Testing fundamental physics with astrophysical transients

Abstract

Explosive astrophysical transients at cosmological distances can be used to place precision tests of the basic assumptions of relativity theory, such as Lorentz invariance, the photon zero-mass hypothesis, and the weak equivalence principle (WEP). Signatures of Lorentz invariance violations (LIV) include vacuum dispersion and vacuum birefringence. Sensitive searches for LIV using astrophysical sources such as gamma-ray bursts, active galactic nuclei, and pulsars are discussed. The most direct consequence of a nonzero photon rest mass is a frequency dependence in the velocity of light propagating in vacuum. A detailed representation of how to obtain a combined severe limit on the photon mass using fast radio bursts at different redshifts through the dispersion method is presented. The accuracy of the WEP has been well tested based on the Shapiro time delay of astrophysical messengers traveling through a gravitational field. Some caveats of Shapiro delay tests are discussed. In this article, we review and update the status of astrophysical tests of fundamental physics.

Keywords

astroparticle physics / gravitation / astrophysical transients

References

[1] R. Gambini and J. Pullin, Nonstandard optics from quantum space-time, Phys. Rev. D 59(12), 124021 (1999)

[2] J. Alfaro, H. A. Morales-Tecotl, and L. F. Urrutia, Loop quantum gravity and light propagation, Phys. Rev. D 65(10), 103509 (2002)

[3] G. Amelino-Camelia and D. V. Ahluwalia, Relativity in spacetimes with short-distance structure governed by an observer-independent (Planckian) length scale, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 11(01), 35 (2002)

[4] G. Amelino-Camelia, Special treatment, Nature 418(6893), 34 (2002)

[5] J. Kowalski-Glikman, and S. Nowak, Doubly special relativity theories as different bases of κ-Poincaré algebra, Phys. Lett. B 539(1–2), 126 (2002)

[6] J. Magueijo and L. Smolin, Generalized Lorentz invariance with an invariant energy scale, Phys. Rev. D 67(4), 044017 (2003)

[7] V. A. Kostelecký and S. Samuel, Spontaneous breaking of Lorentz symmetry in string theory, Phys. Rev. D 39(2), 683 (1989)

[8] V. Alan Kostelecký and R. Potting, CPT and strings, Nucl. Phys. B 359(2–3), 545 (1991)

[9] V. A. Kostelecký and R. Potting, CPT, strings, and meson factories, Phys. Rev. D 51(7), 3923 (1995)

[10] D. Mattingly, Modern tests of Lorentz invariance, Living Rev. Relativ. 8(1), 5 (2005)

[11] R. Bluhm, Overview of the standard model extension: Implications and phenomenology of Lorentz violation, Special Relativity 702, 191 (2006)

[12] G. Amelino-Camelia, Quantum-spacetime phenomenology, Living Rev. Relativ. 16(1), 5 (2013)

[13] J. D. Tasson, What do we know about Lorentz invariance? Rep. Prog. Phys. 77(6), 062901 (2014)

[14] V. A. Kostelecký and N. Russell, Data tables for Lorentz and CPT violation, Rev. Mod. Phys. 83(1), 11 (2011)

[15] V. A. Kostelecký and M. Mewes, Astrophysical tests of Lorentz and CPT violation with Photons, Astrophys. J. 689(1), L1 (2008)

[16] G. Amelino-Camelia, J. Ellis, N. E. Mavromatos, D. V. Nanopoulos, and S. Sarkar, Tests of quantum gravity from observations of γ-ray bursts, Nature 393, 763 (1998)

[17] T. G. Pavlopoulos, Are we observing Lorentz violation in gamma ray bursts? Phys. Lett. B 625(1–2), 13 (2005)

[18] J. Ellis, N. E. Mavromatos, D. V. Nanopoulos, A. S. Sakharov, and E. K. G. Sarkisyan, Robust limits on Lorentz violation from gamma-ray bursts, Astropart. Phys. 25(6), 402 (2006)

[19] U. Jacob and T. Piran, Lorentz-violation-induced arrival delays of cosmological particles, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 01, 031 (2008)

[20] V. A. Kostelecký and M. Mewes, Electrodynamics with Lorentz-violating operators of arbitrary dimension, Phys. Rev. D 80(1), 015020 (2009)

[21] A. A. Abdo, M. Ackermann, M. Arimoto, et al., Fermi observations of high-energy gamma-ray emission from GRB 080916C, Science 323(5922), 1688 (2009)

[22] A. A. Abdo, M. Ackermann, M. Ajello, et al., A limit on the variation of the speed of light arising from quantum gravity effects, Nature 462(7271), 331 (2009)

[23] Z. Chang, Y. Jiang, and H. N. Lin, A unified constraint on the Lorentz invariance violation from both short and long GRBs, Astropart. Phys. 36(1), 47 (2012)

[24] R. J. Nemiroff, R. Connolly, J. Holmes, and A. B. Kostinski, Bounds on spectral dispersion from Fermi-detected gamma ray bursts, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108(23), 231103 (2012)

[25] V. Vasileiou, A. Jacholkowska, F. Piron, J. Bolmont, C. Couturier, J. Granot, F. W. Stecker, J. Cohen-Tanugi, and F. Longo, Constraints on Lorentz invariance violation from Fermi- Large area telescope observations of gammaray bursts, Phys. Rev. D 87(12), 122001 (2013)

[26] J. Ellis and N. E. Mavromatos, Probes of Lorentz violation, Astropart. Phys. 43, 50 (2013)

[27] F. Kislat and H. Krawczynski, Search for anisotropic Lorentz invariance violation with γ-rays, Phys. Rev. D 92(4), 045016 (2015)

[28] S. Zhang and B. Q. Ma, Lorentz violation from gammaray bursts, Astropart. Phys. 61, 108 (2015)

[29] J. J. Wei, B. B. Zhang, L. Shao, X. F. Wu, and P. Meszaros, A new test of Lorentz invariance violation: The spectral lag transition of GRB 160625B, Astrophys. J. 834(2), L13 (2017)

[30] J. J. Wei, X. F. Wu, B. B. Zhang, L. Shao, P. Meszaros, and V. A. Kostelecky, Constraining anisotropic Lorentz violation via the spectral-lag transition of GRB 160625B, Astrophys. J. 842(2), 115 (2017)

[31] J. J. Wei and X. F. Wu, A further test of Lorentz violation from the rest-frame spectral lags of gamma-ray bursts, Astrophys. J. 851(2), 127 (2017)

[32] J. Ellis, R. Konoplich, N. E. Mavromatos, L. Nguyen, A. S. Sakharov, and E. K. Sarkisyan-Grinbaum, Robust constraint on Lorentz violation using Fermi-LAT gammaray burst data, Phys. Rev. D 99(8), 083009 (2019)

[33] V. A. Acciari, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, A. Arbet Engels, D. Baack, et al., Bounds on Lorentz invariance violation from magic observation of GRB 190114C, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125(2), 021301 (2020)

[34] S. D. Biller, A. C. Breslin, J. Buckley, M. Catanese, M. Carson, D. A. Carter-Lewis, M. F. Cawley, D. J. Fegan, J. P. Finley, J. A. Gaidos, A. M. Hillas, F. Krennrich, R. C. Lamb, R. Lessard, C. Masterson, J. E. McEnery, B. McKernan, P. Moriarty, J. Quinn, H. J. Rose, F. Samuelson, G. Sembroski, P. Skelton, and T. C. Weekes, Limits to quantum gravity effects on energy dependence of the speed of light from observations of TeV flares in active galaxies, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83(11), 2108 (1999)

[35] P. Kaaret, Pulsar radiation and quantum gravity, Astron. Astrophys. 345, L32 (1999)

[36] S. M. Carroll, G. B. Field, and R. Jackiw, Limits on a Lorentz- and parity-violating modification of electrodynamics, Phys. Rev. D 41(4), 1231 (1990)

[37] D. Colladay and V. A. Kostelecky, Lorentz-violating extension of the standard model, Phys. Rev. D 58(11), 116002 (1998)

[38] R. J. Gleiser and C. N. Kozameh, Astrophysical limits on quantum gravity motivated birefringence, Phys. Rev. D 64(8), 083007 (2001)

[39] V. A. Kostelecký and M. Mewes, Cosmological constraints on Lorentz violation in electrodynamics, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87(25), 251304 (2001)

[40] V. A. Kostelecký and M. Mewes, Sensitive polarimetric search for relativity violations in gamma-ray bursts, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(14), 140401 (2006)

[41] V. A. Kostelecký and M. Mewes, Lorentz-violating electrodynamics and the cosmic microwave background, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99(1), 011601 (2007)

[42] V. A. Kostelecký and M. Mewes, Constraints on relativity violations from gamma-ray bursts, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110(20), 201601 (2013)

[43] I. G. Mitrofanov, A constraint on canonical quantum gravity? Nature 426, 139 (2003)

[44] T. Jacobson, S. Liberati, D. Mattingly, and F. W. Stecker, New limits on Planck scale Lorentz violation in QED, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93(2), 021101 (2004)

[45] Y. Z. Fan, D. M. Wei, and D. Xu, γ-ray burst ultraviolet/ optical afterglow polarimetry as a probe of quantum gravity, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 376(4), 1857 (2007)

[46] G. Gubitosi, L. Pagano, G. Amelino-Camelia, A. Melchiorri, and A. Cooray, A constraint on Planck-scale modifications to electrodynamics with CMB polarization data, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 08, 021 (2009)

[47] P. Laurent, D. Gotz, P. Binetruy, S. Covino, and A. Fernandez-Soto, Constraints on Lorentz invariance violation using integral/IBIS observations of GRB041219A, Phys. Rev. D 83(12), 121301 (2011)

[48] F. W. Stecker, A new limit on Planck scale Lorentz violation from γ-ray burst polarization, Astropart. Phys. 35(2), 95 (2011)

[49] K. Toma, S. Mukohyama, D. Yonetoku, T. Murakami, S. Gunji, T. Mihara, Y. Morihara, T. Sakashita, T. Takahashi, Y. Wakashima, H. Yonemochi, and N. Toukairin, Strict limit on CPT violation from polarization of γ-ray bursts, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109(24), 241104 (2012)

[50] D. Götz, S. Covino, A. Fernandez-Soto, P. Laurent, and Ž. Bošnjak, The polarized gamma-ray burst GRB 061122, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 431(4), 3550 (2013)

[51] D. Götz, P. Laurent, S. Antier, S. Covino, P. D’Avanzo, V. D’Elia, and A. Melandri, GRB 140206A: the most distant polarized gamma-ray burst, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 444, 2776 (2014)

[52] H. N. Lin, X. Li, and Z. Chang, Gamma-ray burst polarization reduction induced by the Lorentz invariance violation, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 463(1), 375 (2016)

[53] F. Kislat and H. Krawczynski, Planck-scale constraints on anisotropic Lorentz and CPT invariance violations from optical polarization measurements, Phys. Rev. D 95(8), 083013 (2017)

[54] A. S. Friedman, D. Leon, K. D. Crowley, D. Johnson, G. Teply, D. Tytler, B. G. Keating, and G. M. Cole, Constraints on Lorentz invariance and CPT violation using optical photometry and polarimetry of active galaxies BL Lacertae and S5 B 0716+ 714, Phys. Rev. D 99(3), 035045 (2019)

[55] J. J. Wei, New constraints on Lorentz invariance violation with polarized gamma-ray bursts, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 485(2), 2401 (2019)

[56] A. S. Goldhaber and M. M. Nieto, Terrestrial and extraterrestrial limits on the photon mass, Rev. Mod. Phys. 43(3), 277 (1971)

[57] L. C. Tu, J. Luo, and G. T. Gillies, The mass of the photon, Rep. Prog. Phys. 68(1), 77 (2005)

[58] L. B. Okun, Photon: History, mass, charge, Acta Phys. Pol. B 37(3), 565 (2006)

[59] A. S. Goldhaber and M. M. Nieto, Photon and graviton mass limits, Rev. Mod. Phys. 82(1), 939 (2010)

[60] G. Spavieri, J. Quintero, G. T. Gillies, and M. Rodriguez, A survey of existing and proposed classical and quantum approaches to the photon mass, Eur. Phys. J. D 61(3), 531 (2011)

[61] B. Lovell, F. L. Whipple, and L. H. Solomon, Relative velocity of light and radio waves in space, Nature 202 (4930), 377 (1964)

[62] B. Warner and R. E. Nather, Wavelength independence of the velocity of light in space, Nature 222(5189), 157 (1969)

[63] B. E. Schaefer, Severe limits on variations of the speed of light with frequency, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82(25), 4964 (1999)

[64] B. Zhang, Y. T. Chai, Y. C. Zou, and X. F. Wu, Constraining the mass of the photon with gamma-ray bursts, J. High Energy Astrophys. 11–12, 20 (2016)

[65] J. J. Wei, E. K. Zhang, S. B. Zhang, and X. F. Wu, New limits on the photon mass with radio pulsars in the Magellanic clouds, Res. Astron. Astrophys. 17(2), 13 (2017)

[66] X. F. Wu, S. B. Zhang, H. Gao, J. J. Wei, Y. C. Zou, W. H. Lei, B. Zhang, Z. G. Dai, and P. Meszaros, Constraints on the photon mass with fast radio bursts, Astrophys. J. 822(1), L15 (2016)

[67] L. Bonetti, J. Ellis, N. E. Mavromatos, A. S. Sakharov, E. K. Sarkisyan-Grinbaum, and A. D. A. M. Spallicci, Photon mass limits from fast radio bursts, Phys. Lett. B 757, 548 (2016)

[68] L. Bonetti, J. Ellis, N. E. Mavromatos, A. S. Sakharov, E. K. Sarkisyan-Grinbaum, and A. D. A. M. Spallicci, FRB 121102 casts new light on the photon mass, Phys. Lett. B 768, 326 (2017)

[69] L. Shao and B. Zhang, Bayesian framework to constrain the photon mass with a catalog of fast radio bursts, Phys. Rev. D 95(12), 123010 (2017)

[70] J. J. Wei and X. F. Wu, Robust limits on photon mass from statistical samples of extragalactic radio pulsars, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 07, 045 (2018)

[71] N. Xing, H. Gao, J. J. Wei, Z. Li, W. Wang, B. Zhang, X. F. Wu, and P. Meszaros, Limits on the weak equivalence principle and photon mass with FRB 121102 subpulses, Astrophys. J. 882(1), L13 (2019)

[72] J. J. Wei and X. F. Wu, Combined limit on the photon mass with nine localized fast radio bursts, Res. Astron. Astrophys. 20(12), 206 (2020)

[73] E. R. Williams, J. E. Faller, and H. A. Hill, New experimental test of Coulomb’s law: A laboratory upper limit on the photon rest mass, Phys. Rev. Lett. 26(12), 721 (1971)

[74] M. A. Chernikov, C. J. Gerber, H. R. Ott, and H. J. Gerber, Low-temperature upper limit of the photon mass: Experimental null test of Ampère’s law, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68(23), 3383 (1992)

[75] R. Lakes, Experimental limits on the photon mass and cosmic magnetic vector potential, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80(9), 1826 (1998)

[76] A. S. Goldhaber and M. M. Nieto, Problems of the rotating-torsion-balance limit on the photon mass, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91(14), 149101 (2003)

[77] J. Luo, L. C. Tu, Z. K. Hu, and E. J. Luan, New experimental limit on the photon rest mass with a rotating torsion balance, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90(8), 081801 (2003)

[78] J. Luo, L. C. Tu, Z. K. Hu, and E. J. Luan, Luo et al. reply, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91(14), 149102 (2003)

[79] D. D. Lowenthal, Limits on the photon mass, Phys. Rev. D 8(8), 2349 (1973)

[80] A. Accioly and R. Paszko, Photon mass and gravitational deflection, Phys. Rev. D 69(10), 107501 (2004)

[81] L. Davis, A. S. Goldhaber, and M. M. Nieto, Limit on the photon mass deduced from pioneer-10 observations of Jupiter’s magnetic field, Phys. Rev. Lett. 35(21), 1402 (1975)

[82] D. D. Ryutov, The role of finite photon mass in magnetohydrodynamics of space plasmas, Plasma Phys. Contr. Fusion 39(5A), A73 (1997)

[83] D. D. Ryutov, Using plasma physics to weigh the photon, Plasma Phys. Contr. Fusion 49(12B), B429 (2007)

[84] A. Retinò, A. D. A. M. Spallicci, and A. Vaivads, Solar wind test of the de Broglie-Proca massive photon with Cluster multi-spacecraft data, Astropart. Phys. 82, 49 (2016)

[85] Y. Yamaguchi, A composite theory of elementary particles, Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. 11, 1 (1959)

[86] G. V. Chibisov, Astrophysical upper limits on the photon rest mass, Sov. Phys. Usp. 19(7), 624 (1976)

[87] E. Adelberger, G. Dvali, A. Gruzinov, Photon-mass bound destroyed by vortices, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 010402 (2007)

[88] P. Pani, V. Cardoso, L. Gualtieri, E. Berti, and A. Ishibashi, Black-hole bombs and photon-mass bounds, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109(13), 131102 (2012)

[89] Y. P. Yang and B. Zhang, Tight constraint on photon mass from pulsar spindown, Astrophys. J. 842(1), 23 (2017)

[90] C. M. Will, The confrontation between general relativity and experiment, Living Rev. Relativ. 9(1), 3 (2006)

[91] C. M. Will, The confrontation between general relativity and experiment, Living Rev. Relativ. 17(1), 4 (2014)

[92] S. B. Lambert and C. Le Poncin-Lafitte, Determining the relativistic parameter γ using very long baseline interferometry, Astron. Astrophys. 499(1), 331 (2009)

[93] S. B. Lambert and C. Le Poncin-Lafitte, Improved determination of γ by VLBI, Astron. Astrophys. 529, A70 (2011)

[94] B. Bertotti, L. Iess, and P. Tortora, A test of general relativity using radio links with the Cassini spacecraft, Nature 425(6956), 374 (2003)

[95] I. I. Shapiro, Fourth test of general relativity, Phys. Rev. Lett. 13(26), 789 (1964)

[96] M. J. Longo, New precision tests of the Einstein equivalence principle from Sn1987a, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60(3), 173 (1988)

[97] L. M. Krauss and S. Tremaine, Test of the weak equivalence principle for neutrinos and photons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60(3), 176 (1988)

[98] H. Gao, X. F. Wu, and P. Meszaros, Cosmic transients test Einstein’s equivalence principle out to GeV energies, Astrophys. J. 810(2), 121 (2015)

[99] J. J. Wei, H. Gao, X. F. Wu, and P. Meszaros, Testing Einstein’s Equivalence Principle With Fast Radio Bursts, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115(26), 261101 (2015)

[100] X. F. Wu, H. Gao, J. J. Wei, P. Meszaros, B. Zhang, Z. G. Dai, S. N. Zhang, and Z. H. Zhu, Testing Einstein’s weak equivalence principle with gravitational waves, Phys. Rev. D 94(2), 024061 (2016)

[101] C. Yang, Y. C. Zou, Y. Y. Zhang, B. Liao, and W. H. Lei, Testing the Einstein’s equivalence principle with polarized gamma-ray bursts, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 469(1), L36 (2017)

[102] J. J. Wei and X. F. Wu, Precision test of the weak equivalence principle from gamma-ray burst polarization, Phys. Rev. D 99(10), 103012 (2019)

[103] L. Smolin, How far are we from the quantum theory of gravity? arXiv: hep-th/0303185 (2003)

[104] C. Rovelli, Loop quantum gravity, Living Rev. Relativ. 1(1), 1 (1998)

[105] L. Burderi, A. Sanna, T. Di Salvo, L. Amati, G. Amelino-Camelia, et al., ESA Voyage 2050 white paper – GrailQuest: Hunting for atoms of space and time hidden in the wrinkle of space-time, arXiv: 1911.02154 (2019)

[106] J. Ellis, N. E. Mavromatos, D. V. Nanopoulos, A. S. Sakharov, and E. K. G. Sarkisyan, Corrigendum to“Robust limits on Lorentz violation from gamma-ray bursts” [Astropart. Phys. 25, 402 (2006)], Astropart. Phys. 29(2), 158 (2008)

[107] J. Ellis, N. E. Mavromatos, D. V. Nanopoulos, and A. S. Sakharov, Quantum-gravity analysis of gamma-ray bursts using wavelets, Astron. Astrophys. 402(2), 409 (2003)

[108] S. E. Boggs, C. B. Wunderer, K. Hurley, and W. Coburn, Testing Lorentz Invariance with GRB 021206, Astrophys. J. 611(2), L77 (2004)

[109] M. Rodriguez Martinez, T. Piran, Y. Oren, GRB 051221A and tests of Lorentz symmetry, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 05, 017 (2006)

[110] J. Bolmont, A. Jacholkowska, J. L. Atteia, F. Piron, and G. Pizzichini, Study of time lags in HETE‐2γ-ray bursts with redshift: Search for astrophysical effects and a quantum gravity signature, Astrophys. J. 676(1), 532 (2008)

[111] R. Lamon, N. Produit, and F. Steiner, Study of Lorentz violation in INTEGRAL gamma-ray bursts, Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 40(8), 1731 (2008)

[112] Z. Xiao and B. Q. Ma, Constraints on Lorentz invariance violation from gamma-ray burst GRB090510, Phys. Rev. D 80(11), 116005 (2009)

[113] L. Shao, Z. Xiao, and B. Q. Ma, Lorentz violation from cosmological objects with very high energy photon emissions, Astropart. Phys. 33(5–6), 312 (2010)

[114] H. Xu and B. Q. Ma, Light speed variation from gammaray bursts, Astropart. Phys. 82, 72 (2016)

[115] H. Xu and B. Q. Ma, Light speed variation from gamma ray burst GRB 160509A, Phys. Lett. B 760, 602 (2016)

[116] H. Xu and B. Q. Ma, Regularity of high energy photon events from gamma ray bursts, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 01, 050 (2018)

[117] Y. Liu and B. Q. Ma, Light speed variation from gamma ray bursts: Criteria for low energy photons, Eur. Phys. J. C 78(10), 825 (2018)

[118] V. A. Acciari, S. Ansoldi, et al. [MAGIC Collaboration], Teraelectronvolt emission from the γ-ray burst GRB 190114C, Nature 575(7783), 455 (2019)

[119] M. Biesiada and A. Piorkowska, Lorentz invariance violation-induced time delays in GRBs in different cosmological models, Class. Quantum Gravity 26(12), 125007 (2009)

[120] Y. Pan, Y. Gong, S. Cao, H. Gao, and Z. H. Zhu, Constraints on the Lorentz invariance violation with gammaray bursts via a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach, Astrophys. J. 808(1), 78 (2015)

[121] X. B. Zou, H. K. Deng, Z. Y. Yin, and H. Wei, Modelindependent constraints on Lorentz invariance violation via the cosmographic approach, Phys. Lett. B 776, 284 (2018)

[122] Y. Pan, J. Qi, S. Cao, T. Liu, Y. Liu, S. Geng, Y. Lian, and Z. H. Zhu, Model-independent constraints on Lorentz invariance violation: Implication from updated gammaray burst observations, Astrophys. J. 890(2), 169 (2020)

[123] T. N. Ukwatta, K. S. Dhuga, M. Stamatikos, C. D. Dermer, T. Sakamoto, E. Sonbas, W. C. Parke, L. C. Maximon, J. T. Linnemann, P. N. Bhat, A. Eskandarian, N. Gehrels, A. U. Abeysekara, K. Tollefson, and J. P. Norris, The lag-luminosity relation in the GRB source frame: An investigation with Swift BAT bursts, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 419(1), 614 (2012)

[124] M. G. Bernardini, G. Ghirlanda, S. Campana, S. Covino, R. Salvaterra, J. L. Atteia, D. Burlon, G. Calderone, P. D’Avanzo, V. D’Elia, G. Ghisellini, V. Heussaff, D. Lazzati, A. Meland ri, L. Nava, S. D. Vergani, and G. Tagliaferri, Comparing the spectral lag of short and long gamma-ray bursts and its relation with the luminosity, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 446(2), 1129 (2015)

[125] Z. Chang, X. Li, H. N. Lin, Y. Sang, P. Wang, and S. Wang, Constraining Lorentz invariance violation from the continuous spectra of short gamma-ray bursts, Chin. Phys. C 40(4), 045102 (2016)

[126] L. Shao, B. B. Zhang, F. R. Wang, X. F. Wu, Y. H. Cheng, X. Zhang, B. Y. Yu, B. J. Xi, X. Wang, H. X. Feng, M. Zhang, and D. Xu, A new measurement of the spectral lag of gamma-ray bursts and its implications for spectral evolution behaviors, Astrophys. J. 844(2), 126 (2017)

[127] R. J. Lu, Y. F. Liang, D. B. Lin, J. Lu, X. G. Wang, H. J. Lu, H. B. Liu, E. W. Liang, and B. Zhang, A comprehensive analysis of Fermi gamma-ray burst data (IV): Spectral lag and its relation to E_p evolution, Astrophys. J. 865(2), 153 (2018)

[128] J. Albert, E. Aliu, et al. [MAGIC Collaboration], Probing quantum gravity using photons from a flare of the active galactic nucleus Markarian 501 observed by the MAGIC telescope, Phys. Lett. B 668(4), 253 (2008)

[129] M. Martínez and M. Errando, A new approach to study energy-dependent arrival delays on photons from astrophysical sources, Astropart. Phys. 31(3), 226 (2009)

[130] H. Abdalla, F. Aharonian, F. A. Benkhali, E. O. Angüner, M. Arakawa, et al., The 2014 TeV γ-ray flare of MRK 501 seen with H.E.S.S.: Temporal and spectral constraints on lorentz invariance violation, Astrophys. J. 870(2), 93 (2019)

[131] F. Aharonian, A. G. Akhperjanian, U. Barres de Almeida, et al., Limits on an energy dependence of the speed of light from a flare of the active galaxy PKS 2155-304, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101(17), 170402 (2008)

[132] A. Abramowski, F. Acero, et al. [H.E.S.S. Collaboration], Search for Lorentz invariance breaking with a likelihood fit of the PKS 2155–304 flare data taken on MJD 53944, Astropart. Phys. 34(9), 738 (2011)

[133] N. Otte, in: International Cosmic Ray Conference, International Cosmic Ray Conference, Vol. 7 (2011), International Cosmic Ray Conference, Vol. 7, p. 256

[134] B. Zitzer, in: International Cosmic Ray Conference, International Cosmic Ray Conference, Vol. 33 (2013), International Cosmic Ray Conference, Vol. 33, p. 2768

[135] M. L. Ahnen, S. Ansoldi, et al. [MAGIC Collaboration], Constraining Lorentz invariance violation using the crab pulsar emission observed up to TeV energies by MAGIC, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 232(1), 9 (2017)

[136] R. C. Myers and M. Pospelov, Ultraviolet modifications of dispersion relations in effective field theory, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90(21), 211601 (2003)

[137] W. Coburn and S. E. Boggs, Polarization of the prompt γ-ray emission from the γ-ray burst of 6 December 2002, Nature 423, 415 (2003)

[138] R. E. Rutledge and D. B. Fox, Re-analysis of polarization in the γ-ray flux of GRB 021206, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 350(4), 1288 (2004)

[139] C. Wigger, W. Hajdas, K. Arzner, M. Gudel, and A. Zehnder, Gamma‐ray burst polarization: Limits from RHESSI measurements, Astrophys. J. 613(2), 1088 (2004)

[140] L. Maccione, S. Liberati, A. Celotti, J. G. Kirk, and P. Ubertini, γ-ray polarization constraints on Planck scale violations of special relativity, Phys. Rev. D 78(10), 103003 (2008)

[141] E. Kalemci, S. E. Boggs, C. Kouveliotou, M. Finger, and M. G. Baring, Search for polarization from the prompt gamma-ray emission of GRB 041219a with SPI on INTEGRAL, Astrophys. J. 75(Suppl. 169) (2007)

[142] S. McGlynn, D. J. Clark, A. J. Dean, L. Hanlon, S. McBreen, D. R. Willis, B. McBreen, A. J. Bird, and S. Foley, Polarisation studies of the prompt gamma-ray emission from GRB 041219a using the spectrometer aboard INTEGRAL, Astron. Astrophys. 466(3), 895 (2007)

[143] D. Götz, P. Laurent, F. Lebrun, F. Daigne, and Ž. Bošnjak, Variable polarization measured in the prompt emission of GRB 041219a using IBIS on board integral, Astrophys. J. 695(2), L208 (2009)

[144] D. Yonetoku, T. Murakami, S. Gunji, T. Mihara, K. Toma, T. Sakashita, Y. Morihara, T. Takahashi, N. Toukairin, H. Fujimoto, Y. Kodama, and S. Kubo, Detection of gamma-ray polarization in prompt emission of GRB 100826a, Astrophys. J. 743(2), L30 (2011)

[145] D. Yonetoku, T. Murakami, S. Gunji, T. Mihara, K. Toma, Y. Morihara, T. Takahashi, Y. Wakashima, H. Yonemochi, T. Sakashita, N. Toukairin, H. Fujimoto, and Y. Kodama, Magnetic structures in gamma-ray burst jets probed by gamma-ray polarization, Astrophys. J. 758(1), L1 (2012)

[146] H. K. Vedantham, V. Ravi, K. Mooley, D. Frail, G. Hallinan, and S. R. Kulkarni, On associating fast radio bursts with afterglows, Astrophys. J. 824(1), L9 (2016)

[147] P. K. G. Williams and E. Berger, No precise localization for FRB 150418: Claimed radio transient is AGN variability, Astrophys. J. 821(2), L22 (2016)

[148] S. Chatterjee, C. J. Law, R. S. Wharton, S. Burke-Spolaor, J. W. T. Hessels, et al., A direct localization of a fast radio burst and its host, Nature 541(7635), 58 (2017)

[149] J. W. T. Hessels, L. G. Spitler, A. D. Seymour, J. M. Cordes, D. Michilli, et al., FRB 121102 bursts show complex time–frequency structure, Astrophys. J. 876(2), L23 (2019)

[150] M. J. Bentum, L. Bonetti, and A. D. A. M. Spallicci, Dispersion by pulsars, magnetars, fast radio bursts and massive electromagnetism at very low radio frequencies, Adv. Space Res. 59(2), 736 (2017)

[151] W. Deng and B. Zhang, Cosmological implications of fast radio burst/gamma-ray burst associations, Astrophys. J. 783(2), L35 (2014)

[152] L. G. Spitler, P. Scholz, J. W. T. Hessels, S. Bogdanov, A. Brazier, et al., A repeating fast radio burst, Nature 531(7593), 202 (2016)

[153] S. P. Tendulkar, C. G. Bassa, J. M. Cordes, G. C. Bower, C. J. Law, S. Chatterjee, E. A. K. Adams, S. Bogdanov, S. Burke-Spolaor, B. J. Butler, P. Demorest, J. W. T. Hessels, V. M. Kaspi, T. J. W. Lazio, N. Maddox, B. Marcote, M. A. McLaughlin, Z. Paragi, S. M. Ransom, P. Scholz, A. Seymour, L. G. Spitler, H. J. van Langevelde, and R. S. Wharton, The host galaxy and redshift of the repeating fast radio burst FRB 121102, Astrophys. J. 834(2), L7 (2017)

[154] B. Marcote, K. Nimmo, J. W. T. Hessels, S. P. Tendulkar, C. G. Bassa, et al., A repeating fast radio burst source localized to a nearby spiral galaxy, Nature 577(7789), 190 (2020)

[155] K. W. Bannister, A. T. Deller, C. Phillips, et al., A single fast radio burst localized to a massive galaxy at cosmological distance, Science 365(6453), 565 (2019)

[156] J. X. Prochaska, J. P. Macquart, M. McQuinn, S. Simha, R. M. Shannon, C. K. Day, L. Marnoch, S. Ryder, A. Deller, K. W. Bannister, S. Bhandari, R. Bordoloi, J. Bunton, H. Cho, C. Flynn, E. K. Mahony, C. Phillips, H. Qiu, and N. Tejos, The low density and magnetization of a massive galaxy halo exposed by a fast radio burst, Science 366(6462), 231 (2019)

[157] V. Ravi, M. Catha, L. D’Addario, S. G. Djorgovski, G. Hallinan, R. Hobbs, J. Kocz, S. R. Kulkarni, J. Shi, H. K. Vedantham, S. Weinreb, and D. P. Woody, A fast radio burst localized to a massive galaxy, Nature 572(7769), 352 (2019)

[158] J. P. Macquart, J. X. Prochaska, M. McQuinn, K. W. Bannister, S. Bhandari, C. K. Day, A. T. Deller, R. D. Ekers, C. W. James, L. Marnoch, S. Osłowski, C. Phillips, S. D. Ryder, D. R. Scott, R. M. Shannon, and N. Tejos, A census of baryons in the Universe from localized fast radio bursts, Nature 581(7809), 391 (2020)

[159] J. X. Prochaska and Y. Zheng, Probing galactic haloes with fast radio bursts, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 485(1), 648 (2019)

[160] J. Xu and J. L. Han, Extragalactic dispersion measures of fast radio bursts, Res. Astron. Astrophys. 15(10), 1629 (2015)

[161] R. Luo, K. Lee, D. R. Lorimer, and B. Zhang, On the normalized FRB luminosity function, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 481(2), 2320 (2018)

[162] A. M. Hopkins and J. F. Beacom, On the normalization of the cosmic star formation history, Astrophys. J. 651(1), 142 (2006)

[163] L. X. Li, Star formation history up to z= 7.4: implications for gamma-ray bursts and cosmic metallicity evolution, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 388(4), 1487 (2008)

[164] N. Aghanim, Y. Akrami, M. Ashdown, J. Aumont, C. Baccigalupi, et al, Planck 2018 results, Astron. Astrophys. 641, A6 (2020)

[165] M. Fukugita, C. J. Hogan, and P. J. E. Peebles, The cosmic baryon budget, Astrophys. J. 503(2), 518 (1998)

[166] R. B. Tully, H. Courtois, Y. Hoffman, and D. Pomarede, The Laniakea supercluster of galaxies, Nature 513(7516), 71 (2014)

[167] O. Minazzoli, N. K. Johnson-McDaniel, and M. Sakellariadou, Shortcomings of Shapiro delay-based tests of the equivalence principle on cosmological scales, Phys. Rev. D 100(10), 104047 (2019)

[168] Z. Y. Wang, R. Y. Liu, and X. Y. Wang, Testing the equivalence principle and lorentz invariance with PeV neutrinos from blazar flares, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116(15), 151101 (2016)

[169] S. Boran, S. Desai, and E. O. Kahya, Constraints on differential Shapiro delay between neutrinos and photons from IceCube-170922A, Eur. Phys. J. C 79(3), 185 (2019)

[170] R. Laha, Constraints on neutrino speed, weak equivalence principle violation, Lorentz invariance violation, and dual lensing from the first high-energy astrophysical neutrino source TXS 0506+ 056, Phys. Rev. D 100(10), 103002 (2019)

[171] J. J. Wei, B. B. Zhang, L. Shao, H. Gao, Y. Li, Q. Q. Yin, X. F. Wu, X. Y. Wang, B. Zhang, and Z. G. Dai, Multimessenger tests of Einstein’s weak equivalence principle and Lorentz invariance with a high-energy neutrino from a flaring blazar, J. High Energy Astrophys. 22, 1 (2019)

[172] J. J. Wei, X. F. Wu, H. Gao, and P. Meszaros, Limits on the neutrino velocity, Lorentz invariance, and the weak equivalence principle with TeV neutrinos from gammaray bursts, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 08, 031 (2016)

[173] X. Li, Y. M. Hu, Y. Z. Fan, and D. M. Wei, GRB/GW association: Long–short GRB candidates, time lag, measuring gravitational wave velocity, and testing einstein’s equivalence principle, Astrophys. J. 827(1), 75 (2016)

[174] B. P. Abbott, R. Abbott, T. D. Abbott, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, et al, Gravitational waves and gamma-rays from a binary neutron star merger: GW170817 and GRB 170817A, Astrophys. J. 848(2), L13 (2017)

[175] M. Liu, Z. Zhao, X. You, J. Lu, and L. Xu, Test of the weak equivalence principle using LIGO observations of GW150914 and Fermi observations of GBM transient 150914, Phys. Lett. B 770, 8 (2017)

[176] H. Wang, F. W. Zhang, Y. Z. Wang, Z. Q. Shen, Y. F. Liang, X. Li, N. H. Liao, Z. P. Jin, Q. Yuan, Y. C. Zou, Y. Z. Fan, and D. M. Wei, The GW170817/GRB 170817A/AT 2017GFO Association: Some Implications for Physics and Astrophysics, Astrophys. J. 851(1), L18 (2017)

[177] J. J. Wei, B. B. Zhang, X. F. Wu, H. Gao, P. Meszaros, B. Zhang, Z. G. Dai, S. N. Zhang, and Z. H. Zhu, Multimessenger tests of the weak equivalence principle from GW170817 and its electromagnetic counterparts, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 11, 035 (2017)

[178] I. M. Shoemaker and K. Murase, Constraints from the time lag between gravitational waves and gamma rays: Implications of GW170817 and GRB 170817A, Phys. Rev. D 97(8), 083013 (2018)

[179] S. Boran, S. Desai, E. O. Kahya, and R. P. Woodard, GW170817 falsifies dark matter emulators, Phys. Rev. D 97(4), 041501 (2018)

[180] L. Yao, Z. Zhao, Y. Han, J. Wang, T. Liu, and M. Liu, Testing the weak equivalence principle with the binary neutron star merger GW 170817: The gravitational contribution of the host galaxy, Astrophys. J. 900(1), 31 (2020)

[181] C. Sivaram, Constraints on the photon mass and charge and test of equivalence principle from GRB 990123, Bull. Astron. Soc. India 27, 627 (1999)

[182] Y. Sang, H. N. Lin, and Z. Chang, Testing Einstein’s equivalence principle with short gamma-ray bursts, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 460, 2282 (2016)

[183] Z. X. Luo, B. Zhang, J. J. Wei, and X. F. Wu, Testing Einstein’s Equivalence Principle with supercluster Laniakea’s gravitational field, J. High Energy Astrophysics. 9, 35 (2016)

[184] H. Yu, S. Q. Xi, and F. Y. Wang, A new method to test the Einstein’s weak equivalence principle, Astrophys. J. 860(2), 173 (2018)

[185] S. J. Tingay and D. L. Kaplan, Limits on Einstein’s equivalence principle from the first localized fast radio burst FRB 150418, Astrophys. J. 820(2), L31 (2016)

[186] A. Nusser, On testing the equivalence principle with extragalactic bursts, Astrophys. J. 821(1), L2 (2016)

[187] D. Wang, Z. Li, and J. Zhang, Weak equivalence principle, swampland and H 0 tension with fast single radio bursts FRB 180924 and FRB 190523, Physics of the Dark Universe 29, 100571 (2020)

[188] J. J. Wei, J. S. Wang, H. Gao, and X. F. Wu, Tests of the Einstein equivalence principle using TeV blazars, Astrophys. J. 818(1), L2 (2016)

[189] Y. P. Yang and B. Zhang, Testing Einstein’s weak equivalence principle with a 0.4-nanosecond giant pulse of the Crab pulsar, Phys. Rev. D 94(10), 101501 (2016)

[190] Y. Zhang and B. Gong, Test of weak equivalence principle with the multi-band timing of the Crab pulsar, Astrophys. J. 837(2), 134 (2017)

[191] S. Desai and E. Kahya, Galactic Shapiro delay to the Crab pulsar and limit on weak equivalence principle violation, Eur. Phys. J. C 78(2), 86 (2018)

[192] C. Leung, B. Hu, S. Harris, A. Brown, J. Gallicchio, and H. Nguyen, Testing the weak equivalence principle using optical and near-infrared Crab pulses, Astrophys. J. 861(1), 66 (2018)

[193] E. O. Kahya and S. Desai, Constraints on frequencydependent violations of Shapiro delay from GW150914, Phys. Lett. B 756, 265 (2016)

[194] S. C. Yang, W. B. Han, and G. Wang, Tests of weak equivalence principle with the gravitational wave signals in the LIGO-Virgo catalogue GWTC-1, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 499(1), L53 (2020)

[195] H. Yu and F. Y. Wang, Testing weak equivalence principle with strongly lensed cosmic transients, Eur. Phys. J. C 78(9), 692 (2018)

[196] O. Minazzoli, Strong lensing in multimessenger astronomy as a test of the equivalence principle, arXiv: 1912.06891 (2019)

[197] X. F. Wu, J. J. Wei, M. X. Lan, H. Gao, Z. G. Dai, and P. Meszaros, New test of weak equivalence principle using polarized light from astrophysical events, Phys. Rev. D 95(10), 103004 (2017)

[198] J. J. Wei and X. F. Wu, Testing the weak equivalence principle and Lorentz invariance with multiwavelength polarization observations of GRB optical afterglows, Eur. Phys. J. Plus 135(6), 527 (2020)

[199] S. X. Yi, Y. C. Zou, X. Yang, B. Liao, and S. W. Wei, Constraining the Einstein equivalence principle with multi-wavelength observations of polarized blazars, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 493(2), 1782 (2020)

[200] S. X. Yi, Y. C. Zou, J. J. Wei, and Q. Q. Zhou, Constraining Einstein’s equivalence principle with multiwavelength polarized astrophysical sources, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 498(3), 4295 (2020)

[201] H. Abdalla, R. Adam, F. Aharonian, F. Ait Benkhali, E. O. Angüner, et al, A very-high-energy component deep in the γ-ray burst afterglow, Nature 575(7783), 464 (2019)

[202] B. Zhang, Extreme emission seen from γ-ray bursts, Nature 575(7783), 448 (2019)

[203] M. L. McConnell, High energy polarimetry of prompt GRB emission, New Astron. Rev. 76, 1 (2017)

[204] S. Gao and R. M. Wald, Theorems on gravitational time delay and related issues, Class. Quantum Grav. 17(24), 4999 (2000)

[205] Y. Hoffman, D. Pomarede, R. B. Tully, and H. M. Courtois, The dipole repeller, Nat. Astron. 1, 0036 (2017)

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2021 Higher Education Press