A metallic crystalline/amorphous (c/a) bulk composite was prepared by the slow cooling method after remelting the amorphous Fe78Si9B13 ribbon. By X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), the composite consists of the primary dendrite α-Fe (without Si) as well as the amorphous matrix. After being anneal at 800 K, the uniform spheroid particles are formed in the c/a composite, which does not form in the amorphous ribbon under the various annealing process. Energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX), SEM and XRD were applied to give more detailed information. The formation and evolution of the particle may stimulate the possible application of the Fe-matrix amorphous alloy.
The synthesis of CdSe/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals though aqueous phase using the coprecipitation method was reported. The influences of factors such as injection methods and dosages of precursors, reaction duration of water-bathing and the initial CdSe:ZnS molar ratio were discussed. In comparison to the CdSe plain core nanocrystals, the CdSe/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals show much brighter photoluminescence demonstrated by the photoluminescence spectra. The epitaxial growth of the core/shell structures was verified by TEM and XRD.
The oxidation of adrenaline by dioxygen using copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) as the catalyzer was studied. CuPc has the optimal catalytic pH of 8.0 and the optimal catalytic temperature of 55 °C. It also has good storage and operation stability. The fiber optic adrenaline biosensor based on CuPc catalysis and fluorescence quenching was fabricated and studied. This sensor has the detection range of 7.0×10−5–1.5×10−4 mol/L, the response time of 4 min, good reproducibility and stability.
Chrome-doped titanium oxide films were prepared by reactive magnetron sputtering method. The films deposited on glass slides at room temperature were investigated by atom force microscope, X-ray diffractometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, the photoluminescence (PL) and ellipse polarization apparatus. The results indicate that TiO2-Cr film exists in the form of amorphous. The prepared films possess a band gap of less than 3.20 eV, and a new absorption peak. The films, irradiated for 5 h under UV light, exhibit excellent photocatalytic activities with the optimum decomposition rate at 98.5% for methylene blue. Consequently, the thickness threshold on these films is 114 nm, at which the rate of photodegradation is 95% in 5 h. When the thickness is over 114 nm, the rate of photodegradation becomes stable. This result is completely different from that of crystalloid TiO2 thin film.
Hyaluronic acid (HA) was chemically modified by polyethylene glycol. Meanwhile, the dynamic mechanics properties of HA derivative and its viscoelastic changes were measured on 3ARES3 Rheometer (Japan) at 25 °C. Dried cross-linked films of 10×10 mm2 were immersed in phosphate buffered saline(PBS: pH 7.4) at 37 °C with different time periods to measure its water content and in vitro degradation. Moreover, cell cultured solutions, which were in the different cultivation vesse with 1 mg/mL Solution of HA derivative as doing experimental sample for 2 d, 4 d and 7 d, were observed, respectively, by an inverted discrepancy microscope. The cell relative growth rate was analyzed with the SPSS10.0 mathematic statistic software. Based on the above experiments, structure-modified HA derivative can meet the requirements of biomaterials in view of rheological and degradation in vitro and cytotoxicity charactereistics from clinical medical aspect under this experiment conditions.
The Bi4Ti3O12 and Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 thin films were prepared on the Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate using the sol-gel method. The effect of La doping on the microstructure and ferroelectric properties of Bi4Ti3O12 films were investigated. Both the Bi4Ti3O12 and Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 thin films exhibited typical bismuth layered perovskite structure. The 2Pr (remanent polarization) value of Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 thin films is 18.6 μC/cm2, which is much larger than that of Bi4Ti3O12 thin films. And the Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 films show fatigue-free behavior, while the Bi4Ti3O12 thin films exhibit the fatigue problem. The mechanism of improvement of La doping was discussed.
Tensile properties of automotive needlepunched carpets made up of two layers of different materials (a fabric layer and a foam layer) in their thermoforming temperatures ranges with or without heat dispersion were discussed. Effects of forming temperature, extensile speed and fiber orientation on the tensile properties were studied based on an orthogonal experiment design. The experimental results show that automotive carpets are rate-dependent anisotropic materials and more strongly depend on forming temperature than the extensile speed and fiber orientation. Furthermore, contributions of the fabric layer and the foam layer to the overall tensile performance were investigated by comparing the tensile results of single fabric layer with those of the overall carpet. Both the fabric layer and the foam layer show positive effects on the overall tensile strength which is the combination of the two layers’ tensile strength and independent of temperature, extensile speed and fiber orientation. On the other hand, their influences on the overall deformation are relatively complicated.
An effective method for determining the refractive index of weak absorption transparent thin films was presented, which is also applicable to other weak absorption dielectric thin films. The as-deposited Ta2O5 thin films prepared by ion assisted electron beam evaporation showed a maxima transmittance as high as 93% which was close to that of the bare substrate, and exhibited a blue shift when the substrate temperature increased from room temperature to 250 °C. The refractive index seemed to be immune to the substrate temperature and film thickness with its value about 2.14 at incidence wavelength of 550 nm. The surface morphology measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that the microstructures lead to the slim optical difference, which was the interplay of substrate temperature and assisted ion beam.
With industrial grade Al(OH)3 as raw materials, the self dispersion nanosized AlOOH crystal powder were prepared by the sol-hydrothermal method. The results of XRD and TEM show that the nanosized AlOOH could automatically disperse to a single-dispersing state in water without surface modification, dispersant, additive and accessional conditions (ultrasonic wave dispersing, ball-mill dispersing). The application results of the product indicate that the nanosized AlOOH can be composed into a toughened nanocomposites without surface modification. Accordingly, the self dispersion characteristic and mechanism of hydrothermal crystallization and charging composite dispersion of nanosized AlOOH are found, and a new technique of preparing polymer/inorganic nanocomposites is proposed, which is called blending compositing new techniques of sol even dispersing at quasi-homogeneous phase.
Dispersing and doping of BaTiO3 powder by adsorption method were investigated. Ultrafine BaTiO3 powders were dispersed in the aqueous with ammoniumized citrate (NH4-CA) or ammoniumized citric lanthanum chelate (NH4-La-CA) as dispersant by ultrasonic bath. Better dispersion of BaTiO3 slurry was obtained in the aqueous with NH4-La-CA than that of NH4-CA when the mass ratio of citric acid (CA) to BaTiO3 was less than 0.007. The pH value hardly affects the dispersion property of BaTiO3 suspension dispersed by NH4-La-CA. BaTiO3 powder could be well dispersed (median size D 50=0.45 μm) and also doped with high uniformity of added components by adsorbing citric acid chelate on surface. Compared with solid mixing, better microstructure and properties of La/Mn codoped ceramics were obtained by adsorption method.
The microwave dielectric properties and microstructure of BaTi4.3ZnyO9.6+y +0.02 mol% SnO2+0.01 mol% MnCO3+x mol% Nb2O5(x=0–0.05, y=0–0.08) system ceramics were studied as a function of the amount of ZnO and Nb2O5 doped. Addition of (y=0–0.05) ZnO and (x=0–0.025) Nb2O5 enhanced the reactivity and decreased the sintering temperature effectively. It also increased the dielectric constant ɛ r and quality factor Q(=1/tan δ) of the system due to the substitution of Ti4+ ions with incorporating Zn2+ and Nb5+ ions, which was analyzed by the reaction ZnO+Nb2O5+ 3 TiTi x → ZnTi+ 2NbTi ·+3TiO2. When the system doped with (y=0.05) ZnO and (x=0.025) Nb2O5 were sintered at 1 160 °C for 6 h, the ɛ r, Q f0 value and τ f were 36.5, 42 000 GHz, and+1.8 ppm/°C, respectively, at 5 GHz.
The polycrystalline Eu2+ and Dy3+ co-doped strontium aluminates SrAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+ with different compositions were prepared by solid state reactions. The UV-excited photoluminescence, persistent luminescence and thermo-luminescence were studied and compared. Results show that the doped Eu2+ ion in SrAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+ phosphors works as not only the UV-excited luminescent center but also the persistent luminescent center. The doped Dy3+ ion can hardly yield any luminescence under UV-excitation, but effectively enhance the persistent luminescence and thermo-luminescence of SrAl2O4: Eu2+. Dy3+ co-doping can help form electron traps with appropriate depth due to its suitable electro-negativity, and increase the density and depth of electron traps. Based on above observations, a persistent luminescence mechanism, electron transfer model, is proposed and illustrated.
C-SiC coatings were prepared on stainless steel with magnetron sputtering deposition followed by Argon ion bombardment. These samples were implanted by 5 keV hydrogen ion beam. SEM, SIMS and IR transmission were utilized to study the mechanism and the stability of hydrogen retention of C-SiC coatings. Comparison was made between the samples with and without removing Argon by heating then followed by H+ ion implantation. The results show that removal of argon by heating can improve the hydrogen retention of the C-SiC coatings. The thermal stability of hydrogen barrier for the C-SiC coatings was investigated, it is found that the property of hydrogen retention for the C-SiC coatings is still good after heating at 573 K, but it becomes worse after heating at 873 K, and it loses after heating at 1 173 K.
The chemical composition of the passivating layer formed on nano SnO2 anodes in 1 M LiClO4 + (ethylene carbonate)EC + (dimethyl carbonate)DMC at different charge/discharge states in lithium secondary batteries was studied using extra reflectance FTIR spectra. Results show that solvent decomposition reaction that generally occurs on the surface of carbon and alkali metal electrodes also takes place on nano-SnO2 anode, and the major constituent of the passivating layer is Li2CO3 and ROCO2Li. Formation of the passivating layer would certainly lead to the irreversible capacity loss.
The TiB2 thin films were deposited on steel substrates using RF magnetron sputtering technique with the low normalized substrate temperature (0.1<T s/T m<0.2). Microstructure of these films was obtained by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and the grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) characterization, while the composition of films was obtained using Auger emission spectroscopy (AES) analysis. It was found that the TiB2 thin films were overstoichiometric with the B/Ti ratio at 2.33 and the diffusion of Ti and B atoms on the substrate surface was greatly improved at 350 °C. Moreover, a new dense structure, named “equiaxed” grain structure was observed by FESEM at this substrate temperature. Combined with FESEM and AES analysis, it was suggested that the “equiaxed” grain structure was located in Zone 2 at the normalized substrate temperature as low as 0.18.
FePt thin films and [FePt/Ag] n multilayer thin films were prepared by magnetron sputtering technique and subsequent annealing process. By comparing the microstructure and magnetic properties of these two kinds of thin films, effects of Ag addition on the structure and properties of FePt thin films were investigated. Proper Ag addition was found helpful for FePt phase transition at lower annealing temperature. With Ag addition, the magnetic domain pattern of FePt thin film changed from maze-like pattern to more discrete island-like domain pattern in [FePt/Ag] n multilayer thin films. In addition, introducing nonmagnetic Ag hindered FePt grains from growing larger. The in-depth defects in FePt films and [FePt/Ag] n multilayer films verify that Ag addition is attributed to a large number of pinning site defects in [FePt/Ag] n film and therefore has effects on its magnetic properties and microstructure.
The structure and properties of Mg-doped SrBi4Ti4O15(SBT) were dicussed. Mg substitution into SBT had two possibilities states with the dopant amount variety. Mg cation substituted mostly into Sr2+ and the amount proportion was 68.11%. Mg ion will substitute into Ti ion site in perovskite layer when the doping amount increases. Polarization increases sharply when x=0.1 and then decreases becauses of the domain pinning. The Curie temperature of Mg-doped SBT is about 300 °C and there is a broad diffuse phase transition near T c with a flat peak near the T a of SBT.
The effect of substitutional element Zn on corrosion behavior of Mg65Cu25Gd10 glass was investigated. The amorphous structure of Mg65Cu25−x Zn xGd10 (x=0, 5) alloys were examined by X-ray diffractometry and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The dissolution rates of Mg65Cu25−xZn xGd10 (x=0, 5) metallic glasses in a 5 wt% NaCl solution with pH value of 7 were determined by a hydrogen evolution testing method. The corrosion behavior of these alloys was characterized using dipping tests with 5 wt% NaCl, in combination with electrochemical measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results show that the anti-corrosion ability of Mg65Cu25Gd10 alloy is significantly improved due to the addition of Zn. Possible mechanism responsible for the improvement is discussed.
The thermal decomposition of Leightonite, K2Ca2Cu (SO4)4·2H2O, was studied by thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA), differential thermal analysis(DTA), X-ray diffraction(XRD), etc. The results show that the Leightonite is dehydrated around 170 °C to 390 °C and transformed to be new intermediate (K-Cu-SO4) sulphate salt with bright-green color. Moreover, the chemical structure changes during the thernal decomposition process was describled in detail. And the as-resulting phases are demonstrated to be K2Ca2(SO4)3, K2SO4, CaSO4, and Cu2O.
The surface properties of glass fiber were quantificationally analyzed by inverse gas chromatography (IGC). Five n-alkanes (C6, C7, C8, C9, and C10) were chosen as apolar probes to characterize the dispersive component of surface free energy. Trichloromethane (CHCl3), acetone, and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were chosen as polar probes to detect the Lewis acid-base parameters. It is found that the dispersive components of free energy are 32.3, 30.5, 27.5, and 26.9 mJ/m2 at 70, 80, 90, and 100 °C, respectively. The Lewis acidic number K a of the glass fiber is 0.512 4, and the basic number K b is 2.862. The results mean the glass fiber is a Lewis basic material.
The biological method to synthesize thuringiensin and the influence of formate on thuringiensin biosynthesis were investigated. Addition of 1.00 g/L formate to growth medium of bacillus thuringiensis YBT-032 resulted in significant enhancements in productions of citrate, α-ketoglutarate, intracellular adenine and thuringiensin. These results demonstrate that added formate attends metabolism of cell, facilitates carbon metabolic flux in tricarboxylic acid cycle and hexose monophosphate pathway. As a carbon source, formate facilitates cell growth, increases glucose consumption and enhances the ability of cell to synthesis adenine analogues, and subsequently thuringiensin. Thuringiensin production rate significantly enhanced from 6.44 to 8.46 mg·g−1·h−1 and transformation ratio from glucose to thuringiensin increased by 43.30%.
The hot deformation behavior of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag was studied by isothermal hot compression tests in the temperature range of 573–773 K and strain rate range of 0.001–1 s−1 on a Gleeble 1500 D thermal mechanical simulator. The results show the flow stress of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy increases with strain rate and decreases after a peak value, indicating dynamic recovery and recrystallization. A hyperbolic sine relationship is found to correlate well the flow stress with the strain rate and temperature, the flow stress equation is estimated to illustrate the relation of strain rate and stress and temperature during high temperature deformation process. The processing maps exhibit two domains as optimum fields for hot deformation at different strains, including the high strain rate domain in 623–773 K and the low strain rate domain in 573–673 K
The influence of different relative density on the cyclic oxidation behaviors of MoSi2 at 1 273 K were studied. “Pesting” was not found in all MoSi2 materials after being oxidized for 480 h. All samples exhibited continuous mass gain during the oxidation process. The mass gains of MoSi2 with the lowest relative density (78.6%) and the highest relative density (94.8%) are increased by 8.15 mg·cm−2 and 3.48 mg·cm−2, respectively. The surface of the material with lower relative density formed a loose, porous and discontinuous oxidation scale, which accelerated oxygen diffusion and aggravated the oxidation process. However, a dense scale in the material with higher relative density is formed, which acts a diffusion barrier to the oxygen atoms penetrating into the matrix. The high temperature oxidation resistance of MoSi2 can be improved by increasing its relative density.
Galvanic corrosion behavior of Ti-1023 titanium alloy coupled 30CrMnSiA steel was investigated in 3.5% NaCl solution. Particular attention was given to the effect of three different electroplated coatings on corrosion behavior of the galvanic couple. Galvanic corrosion test was conducted on Ti-1023 titanium alloy which coupled Ni-electroplated 30CrMnSiA, Zn-electroplated 30CrMnSiA, Cd-electroplated 30CrMnSiA and bare 30CrMnSiA, respectively. Corrosion properties including open circuit potential (E oc), galvanic corrosion potential (E g), and galvanic corrosion current (I g) were monitored. Corrosion morphology was observed by optical microscope (OM) and corrosion mechanism was analyzed and discussed. The results show that the three electroplated coatings improve the corrosion resistance of the anode in different magnitudes. Ni-electroplated 30CrMnSiA and Cd-electroplated 30CrMnSiA coatings are found to be least susceptible to galvanic corrosion when coupled Ti-1023 titanium alloy. Zn-electroplated 30CrMnSiA is moderately susceptible to galvanic corrosion. But the bare 30CrMnSiA is highly susceptible to galvanic corrosion in corrosive environment.
NiZn ferrite thin films were performed on glass substrates of 85 °C by spin spray plating method. X-ray diffraction patterns of the films show that the samples have a cubic spinel structure with no extra lines corresponding to any other phases between 75 °C and 85 °C. As the pH value of oxidizing solution increases to 8.3, the saturation magnetization increases to 3.13×105 A/m and resistivity to 127 mΩ·cm. Film deposited at pH 7.8 has a smooth surface and definite columnar structure. The large wavy flakes were observed at pH 8.3. The high real part of complex permeability μ′ up to 36.1 and the imaginary part µ″ up to 53.2 were observed at 0.5 GHz by short microstrip line perturbation method. The μ″ of thin film has values higher than 20 at the frequencies between 0.5 GHz and 2 GHz, the film is a promising anti-noise material for high frequency applications.
Interfacial reactions between solid nickel and liquid zinc at 450–650 °C for 30–600 s were studied. The morphology and growth behavior of intermetallic compound layers at the interface between solid nickel and liquid zinc were observed and analyzed by SEM and EDS. The results show that γ and δ phases are formed at 450 °C at the Ni/Zn interface, and at 550 °C and 650 °C only γphase is formed at the interface and some δ phase particles will be participated during solidification on the surface of γ phase layer. The δ 1 phase is absent under experimental conditions. Many cracks occur in the layers due to the difference in thermal expansion coefficients of these phases. It is found that the kinetics of the intermetallic compounds growth follows a parabolic law of time, as controlled by the diffusion mechanism. The apparent activation energies are 113.9 kJ/mol for the growth of γ phase and 125.87 kJ/mol for γ 1 phase, respectively.
The influence of processing parameters on the microstructure and shape memory effect of Cu-26.1Zn-4.8Al alloy was investigated. The treated specimens were characterized by metallography, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to explain the mechanism of shape memory effect in Cu-26.1Zn-4.8Al alloy. The results reveal that the shape memory effect is markedly increased by appropriate quenching and ageing process. XRD shows that γ phase precipitates from martensite when aged at higher temperature and γ precipitates impair the shape memory effect. TEM analysis indicate that the substructure of plate-like martensite consists of twins and stacking faults.
Under spinning conditions, lubricant on islandic spot patterned M2 steel disc experiences centrifugal and tangential force components. Depending upon the relative position of the spots and the flow of lubricant, accumulation of lubricant in front of patterned islandic spots creates thrusting to mating part and subsequently reduces contact between the mating couple. Whilst wear debris is likely to be spun off the plateau of the spots to their neighbouring valleys so as to reduce wear. Hence, it gives favorable tribological characteristics. Aiming at verifying such mechanisms, studies were performed on M2 steel disc specimens slid with ASSAB 17 tool steel pin. The M2 steel disc specimens were respectively (i) machined with non-patterned (NP), (ii) etched to produce in-lined (INE) islandic patterns, and (iii) etched to produce staggered (STE) islandic spot patterns. Results indicated that the INE patterned discs gave most favorable wear characteristics, the NP of the worse characteristics whilst the STE ranged in the middle. However, the actual contact mechanism leads to the descending sequence of favorable friction behaviors nominally as: NP, INE and STE.
The tensile properties of five groups of composite specimens, which consist of steel plate bonded by CFRP, were experimentally researched. The failure types, performing characteristics and failure mechanism of the composite specimens were investigated in detail. The influence of different ratio of CFRP on bearing capacity, loading-strain curves, compound modulus, rigidity and ductility of the composite specimens was analyzed. The experimental results indicate that the composite specimen can work harmonically and the steel plate does not break in tension. Comparing with steel plate, the bearing capacity and the rigidity of the composite specimens increase and ductility decreases. The bearing capacity increases sharply with the increase in the number of layers of CFRP. With the increase in CFRP, the yield strength increases slightly and ductility decreases. The experimental researches can provide a theoretical basis for engineering application of combination strengthening.
To explore a new structure form of fiber reinforced concrete, namely, the layered steel fiber and layered hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (LSFRC and LHFRC), the mechanical properties of LSFRC and LHFRC, such as compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, fatigue and durability were focused on. The experimental results show that LSFRC and LHFRC can improve the flexural strength of concrete by 20%–50%. In the aspect of improving the flexural strength of concrete, adulterant rate has more obvious effect than length/diameter ratio. Double logarithmic fatigue equation considered liveability was founded. The impermeability of LHFRC is superior to LSFRC and plain concrete (C). However, the porosity of LHFRC is lower than LSFRC and C. The shrinkage of LHFRC at every age is obviously lower than C. The antifreeze durability of LHFRC is also better than C.
Suitable methods for enhancing the volume stability of steel slag utilized as fine aggregate were determined. The effects of steam treatment at 100 °C and autoclave treatment under 2.0 MPa on the soundness of steel slag sand were investigated by means of powder ratio, linear expansion, compressive and flexural strength. DTA, EDX, XRD and ethylene glycol methods were employed to analyze both the treated slags and susceptible expansion grains. Experimental results indicate that powder ratio, content of free lime and rate of linear expansion can express the improvement in volume stability of different treated methods. Steam treatment process cannot ultimately prevent specimens from cracking and decrease of strength, but mortar made from autoclave treated slag keeps integration subjected to hot water of 80 °C until 28 d and its strength do not show significant decrement. The hydration of over-burn free lime and periclase phase are the main cause for the disintegration or crack of untreated and steam treated steel slag’s specimens. Autoclave treatment process is more effective than steam treatment process on enhancement of volume stability of steel slag.
Spalling and mechanical properties of FRHPC subjected to fire were tested on notched beams. The results confirm that the internal vapor pressure is the leading reason for spalling of high-performance concrete (HPC). At the same time, the temperature-increasing velocity and constrained conditions of concrete element also play significant roles in spalling. Steel fibers cannot reduce the risk of spalling, although they have obvious beneficial effects on the mechanical properties of concrete before and after exposure to fire. Polypropylene (PP) fibers are very useful in preventing HPC from spalling, however, they have negative effects on the strengths. By using hybrid fibers (steel fibers+PP fibers), both good anti-spalling performance and improved mechanical properties come true, which may provide necessary safe guarantee for the rescue work and structure repair after fire disaster.
A new way to improve the tunnel fire protection by using flame-retarded porous asphalt pavement containing ATH powders was introduced. Based on the miniature burning test designed and conducted, the burning time and temperature of porous asphalt (PA) and flame-retarded porous asphalt (FRPA) were studied comparing with cement concrete pavement, dense-graded HMA and SMA. Results of burning test and pavement performance test indicate that FRPA is appropriate and suitable as the pavement material of highway tunnel.
The enhancement effects of GH admixture on the early strengths of fly ash concrete and mortar were studied, and the mechanism was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electro microscope (SEM). Experimental results show that, by the incorporation of GH admixture, both of cement hydration and pozzolanic reaction of fly ash are accelerated, the strengths of fly ash concrete and mortar are enhanced noticeably, especially the early strength. With a mixture design of 200 kg/m3 OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement), 200 kg/m3 fly ash and 50 kg/m3 GH admixture, the strength of concrete at 1 d, 3 d and 28 d reaches 25 MPa, 50 MPa and 70 MPa respectively.
The change of electrical resistivity with time at early ages was used to investigate the hydration process and the porosity development. Porosity reduction process of cement-based materials hydration was developed by a proposed method. The porosity reduction is fast at the setting period. The results find that the pore discontinuity occurs faster at lower water/cement ratios than at higher water/cement ratios which is similar to the results of the Percolation method.
The wave equations about displacement, velocity, stress and strain in functionally gradient material (FGM) with constituents varied continuously and smoothly were established. Four kinds of waves are of linear second-order partial differential equation of hyperbolic type and have the same characteristic curve at the plane of X,t. In general, the varying mode of stress is different from that of displacement and velocity at the front of wave. But in a special case that the product of density ρ and elastic modulus E of the material remains unchanged, the three wave equations have a similar expression and they have a similar varying mode in the front of wave.