Noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers

Abstract

Quantum computers have made extraordinary progress over the past decade, and significant milestones have been achieved along the path of pursuing universal fault-tolerant quantum computers. Quantum advantage, the tipping point heralding the quantum era, has been accomplished along with several waves of breakthroughs. Quantum hardware has become more integrated and architectural compared to its toddler days. The controlling precision of various physical systems is pushed beyond the fault-tolerant threshold. Meanwhile, quantum computation research has established a new norm by embracing industrialization and commercialization. The joint power of governments, private investors, and tech companies has significantly shaped a new vibrant environment that accelerates the development of this field, now at the beginning of the noisy intermediate-scale quantum era. Here, we first discuss the progress achieved in the field of quantum computation by reviewing the most important algorithms and advances in the most promising technical routes, and then summarizing the next-stage challenges. Furthermore, we illustrate our confidence that solid foundations have been built for the fault-tolerant quantum computer and our optimism that the emergence of quantum killer applications essential for human society shall happen in the future.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

quantum computer / quantum algorithm / quantum chip

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Acknowledgements

We thank Fei Yan for his contributions to the superconducting qubits section, and thank valuable discussions with Xiaodong He, we thank Chao-Yang Lu, Andrea Morello and Lieven M. K. Vandersypen for valuable comments, and we also thank Jiasheng Mai for figure polishing. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U1801661, 12174178, 11905098, 12204228, 12004165, 11875159, 12075110, 92065111, 12275117, 11905099, 11975117, 12004164, 62174076, 92165210, 11904157, 11661161018, 11927811, and 12004371), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2019YFA0308100 and 2018YFA0306600), the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (No. 2018B030326001), the Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program (Nos. 2016ZT06D348 and 2019ZT08C044), the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory (No. 2019B121203002), the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (Grant Nos. 2021B1515020070 and 2022B1515020074), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (No. 2017B030308003), the Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen, Municipality (Grant Nos. KYTDPT20181011104202253, KQTD20210811090049034, K21547502, ZDSYS20190902092905285, KQTD20190929173815000, KQTD20200820113010023, JCYJ20200109140803865 and JCYJ20170412152620376), Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (Nos. RCBS20200714114820298 and RCYX20200714114522109), the Shenzhen-Hong Kong Cooperation Zone for Technology and Innovation (HZQB-KCZYB-2020050), the Anhui Initiative in Quantum Information Technologies (Grant No. AHY050000), the Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology (Grant No. 2021ZD0303205), Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (GRF No. 14308019), the Research Strategic Funding Scheme of The Chinese University of Hong Kong (No. 3133234). F.N. is supported in part by: Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT) Research, the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) [via the Quantum Leap Flagship Program (Q-LEAP), and the Moonshot R&D Grant Number JPMJMS2061], the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) [via the Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) Grant No. JP20H00134], the Asian Office of Aerospace Research and Development (AOARD) (via Grant No. FA2386-20-1-4069), and the Foundational Questions Institute Fund (FQXi) via Grant No. FQXi-IAF19-06.

Author contributions

M.-H.Y., Y.H., X.-H.D., J.L., D.L., B.-C.L., P.H., and Y.L. wrote the abstract and introduction. M.-H.Y. and B.C. wrote the quantum algorithms section. X.G., Y.Z., and F.N. wrote the superconducting qubits section. Y.L. wrote the trapped-ion qubits section. Y.H., P.H., and G.H. wrote the semiconductor spin qubits section. D.L. and C.Q. wrote the NV centers section. J.L., T.X., and X.-H.P. wrote the NMR system section. S.Y. wrote the neutral atom arrays section. H.W. wrote the photonic quantum computing section. X.-H.D., P.H., Y.H., and M.-H.Y. wrote the outlook and conclusion. The manuscript was revised by X.-H.D., P.H., J.Z., S.Z., F.N. and D.Y. with input from all other authors. D.Y. supervised the review project.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

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