Transport in electron−photon systems

Abstract

We review the description and modeling of transport phenomena among the electron systems coupled via scalar or vector photons. It consists of three parts. The first part is about scalar photons, i.e., Coulomb interactions. The second part is with transverse photons described by vector potentials. The third part is on ϕ = 0 or temporal gauge, which is a full theory of the electrodynamics. We use the nonequilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) formalism as a basic tool to study steady-state transport. Although with local equilibrium it is equivalent to the fluctuational electrodynamics (FE), the advantage of NEGF is that it can go beyond FE due to its generality. We have given a few examples in the review, such as transfer of heat between graphene sheets driven by potential bias, emission of light by a double quantum dot, and emission of energy, momentum, and angular momentum from a graphene nanoribbon. All of these calculations are based on a generalization of the Meir−Wingreen formula commonly used in electronic transport in mesoscopic systems, with materials properties represented by photon self-energy, coupled with the Keldysh equation and the solution to the Dyson equation.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

quantum transport / thermal radiation / scalar and vector photons / nonequilibrium Green's function

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Acknowledgements

We thank Gaomin Tang, Jingtao Lü, and Mauro Antezza for collaborations. J.-S. W. thanks Mehran Kardar for hosting a visit at MIT. He also thanks Shanhui Fan, Philippe Ben Abdallah, Matthias Krüger, and Zhuomin Zhang for discussion. This work is supported by NSFC under grant No. 12204346, MOE tier 2 grant R-144-000-411-112, and MOE Academic Research Tier 1 Fund A-8000990-00-00. Parts of the manuscript were written while visiting Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. NSF PHY-1748958.

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