Recent advances in the preparation and application of perovskite-type oxides as bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reaction and oxygen evolution reaction in rechargeable metal-air batteries are presented in this review. Various fabrication methods of these oxides are introduced in detail, and their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. Different preparation methods adopted have great influence on the morphologies and physicochemical properties of perovskite-type oxides. As a bifunctional electrocatalyst, perovskite-type oxides are widely used in rechargeable metal-air batteries. The relationship between the preparation methods and the performances of oxygen/air electrodes are summarized. This work is concentrated on the structural stability, the phase compositions, and catalytic performance of perovskite-type oxides in oxygen/air electrodes. The main problems existing in the practical application of perovskite-type oxides as bifunctional electrocatalysts are pointed out and possible research directions in the future are recommended.

State of charge (SOC) estimation has always been a hot topic in the field of both power battery and new energy vehicle (electric vehicle (EV), plug-in electric vehicle (PHEV) and so on). In this work, aiming at the contradiction problem between the exact requirements of EKF (extended Kalman filter) algorithm for the battery model and the dynamic requirements of battery mode in life cycle or a charge and discharge period, a completely data-driven SOC estimation algorithm based on EKF algorithm is proposed. The innovation of this algorithm lies in that the EKF algorithm is used to get the SOC accurate estimate of the power battery online with using the observable voltage and current data information of the power battery and without knowing the internal parameter variation of the power battery. Through the combination of data-based and model-based SOC estimation method, the new method can avoid high accumulated error of traditional data-driven SOC algorithms and high dependence on battery model of most of the existing model-based SOC estimation methods, and is more suitable for the life cycle SOC estimation of the power battery operating in a complex and ever-changing environment (such as in an EV or PHEV). A series of simulation experiments illustrate better robustness and practicability of the proposed algorithm.

Ultrafine cube-shape Ce₂Sn₂O₇ nanoparticles crystallized in pure pyrochlore phase with a size of about 10 nm have been successfully synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. Conditional experiments have been conducted to optimize the processing parameters including temperature, pH, reaction duration, precipitator types to obtain phase-pure Ce₂Sn₂O₇. The crystal structure, morphology and sizes and specific surface area have been characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Raman spectrum, transmission electron microscope (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The as-synthesized Ce₂Sn₂O₇ ultrafine nanocubes have been evaluated as electrode materials for pseudo-capacitors and lithium ion batteries. When testing as supercapacitors, a high specific capacitance of 222 F/g at 0.1 A/g and a good cycling stability with a capacitance retention of higher than 86% after 5000 cycle have been achieved. When targeted for anode material for lithium ion batteries, the nanocubes deliver a high specific reversible capacity of more than 900 mA∙h/g at 0.05C rate. The rate capability and cycling performance is also very promising as compared with the traditional graphite anode.

Shuttle effect, poor conductivity and large volume expansion are the main factors that hinder the practical application of sulfur cathodes. Currently, rational structure designing of carbon-based sulfur hosts is the most effective strategy to address the above issues. However, the preparation process of carbon-based sulfur hosts is usually complex and costly. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an efficient and cost-effective method to fabricate carbon hosts for high-performance sulfur cathodes. Herein, we reported the fabrication of a bio-derived nitrogen doped porous carbon materials (BNPC) via a molten-salt method for high performance sulfur cathodes. The long-range-ordered honeycomb structure of BNPC is favorable for the trapping of polysulfide (PS) species and accommodates the volumetric variation of sulfur during cycling, while the high graphitization degree of BNPC favors the redox kinetics of sulfur cathodes. Moreover, the nitrogen doping content not only enhances the electrical conductivity of BNPC, but also provides ample anchoring sites for the immobilization of PS, which plays a key role in suppressing the shuttle effect. As a result, the S@BNPC cathode exhibits a high initial specific capacity of 1189.4 mA·h/g at 0.2C. After 300 cycles, S@BNPC still maintains a capacity of 703.2 mA·h/g which corresponds to a fading rate of 0.13% per cycle after the second cycle. This work offers vast opportunities for the large-scale application of high performance carbon-based sulfur hosts.

Anodic oxidation with different electrolyte was employed to improve the electrochemical properties of carbon paper as negative electrode for vanadium redox battery (VRB). The treated carbon paper exhibits enhanced electrochemical activity for V²⁺/V³⁺ redox reaction. The sample (CP-NH₃) treated in NH₃ solution demonstrates superior performance in comparison with the sample (CP-NaOH) treated in NaOH solution. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results show that oxygen- and nitrogen-containing functional groups have been introduced on CP-NH₃ surface by the treatment, and Raman spectra confirm the increased surface defect of CP-NH₃. Energy storage performance of cell was evaluated by charge/discharge measurement by using CP-NH₃. Usage of CP-NH₃ can greatly improve the cell performance with energy efficiency increase of 4.8% at 60 mA/cm². The excellent performance of CP-NH₃ mainly results from introduction of functional groups as active sites and improved wetting properties. This work reveals that anodic oxidation is a clean, simple, and efficient method for boosting the performance of carbon paper as negative electrode for VRB.

Li₂FeSiO₄ is deemed to be a potential candidate for large-scale applications because of its abundance, low cost and high safety, etc. Unfortunately, its low conductivity, resulting in poor rate performance, has become a main obstacle to its applications in power battery and energy storage system. In this work, C-Ag coated Li₂FeSiO₄ is introduced to improve the innate electronic conductivity and Li-ion diffusion ability. The results demonstrate that Li₂FeSiO₄/C/Ag composite exhibits better electrochemical performance. It possesses a specific discharge capacity of 152, 121, 108 mA∙h/g at 0.2C, 5C and 10C, respectively. At the same time, the Li₂FeSiO₄ /C/Ag composite shows good cycle stability and a capacity retention ratio of 97.9% after 100 cycles at 1C.

Organic electrode materials have high capacity, and environmentally friendly advantages for the next generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, organic electrode materials face many challenges, such as low reduction potential as cathode materials or high reduction potential as anode materials. Here, the influence of chemical functionalities that are capable of either electron donating or electron withdrawing groups on the reduction potential and charge-discharge performance of anthraquinone (AQ) based system is studied. The cyclic voltammetry results show that the introduction of two —OH groups, two —NO₂ groups and one—CH₃ group on anthraquinone structure has a little impact on the reduction potential, which is found to be 2.1 V. But when three or four—OH groups are introduced on AQ structure, the reduction potential is increased to about 3.1 V. The charge-discharge tests show that these materials exhibit moderate cycling stability.

A red-blood-cell-like nitrogen-doped porous carbon catalyst with a high nitrogen content (9.81%) and specific surface area (631.46 m²/g) was prepared by using melamine cyanuric acid and glucose as sacrificial template and carbon source, respectively. This catalyst has a comparable onset potential and a higher diffusion-limiting current density than the commercial 20 wt% Pt/C catalyst in alkaline electrolyte. The oxygen reduction reaction mechanism catalyzed by this catalyst is mainly through a 4e pathway process. The excellent catalytic activity could origin from the synergistic effect of the in-situ doped nitrogen (up to 9.81%) and three-dimensional (3D) porous network structure with high specific surface area, which is conducive to the exposure of more active sites. It is interesting to note that the catalytic activity of oxygen reduction strongly depends on the proportion of graphic N rather than the total N content.

A novel spherical tremella-like Sb₂O₃ was prepared by using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) method under a mild liquid-phase reaction condition, and was further employed as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The effect of reaction temperature and time on morphologies of Sb₂O₃ was studied. The results from SEM and TEM demonstrate that the tremella-like Sb₂O₃ architecture are composed of numerous nanosheets with high specific surface area. When the tremella-like Sb₂O₃ was used as LIBs anode, the discharge and charge capacities can achieve 724 and 446 mA.h/g in the first cycle, respectively. Moreover, the electrode retains an impressive high capacity of 275 mA-h/g even after 50 cycles at 20 mA/g, indicating that the material is extremely promising for application in LIBs.

Developing high-performance lithium ion batteries (LIBs) using manganese oxides as anodes is attractive due to their high theoretical capacity and abundant resources. Herein, we report a facile synthesis of hierarchical spherical MnO₂ containing coherent amorphous/crystalline domained by a simple yet effective redox precipitation reaction at room temperature. Further, flower-like CoMn₂O₄ constructed by single-crystalline spinel nanosheets has been fabricated using MnO2 as precursor. This mild methodology avoids undesired particle aggregation and loss of active surface area in conventional hydrothermal or solid-state processes. Moreover, both MnO₂ and CoMn₂O₄ nanosheets manifest superior lithium-ion storage properties, rendering them promising applications in LIBs and other energy-related fields.

Sb-based materials have been considered one of the most promising anode electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries, whereas they were commonly synthesized through time-consuming and costly processes. Here, Sb@Sb₂O₃/reduced graphene oxide (Sb@Sb₂O₃/rGO) composite was successfully synthesized by a facile one-pot chemical method at ambient temperature. Based on the XRD and TGA analysis, the mass fractions of Sb and Sb₂O₃ in the Sb@Sb₂O₃/rGO composite are ca. 34.05% and 26.6%, respectively. When used as an alternative electrode for lithium ion batteries, a high reversible capacity of 790.9 mA∙h/g could be delivered after 200 cycles with the capacity retention of 93.8% at a current density of 200 mA/g. And a capacity of 260 mA∙h/g could be maintained even at 2000 mA/g. These excellent electrochemical properties can be attributed to its well-constructed nanostructure. The Sb and Sb₂O₃ particles with size of 10 nm were tightly anchored on rGO sheets through electronic coupling, which could not only alleviate the stress induced by the volume expansion, suppress the aggregation of Sb and Sb₂O₃ particles, but also improve the electron transfer ability during cycling

Photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO₂RR) has been considered as one of most effective ways to solve the current energy crisis and environmental problems. However, the practical application of photocatalytic CO₂RR is largely hindered by lock of efficient catalyst. Here, hierarchical titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanostructures with a highly active {001} surface were successfully synthesized by a facile approach from metal Ti powders. The obtained hierarchical TiO₂ nanostructures were composed of TiO₂ nanorods, which have a diameter about 5–10 nm and a length of several micrometers. It is found that these nanorods have exposed {001} facets. On the other hand, these hierarchical TiO₂ nanostructures have a good light-harvesting efficiency with the help of TiO₂ nanorods component and large specific surface area. Therefore, these hierarchical TiO₂ nanostructures exhibit a much better activity for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction than that of commercial TiO₂ (P25). This high activity can be attributed to the synergistic effects of active surface, efficient charge transfer along nanorods and good light harvesting in the nanorod-hierarchical nanostructures.

Na_0.44MnO₂ nanorods have been prepared by a hydrothermal method. The experimental parameters have been systematically investigated and optimized. The results show that Na_0.44MnO₂ nanorods obtained via the hydrothermal treatment at 200 °C for 16 h show the best electrochemical properties, which deliver the high initial discharge capacity of 110.7 mA·h/g at 50 mA/g in potential window 2.0–4.0 V To further improve their electrochemical properties, a ball milling process with graphene has been carried out to obtain Na_0.44MnO₂/graphene composite. The initial discharge capacity of Na_0.44MnO₂/graphene composite is 106.9 mA·h/g at a current density of 50 mA/g. After 100 cycles, the residual discharge capacity is 91.8 mA·h/g and the capacity retention rate is 85.9%, which is much higher than that of pristine Na_0.44MnO₂ nanorods (74.7%) at the same condition. What is more, when the current density reaches 500 and 1000 mA/g, the corresponding discharge capacities of Na_0.44MnO₂/graphene composite are about 89 and 78 mA·h/g, respectively, indicating outstanding rate capability.

Using low-cost FePO₄·2H₂O as iron source, Na₂FePO₄F/C composite is prepared by alcohol-assisted ball milling and solid-state reaction method. The XRD pattern of Na₂FePO₄F/C composite demonstrates sharp peaks, indicating high crystalline and phase purity. The SEM and TEM images reveal that diameter of the spherical-like Na₂FePO₄F/C particles ranges from 50 to 300 nm, and HRTEM image shows that the surface of Na₂FePO₄F/C composite is uniformly coated by carbon layer with a average thickness of about 3.6 nm. The carbon coating constrains the growth of the particles and effectively reduces the agglomeration of nanoparticles. Using lithium metal as anode, the composite delivers a discharge capacities of 102.8, 96.4 and 90.3 mA·h/g at rates of 0.5C, 1C and 2C, respectively. After 100 cycles at 0.5C, a discharge capacity of 98.9 mA·h/g is maintained with capacity retention of 96.2%. The Li⁺ diffusion coefficient (D) of Na₂FePO₄F/C composite is calculated as 1.71×10⁻⁹ cm²/s. This study reveals that the simple solid state reaction could be a practical and effective synthetic route for the industrial production of Na₂FePO₄F/C material.

As a popular anode material for lithium-ion batteries, anatase TiO₂ nanoparticles with exposed {001} facets usually exhibit exceptional lithium storage performance owing to more accessible sites and fast migration of lithium ions along the good crystalline channels. However, there are few researches on the lithium storage capability of TiO₂ nanocrystals with other high-energy facets owing to lack of effective synthesis method for controlling crystal facets. Herein, anatase TiO₂ nanocrystals with exposed {010}- and [111]-facets are successfully prepared by using the delaminated tetratitanate nanoribbons as precursors. The electrochemical properties of these TiO₂ nanocrystals with high-energy surfaces and the comparison with commercial TiO₂ nanoparticles (P25) are studied. It is found that the cycle and rate performance of TiO₂ nanocrystals is highly improved by reducing the particle size of nanocrystals. Moreover, TiO₂ nanocrystals with exposed {010}- and [111]-facets exhibit better lithium storage capacities in comparison with P25 without a specific facet though P25 has smaller particle size than these TiO₂ nanocrystals, indicating that the exposed facets of TiO₂ nanocrystals have an important impact on their lithium storage capacity. Therefore, the synthesis design of high-performance TiO₂ materials applied in the next-generation secondary batteries should both consider the particle size and the exposed facets of nanocrystals.

Vanadates and vanadium oxides are potential lithiumion electrode materials because of their easy preparation and high capacity properties. This paper reports the electrochemical lithium-storage performance of VO₂ and NaV₂O₅ composite nanowire arrays. Firstly, Na₅V₁₂O₃₂ nanowire arrays are fabricated by a hydrothermal method, and then VO₂ and NaV₂O₅ composite nanowire arrays are prepared by a reduction reaction of Na₅V₁₂O₃₂ nanowire arrays in hydrogen atmosphere. Crystal structure, chemical composition and morphology of the prepared samples are characterized in detail. The obtained composite is used as an electrode of a lithium-ion battery, which exhibits high reversible capacity and good cycle stability. The composite obtained at 500 °C presents a specific discharge capacity up to 345.1 mA × h/g after 50 cycles at a current density of 30 mA/g.

In order to study the effect of dynamic recrystallization on the metal flow behavior during thermal deformation, the elevated temperature compression experiments of CuCrZr alloy and 35CrMo steel are carried out using Gleeble-3810 thermal simulator. It is proved that the samples underwent obvious dynamic recrystallization behavior during thermal deformation by microstructure observation of deformed specimens. The size of recrystallized grains increases as the temperature improved and the strain rate decreased. Meanwhile, the net softening rate caused by dynamic recrystallization is determined based on the stress-dislocation relationship. It can be found that the value of net softening rate increases quadratically as the Z parameter decreases, and the dynamic recrystallization net softening rate of CuCrZr alloy and 35CrMo steel are calculated to be 21.9% and 29.8%, respectively. Based on the dynamic recrystallization softening effect proposed, the novel elevated temperature flow constitutive models of two different alloys are proposed, and the related parameters are well defined and solved in detail. The predicted values of the obtained models are agreed well with the experimental values.

Titanium metal matrix composite (Ti-MMC) has excellent features and capabilities which can be considered a potential candidate to replace commercial titanium and superalloys within an extensive range of products and industrial sectors. Regardless of the superior features in Ti-MMC, however, referring to several factors including high unit cost and existence of rigid and abrasive ceramic particles in the generated matrices of the work part, the Ti-MMC is grouped as extremely difficult to cut with a poor level of machinability. Furthermore, adequate process parameters for machining Ti-MMCs under several lubrication methods are rarely studied. Therefore, adequate knowledge of this regard is strongly demanded. Among machinability attributes, ultrafine particles (UFPs) and fine particles (FPs) have been selected as the main machinability attributes and the factors leading to minimized emission have been studied. According to experimental observations, despite the type of coating used, the use of higher levels of flow rate led to less UFPs, while no significant effects were observed on UFPs. Under similar cutting conditions, higher levels of FPs were recorded under the use of uncoated inserts. Moreover, cutting speed had no significant influence on UFPs; nevertheless, it significantly affects the FPs despite the type of insert used.

This study was done to evaluate the nugget zone (NZ) corrosion behavior of dissimilar copper/brass joints welded by friction stir lap welding (FSLW) in a solution of 0.015 mol/L borax (pH 9.3). To this end, dissimilar copper/ brass plates were welded with two dissimilar heat inputs (low and high) during the welding procedure. The high and low heat inputs were conducted with 710 r/min, 16 mm/min and 450 r/min, 25 mm/min, respectively. Using open circuit potential (OCP) measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Tafel polarization tests, the electrochemical behavior of the specimens in borate buffer solution was assessed. With the help of scanning electron microscope (SEM), the morphology of welded specimen surfaces was examined after immersion in the test solution. According to the results, the NZ grain size and resistance improvement reduced due to the nugget zone corrosion with a decreased heat input. The results obtained from Tafel polarization and EIS indicated the improved corrosion behavior of the welded specimen NZ with a decrease in the heat input during the welding process unlike the copper and brass metals. Furthermore, an increased heat input during the welding process shows a reduction in the conditions for forming the passive films with higher protection behavior.

Punch shearing is used to form the part in the material process. Cryogenic treatment (CT) has active effect on local mechanical properties of steel, but it is still uncertain of the influence of CT on the properties of the magnesium alloy during punch shearing. In this work, the influence of AZ31 sheet treated by cryogenic on punch shearing was studied. Microstructures were observed with a ZEISS optical microscope, and mechanical properties, as well as shear properties were tested by tensile testing and punch shearing. The results show that the number of secondary phase increases and a large number of twins appear in the grains after CT. Meanwhile, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), the ductility, and hardness of AZ31 are improved, while the yield strength (YS) decreases gradually during CT. During punch shearing, the shearing strength decreases, the rollover radius changes insignificantly, and the height of the burr on the edge of the cross section decreases. At the same time, a larger proportion of smooth zone on the cross section has been achieved.

Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂) has been considered as a potential solvent for C0₂ removal of coal-fired power plant and biomass gas. The chemistry action and mass to transfer mechanism of C0₂-H₂0-Mg(OH)₂ system in a slurry bubble column reactor was described, and a reliable computational model was developed. The overall mass transfer coëfficiënt and surface area per unit volume were obtained using experimental approach and simulation with software assistance. The results show that the mass transfer process of C0₂ absorbed by Mg(OH)₂ slurry is mainly liquid-controlled, and slurry concentration and temperature are main contributory factors of volumetric mass transfer coëfficiënt and liquid side mass transfer coefficient. High concentration of C0₂ has an adverse effect on its absorption because it leads to the fast deposition of MgC0₃-3H₂0 crystals on the surfaces of unreacted Mg(OH)₂ particles, reducing the utilization ratio of magnesium hydroxide. Meanwhile, high CO₃² ion concentration limits the dissolution of MgC0₃ to absorb C0₂ continually. Concentration of 0.05 mol/L Mg(OH)₂, 15% vol C0₂ gas and operation temperature at 35 °C are recommended for this C0₂ capture system

Modern agricultural mechanization has put forward higher requirements for the intelligent defect diagnosis. However, the fault features are usually learned and classified under all speeds without considering the effects of speed fluctuation. To overcome this deficiency, a novel intelligent defect detection framework based on time-frequency transformation is presented in this work. In the framework, the samples under one speed are employed for training sparse filtering model, and the remaining samples under different speeds are adopted for testing the effectiveness. Our proposed approach contains two stages: 1) the time-frequency domain signals are acquired from the mechanical raw vibration data by the short time Fourier transform algorithm, and then the defect features are extracted from time-frequency domain signals by sparse filtering algorithm; 2) different defect types are classified by the softmax regression using the defect features. The proposed approach can be employed to mine available fault characteristics adaptively and is an effective intelligent method for fault detection of agricultural equipment. The fault detection performances confirm that our approach not only owns strong ability for fault classification under different speeds, but also obtains higher identification accuracy than the other methods.

To solve the problem of a low coal-loading rate being exhibited by the drum shearer on Chinese thin coal seams, systematic tests and research were performed to study the pivotal factors’ influences on drum coal-loading rate using a model test method. The effects of the drum hub diameter, cutting depth, vane helix angle, drum rotation speed and hauling speed on drum coal-loading rate were determined under circumstances of coal-loading with drum ejection and pushing modes, and reasons for these phenomena were analyzed. The results indicate that the influence of the drum cutting depth on the drum coal-loading rate is the most significant. The parameters of hub diameter, drum rotation speed and hauling speed can influence the drum coal-loading rate by cutting the coals’ filling rate in the drum. The parameters of vane helix angle and drum rotation speed can influence drum coal-loading rates by influencing the ratio of cutting coals’ tangential and axial speed in the drum. The coal-loading rate with drum ejection is clearly higher than that observed with drum pushing. Research in this study can provide support to design the drum structure and select drum operational parameters for a thin coal seam shearer.

Precise position tracking control of the single-rod pneumatic actuator is considered and a nonlinear cascade controller is developed. The proposed controller comprises an extended disturbance observer (EDOB) and a nonlinear robust control law synthesized by the backstepping method. The EDOB is designed to estimate not only the influence of disturbances but also the parameter uncertainties. With the use of parameter and disturbance estimates, the nonlinear cascade controller, which consists of an outer position tracking loop and an inner load pressure loop, is further designed to attenuate the effects of parameter and disturbance estimation errors. The stability of the closed-loop system is proven by means of Lyapunov theory. Extensive comparative experimental results obtained verify the effectiveness of the proposed nonlinear cascade controller and its performance robustness to parameter and external disturbance variations in practical implementation.

The classic multi-mode input shapers (MMISs) are valid to decrease multi-mode residual vibration of manipulators or robots simultaneously. But these input shapers cannot suppress more residual vibration with a quick response time when the frequency bandwidth of each mode vibration is very different. The methodologies and various types of multi-mode classic and hybrid input shaping control schemes with positive impulses were introduced in this paper. Six types of two-mode hybrid input shapers with positive impulses of a 3 degree of freedom robot were established. The ability and robustness of these two-mode hybrid input shapers to suppress residual vibration were analyzed by vibration response curve and sensitivity curve via numerical simulation. The response time of the zero vibration-zero vibration and derivative (ZV-ZVD) input shaper is the fastest, but the robustness is the least. The robustness of the zero vibration and derivative-extra insensitive (ZVD-EI) input shaper is the best, while the response time is the longest. According to the frequency bandwidth at each mode and required system response time, the most appropriate multi-mode hybrid input shaper (MMHIS) can be selected in order to improve response time as much as possible under the condition of suppressing more residual vibration.

We proposed an enhanced image binarization method. The proposed solution incorporates Monte-Carlo simulation into the local thresholding method to address the essential issues with respect to complex background, spatially-changed illumination, and uncertainties of block size in traditional method. The proposed method first partitions the image into square blocks that reflect local characteristics of the image. After image partitioning, each block is binarized using Otsu's thresholding method. To minimize the influence of the block size and the boundary effect, we incorporate Monte-Carlo simulation into the binarization algorithm. Iterative calculation with varying block sizes during Monte-Carlo simulation generates a probability map, which illustrates the probability of each pixel classified as foreground. By setting a probability threshold, and separating foreground and background of the source image, the final binary image can be obtained. The described method has been tested by benchmark tests. Results demonstrate that the proposed method performs well in dealing with the complex background and illumination condition.

The purpose of this study is to develop an integrated framework for capacity analysis to address the influence of systematic hazardous factors on the haulage fleet nominal capacity. The proposed model was made to capture unexpected risks for mining equipment based upon data-driven method considering different scenarios. Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) was employed to quantify the loss of production capacity by focusing on severity of failure incidents and maintainability measurements. Discrete-event simulation was configured to characterize the nominal capacity for mining operation. Accordingly, the system capacity was analyzed through the comparison of nominal and actual capacity. A case study was completed to validate the research methodology. The past operation and maintenance field data were collected for shovel operation. The discrete-event simulation was developed to estimate the rate of shovel nominal capacity. Then, the effects of undesirable scenarios were assessed by developing the PRA approach. The research results provide significant insights into how to enhance the production capacity in mines. The analyst gets a well judgment for the crucial elements dealing with high risk levels. A holistic maintenance plan can be developed to mitigate and control the losses.