitable liquid phase will improve recrystallization of hematite, but excessive liquid will destroy the structure of pellets, so the compressive strength of pellet increases firstly and then drops. When adding magnesium additives, the strength will be decreased because of the oxidation of magnetite retarded by MgO.
For improving global stability of mining environment reconstructing structure, the stress field evolution law of the structure with the filling height change of low-grade backfill was studied by ADINA finite element analysis code. Three kinds of filling schemes were designed and calculated, in which the filling heights were 2, 4, and 7 m, separately. The results show that there are some rules in the stress field with the increase of the filling height as follows: (1) the maximum value of tension stress of the roof decreases gradually, and stress conditions are improved gradually; (2) the tension stress status in the vertical pillar is transformed into the compressive stress status, and the carrying capacity is improved gradually; however, when the filling height is beyond 2.8 m, the carrying capacity of the vertical pillar grows very slowly, so, there is little significance to continue to fill the low-grade backfill; (3) the bottom pillar suffers the squeezing action from the vertical pillars at first and then the gravity action of the low-grade backfill, and the maximum value of tension stress of the bottom pillar firstly increases and then decreases. Considering the economic factor, security and other factors, the low-grade backfill has the most reasonable height (2.8 m) in the scope of all filling height.
An optimization model of underground mining method selection was established on the basis of the unascertained measurement theory. Considering the geologic conditions, technology, economy and safety production, ten main factors influencing the selection of mining method were taken into account, and the comprehensive evaluation index system of mining method selection was constructed. The unascertained evaluation indices corresponding to the selected factors for the actual situation were solved both qualitatively and quantitatively. New measurement standards were constructed. Then, the unascertained measurement function of each evaluation index was established. The index weights of the factors were calculated by entropy theory, and credible degree recognition criteria were established according to the unascertained measurement theory. The results of mining method evaluation were obtained using the credible degree criteria, thus the best underground mining method was determined. Furthermore, this model was employed for the comprehensive evaluation and selection of the chosen standard mining methods in Xinli Gold Mine in Sanshandao of China. The results show that the relative superiority degrees of mining methods can be calculated using the unascertained measurement optimization model, so the optimal method can be easily determined. Meanwhile, the proposed method can take into account large amount of uncertain information in mining method selection, which can provide an effective way for selecting the optimal underground mining method.
The flotation of pure and natural carbonaceous iron ore samples in the oleate flotation system was investigated. Starch can depress hematite effectively in a wide pH range, but cannot depress siderite efficiently in neutral conditions. The flotation recovery of pure hematite, siderite, and quartz in the oleate-starch-CaCl2 system is significantly different when the slurry pH varies from 4 to 12. A novel two-step flotation process was developed for the separation of iron concentrate from Donganshan carbonaceous iron ore through which the siderite concentrate is first recovered and the high quality hematite concentrates with relative high iron recovery can be obtained in the second step flotation. The siderite concentrate may be utilized directly or undergo further concentration steps to increase iron grade.
TiO2/bauxite-tailings (TiO2/BTs) composites were prepared via a chemical liquid deposition method and characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and N2 adsorption analysis. The photocatalytic performance of TiO2/BTs composites was evaluated with UV-Vis spectrophotometer following the changes of phenol concentration under different illumination time. Effects of the calcination temperature, the pH and the cycles on the photocatalytic activity of TiO2/BTs composites were investigated. The composites calcined at 500 and 600 °C exhibit the best photocatalytic performance, and the phenol degradation ratios reacting for 40 and 160 min reach 35% and 78% respectively under the same conditions, higher than those of 29% and 76% of the Degussa P25(TiO2). The ability of TiO2/BTs500 (BTs500 represents bauxite-tailings calcined at 500 °C) composites to degrade phenol increases with decreasing pH.
The extraction of zinc from zinc sulfate solution was investigated, using 20% saponified D2EHPA as an extractant and 260# sulfonate kerosene as a diluent. The solution was stirred for 8 min at phase ratio (Vo/Va) of 1.0:1.0, initial pH of 2.0 and stirring speed of 200 r/min. The results show that 75% zinc can be extracted from the zinc sulfate solution when the concentration of zinc is 18.7 g/L after being settled for 10 min. 88.60% zinc can be stripped by 196 g/L sulfuric acid, and zinc ion can be separated from ferric ion.
Nickel and cobalt were extracted from low-grade nickeliferous laterite ore using a reduction roasting-ammonia leaching method. The reduction roasting-ammonia leaching experimental tests were chiefly introduced, by which fine coal was used as a reductant. The results show that the optimum process conditions are confirmed as follows: in reduction roasting process, the mass fraction of reductant in the ore is 10%, roasting time is 120 min, roasting temperature is 1 023–1 073 K; in ammonia leaching process, the liquid-to-solid ratio is 4:1(mL/g), leaching temperature is 313 K, leaching time is 120 min, and concentration ratio of NH3 to CO2 is 90 g/L:60 g/L. Under the optimum conditions, leaching efficiencies of nickel and cobalt are 86.25% and 60.84%, respectively. Therefore, nickel and cobalt can be effectively reclaimed, and the leaching agent can be also recycled at room temperature and normal pressure.
A greenhouse experiment was conducted to elucidate the growth changes and tissues anatomical characteristics of giant reed (Arundo donax L.), a perennial rhizomatous grass, which was cultivated for 70 d in soils contaminated with As, Cd and Pb. The results show that giant reed rapidly grows with big biomass of shoots in contaminated soil, possessing strong metal-tolerance with limited metal translocation from roots to shoots. When As, Cd and Pb concentrations in the soil are less than 254, 76.1 and 1 552 mg/kg, respectively, plant height and dried biomass are slightly reduced, the accumulation of As, Cd and Pb in shoots of giant reed is low while metal concentration in roots is high, and the anatomical characteristics of stem tissues are thick and homogeneous according to SEM images. However, plant height and dried biomass are significantly reduced and metal concentration in plant shoots and roots are significantly increased (P<0.05), the stems images become heterogeneous and the secretion in vascular bundles increases significantly when As, Cd and Pb concentrations in the soil exceed 334, 101 and 2 052 mg/kg, respectively. The giant reed is a promising, naturally occurring plant with strong metal-tolerance, which can be cultivated in soils contaminated with multiple metals for ecoremediation purposes.
To solve the problem of information fusion in the strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS)/celestial navigation system (CNS)/global positioning system (GPS) integrated navigation system described by the nonlinear/non-Gaussian error models, a new algorithm called the federated unscented particle filtering (FUPF) algorithm was introduced. In this algorithm, the unscented particle filter (UPF) served as the local filter, the federated filter was used to fuse outputs of all local filters, and the global filter result was obtained. Because the algorithm was not confined to the assumption of Gaussian noise, it was of great significance to integrated navigation systems described by the non-Gaussian noise. The proposed algorithm was tested in a vehicle’s maneuvering trajectory, which included six flight phases: climbing, level flight, left turning, level flight, right turning and level flight. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the improved performance of the FUPF over conventional federated unscented Kalman filter (FUKF). For instance, the mean of position-error decreases from (0.640×10−6 rad, 0.667×10−6 rad, 4.25 m) of FUKF to (0.403×10−6 rad, 0.251×10−6 rad, 1.36 m) of FUPF. In comparison of the FUKF, the FUPF performs more accurate in the SINS/CNS/GPS system described by the nonlinear/non-Gaussian error models.
To compress screen image sequence in real-time remote and interactive applications, a novel compression method is proposed. The proposed method is named as CABHG. CABHG employs hybrid coding schemes that consist of intra-frame and inter-frame coding modes. The intra-frame coding is a rate-distortion optimized adaptive block size that can be also used for the compression of a single screen image. The inter-frame coding utilizes hierarchical group of pictures (GOP) structure to improve system performance during random accesses and fast-backward scans. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed CABHG method has approximately 47%–48% higher compression ratio and 46%–53% lower CPU utilization than professional screen image sequence codecs such as TechSmith Ensharpen codec and Sorenson 3 codec. Compared with general video codecs such as H.264 codec, XviD MPEG-4 codec and Apple’s Animation codec, CABHG also shows 87%–88% higher compression ratio and 64%–81% lower CPU utilization than these general video codecs.
Rolling force for strip casting of 1Cr17 ferritic stainless steel was predicted using theoretical model and artificial intelligence. Solution zone was classified into two parts by kiss point position during casting strip. Navier-Stokes equation in fluid mechanics and stream function were introduced to analyze the rheological property of liquid zone and mushy zone, and deduce the analytic equation of unit compression stress distribution. The traditional hot rolling model was still used in the solid zone. Neural networks based on feedforward training algorithm in Bayesian regularization were introduced to build model for kiss point position. The results show that calculation accuracy for verification data of 94.67% is in the range of ±7.0%, which indicates that the predicting accuracy of this model is very high.
In order to analyze power system stability in environment of WAMS (wide area measurement system), a new steady state stability model with time-varying delay was proposed for power system. The factors of exciter and power system stabilizer with delay were introduced into analytical model. To decrease conservativeness of stability analysis, an improved Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional was constructed, and then a new delay-dependent steady state stability criterion for power system, which overcomes the disadvantages of eigenvalue computation method, was derived. The proposed model and criterion were tested on synchronousmachine infinite-bus power system. The test results demonstrate that Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional based power system stability analysis method is applicable and effective in the analysis of time delay power system stability.
A new impedance controller based on the dynamic surface control-backstepping technique to actualize the anticipant dynamic relationship between the motion of end-effector and the external torques was presented. Comparing with the traditional backstepping method that has “explosion of terms” problem, the new proposed control system is a combination of the dynamic surface control technique and the backstepping. The dynamic surface control (DSC) technique can resolve the “explosion of terms” problem that is caused by differential coefficient calculation in the model, and the problem can bring a complexity that will cause the backstepping method hardly to be applied to the practical application, especially to the multi-joint robot. Finally, the validity of the method was proved in the laboratory environment that was set up on the 5-DOF (degree of freedom) flexible joint robot. Tracking errors of DSC-backstepping impedance control that were 2.0 and 1.5 mm are better than those of backstepping impedance control which were 3.5 and 2.5 mm in directions X, Y in free space, respectively. And the anticipant Cartesian impedance behavior and compliant behavior were achieved successfully as depicted theoretically.
In order to improve the video quality of transmission with data loss, a spatial and temporal error concealment method was proposed, which considered both the state information of the network and the perceptual weight of the video content. The proposed method dynamically changed the reliability weight of the neighboring macroblock, which was used to conceal the lost macroblocks according to the packet loss rate of the current channel state. The perceptual weight map was utilized as side information to do weighted pixel interpolation and side-match based motion compensation for spatial and temporal error concealment, respectively. And the perceptual weight of the neighboring macroblocks was adaptively modified according to the perceptual weight of the lost macroblocks. Compared with the method used in H.264 joint model, experiment results show that the proposed method performs well both in subjective video quality and objective video quality, and increases the average peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of the whole frame by about 0.4 dB when the video bitstreams are transmitted with packets loss.
Voltage profiles of feeders with the connection of distributed generations (DGs) were investigated. A unified typical load distribution model was established. Based on this model, exact expressions of feeder voltage profile with single and double DGs were derived and used to analyze the impact of DGs’s location and capacity on the voltage profile quantitatively. Then, a general formula of the voltage profile was derived. The limitation of single DG and necessity of multiple DGs for voltage regulation were also discussed. Through the simulation, voltage profiles of feeders with single and double DGs were compared. The voltage excursion rate is 7.40% for only one DG, while 2.48% and 2.36% for double DGs. It is shown that the feeder voltage can be retained in a more appropriate range with multiple DGs than with only one DG. Distributing the total capacity of DGs is better than concentrating it at one point.
A novel weighted evolving network model based on the clique overlapping growth was proposed. The model shows different network characteristics under two different selection mechanisms that are preferential selection and random selection. On the basis of mean-field theory, this model under the two different selection mechanisms was analyzed. The analytic equations of distributions of the number of cliques that a vertex joins and the vertex strength of the model were given. It is proved that both distributions follow the scale-free power-law distribution in preferential selection mechanism and the exponential distribution in random selection mechanism, respectively. The analytic expressions of exponents of corresponding distributions were obtained. The agreement between the simulations and analytical results indicates the validity of the theoretical analysis. Finally, three real transport bus networks (BTNs) of Beijing, Shanghai and Hangzhou in China were studied. By analyzing their network properties, it is discovered that these real BTNs belong to a kind of weighted evolving network model with clique overlapping growth and random selection mechanism that was proposed in this context.
Based on the upper bound limit analysis theorem and the shear strength reduction technique, the equation for expressing critical limit-equilibrium state was employed to define the safety factor of a given slope and its corresponding critical failure mechanism by means of the kinematical approach of limit analysis theory. The nonlinear shear strength parameters were treated as variable parameters and a kinematically admissible failure mechanism was considered for calculation schemes. The iterative optimization method was adopted to obtain the safety factors. Case study and comparative analysis show that solutions presented here agree with available predictions when nonlinear criterion reduces to linear criterion, and the validity of present method could be illuminated. From the numerical results, it can also be seen that nonlinear parameter m, slope foot gradient β, height of slope H, slope top gradient α and soil bulk density γ have significant effects on the safety factor of the slope.
Based on the nonlinear displacement-strain relationship, the virtual work principle method was used to establish the nonlinear equilibrium equations of steel beams with semi-rigid connections under vertical uniform loads and temperature change. Considering the non-uniform temperature distribution across the thickness of beams, the formulas for stresses and vertical displacements were presented. On the basis of a flowchart for analysis of the numerical example, the effect of temperature change on the elastic behavior of steel beams was investigated. It is found that the maximal stress is mainly influenced by axial temperature change, and the maximal vertical displacement is principally affected by temperature gradients. And the effect of temperature gradients on the maximal vertical displacement decreases with the increase of rotational stiffness of joints. Both the maximal stress and vertical displacement decrease with the increase of rotational stiffness of joints. It can be concluded that the effects of temperature changes and rotational stiffness of joints on the elastic behavior of steel beams are significant. However, the influence of rotational stiffness becomes smaller when the rotational stiffness is larger.
A new version of particle swarm optimization (PSO) called discontinuous flying particle swarm optimization (DFPSO) was proposed, where not all of the particles refreshed their positions and velocities during each iteration step and the probability of each particle in refreshing its position and velocity was dependent on its objective function value. The effect of population size on the results was investigated. The results obtained by DFPSO have an average difference of 6% compared with those by PSO, whereas DFPSO consumes much less evaluations of objective function than PSO does.
In order to establish the baseline finite element model for structural health monitoring, a new method of model updating was proposed after analyzing the uncertainties of measured data and the error of finite element model. In the new method, the finite element model was replaced by the multi-output support vector regression machine (MSVR). The interval variables of the measured frequency were sampled by Latin hypercube sampling method. The samples of frequency were regarded as the inputs of the trained MSVR. The outputs of MSVR were the target values of design parameters. The steel structure of National Aquatic Center for Beijing Olympic Games was introduced as a case for finite element model updating. The results show that the proposed method can avoid solving the problem of complicated calculation. Both the estimated values and associated uncertainties of the structure parameters can be obtained by the method. The static and dynamic characteristics of the updated finite element model are in good agreement with the measured data.
In order to enhance forecasting precision of problems about nonlinear time series in a complex industry system, a new nonlinear fuzzy adaptive variable weight combined forecasting model was established by using conceptions of the relative error, the change tendency of the forecasted object, gray basic weight and adaptive control coefficient on the basis of the method of fuzzy variable weight. Based on Visual Basic 6.0 platform, a fuzzy adaptive variable weight combined forecasting and management system was developed. The application results reveal that the forecasting precisions from the new nonlinear combined forecasting model are higher than those of other single combined forecasting models and the combined forecasting and management system is very powerful tool for the required decision in complex industry system.
In order to satisfy the demand of validity and real time operating performance of diesel engine model used in hardware-in-the-loop simulation system, a simplified quasi-dimensional model for diesel engine working process was proposed, which was based on the phase-divided spray mixing model. The software MATLAB/Simulink was utilized to simulate diesel engine performance parameters. The comparisons between calculated results and experimental data show that the relative error of power and brake specific fuel consumption is less than 2.8%, and the relative error of nitric oxide and soot emissions is less than 9.1%. At the same time, the average computational time for simulation of one working process with the new model is 36 s, which presents good real time operating performance of the model. The simulation results also indicate that the nozzle flow coefficient has great influence on the prediction precision of performance parameters in diesel engine simulation model.
In order to solve internal logistics problems of iron and steel works, such as low transportation efficiency of vehicles and high transportation cost, the production process and traditional transportation style of iron and steel works were introduced. The internal transport tasks of iron and steel works were grouped based on cluster analysis according to demand time of the transportation. An improved vehicle scheduling model of semi-trailer swap transport among loading nodes and unloading nodes in one task group was set up. The algorithm was designed to solve the vehicle routing problem with simultaneous pick-up and delivery (VRPSPD) problem based on semi-trailer swap transport. A solving program was written by MATLAB software and the method to figure out the optimal path of each grouping was obtained. The dropping and pulling transportation plan of the tractor was designed. And an example of semi-trailer swap transport in iron and steel works was given. The results indicate that semi-trailer swap transport can decrease the numbers of vehicles and drivers by 54.5% and 88.6% respectively compared with decentralized scheduling in iron and steel works, and the total distance traveled reduces by 43.5%. The semi-trailer swap transport can help the iron and steel works develop the production in intension.