A probabilistic model of quantum states for classical data security

Abstract

The phenomenal progress of quantum information theory over the last decade has substantially broadened the potential to simulate the superposition of states for exponential speedup of quantum algorithms over their classical peers. Therefore, the conventional and modern cryptographic standards (encryption and authentication) are susceptible to Shor’s and Grover’s algorithms on quantum computers. The significant improvement in technology permits consummate levels of data protection by encoding classical data into small quantum states that can only be utilized once by leveraging the capabilities of quantum-assisted classical computations. Considering the frequent data breaches and increasingly stringent privacy legislation, we introduce a hybrid quantum-classical model to transform classical data into unclonable states, and we experimentally demonstrate perfect state transfer to exemplify the classical data. To alleviate implementation complexity, we propose an arbitrary quantum signature scheme that does not require the establishment of entangled states to authenticate users in order to transmit and receive arbitrated states to retrieve classical data. The consequences of the probabilistic model indicate that the quantum-assisted classical framework substantially enhances the performance and security of digital data, and paves the way toward real-world applications.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

information security / quantum-classical cryptography / quantum information processing / quantum spin states / spin-${\color{[RGB]{12,108,100}} {\frac{1}{2}}} $ algebra / user authentication

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Electronic supplementary materials

The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-023-1293-3 and https://journal.hep.com.cn/fop/EN/10.1007/s11467-023-1293-3. The supplementary material includes a file with experimental details on the generation of spin states for 15- and 25-point systems, as well as hyperspectral, MRI, and standard RGB image analysis. MATLAB,. Fig, files for the generation of distinct states for 6-, 15-, and 25-point static state systems are also attached. For a 6-point system, we provide two files to demonstrate the distinction between the produced states.

Conflict of interest

The authors confirm they have no conflicts of interest regarding the publishing of this article.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korea Government [Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT)] under Grant No. 2020R1A2B5B01002145, and in part by the Gachon University Research Fund under Grant No. GCU-202106360001.

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