Two-dimensional anisotropic vortex quantum droplets in dipolar Bose−Einstein condensates

Abstract

Creation of stable intrinsically anisotropic self-bound states with embedded vorticity is a challenging issue. Previously, no such states in Bose−Einstein condensates (BECs) or other physical settings were known. Dipolar BEC suggests a unique possibility to predict stable two dimensional anisotropic vortex quantum droplets (2D-AVQDs). We demonstrate that they can be created with the vortex axis oriented perpendicular to the polarization of dipoles. The stability area and characteristics of the 2D-AVQDs in the parameter space are revealed by means of analytical and numerical methods. Further, the rotation of the polarizing magnetic field is considered, and the largest angular velocities, up to which spinning 2D-AVQDs can follow the rotation in clockwise and anti-clockwise directions, are found. Collisions between moving 2D-AVQDs are studied too, demonstrating formation of bound states with a vortex−antivortex−vortex structure. A stability domain for such stationary bound states is identified. Unstable dipolar states, that can be readily implemented by means of phase imprinting, quickly transform into robust 2D-AVQDs, which suggests a straightforward possibility for the creation of these states in the experiment.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

dipolar Bose−Einstein condensate / anisotropic vortex quantum droplets

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Declarations

The authors declare that they have no competing interests and there are no conflicts.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) through Grant Nos. 12274077, 11874112, 12305013, and 11905032, the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province through Grant Nos. 2021A1515010214 and 2021A1515111015, the Key Research Projects of General Colleges in Guangdong Province through Grant No. 2019KZDXM001, the Research Fund of Guangdong−Hong Kong−Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro−Nano Optoelectronic Technology through Grant No. 2020B1212030010. The work of B.A.M. was supported, in part, by the Israel Science Foundation through Grant No. 1695/22.

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