Sender-controlled measurement-device-independent multiparty quantum communication

Abstract

Multiparty quantum communication is an important branch of quantum networks. It enables private information transmission with information-theoretic security among legitimate parties. We propose a sender-controlled measurement-device-independent multiparty quantum communication protocol. The sender Alice divides a private message into several parts and delivers them to different receivers for secret sharing with imperfect measurement devices and untrusted ancillary nodes. Furthermore, Alice acts as an active controller and checks the security of quantum channels and the reliability of each receiver before she encodes her private message for secret sharing, which makes the protocol convenient for multiparity quantum communication.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

measurement-device-independent / sender-controlled / deterministic multiparty quantum communication

References

[1] N. Gisin , G. Ribordy , W. Tittel , and H. Zbinden , Quantum cryptography, Rev. Mod. Phys. 74 (1), 145 (2002)

[2] Z. X. Cui , W. Zhong , L. Zhou , and Y. B. Sheng , Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution with hyper-encoding, Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 62 (11), 110311 (2019)

[3] T. Shang , Y. Tang , R. Chen , and J. Liu , Full quantum oneway function for quantum cryptography, Quantum Eng. 2 (1), e32 (2020)

[4] Y. F. Yan , L. Zhou , W. Zhong , and Y. B. Sheng , Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution of multiple degrees of freedom of a single photon, Front. Phys. 16 (1), 11501 (2021)

[5] Y. Zhang and Q. Ni , Design and analysis of random multiple access quantum key distribution, Quantum Eng. 2 (1), e31 (2020)

[6] G. L. Long and X. S. Liu , Theoretically efficient high-capacity quantum-key-distribution scheme, Phys. Rev. A 65 (3), 032302 (2002)

[7] F. G. Deng , G. L. Long , and X. S. Liu , Two-step quantum direct communication protocol using the Einstein-Podolsky–Rosen pair block, Phys. Rev. A 68 (4), 042317 (2003)

[8] C. Wang , F. G. Deng , Y. S. Li , X. S. Liu , and G. L. Long , Quantum secure direct communication with high-dimension quantum superdense coding, Phys. Rev. A 71 (4), 044305 (2005)

[9] J. Y. Hu , B. Yu , M. Y. Jing , L. T. Xiao , S. T. Jia , G. Q. Qin , and G. L. Long , Experimental quantum secure direct communication with single photons, Light Sci. Appl. 5 (9), e16144 (2016)

[10] W. Zhang , D. S. Ding , Y. B. Sheng , L. Zhou , B. S. Shi , and G. C. Guo , Quantum secure direct communication with quantum memory, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 (22), 220501 (2017)

[11] S. S. Chen , L. Zhou , W. Zhong , and Y. B. Sheng , Threestep three-party quantum secure direct communication, Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 61 (9), 90312 (2018)

[12] L. Y. Li , T. J. Wang , and C. Wang , The analysis of high-capacity quantum secure direct communication using polarization and orbital angular momentum of photons, Mod. Phys. Lett. B 34 (02), 2050017 (2020)

[13] T. Li and G. L. Long , Quantum secure direct communication based on single-photon Bell-state measurement, New J. Phys. 22 (6), 063017 (2020)

[14] Z. D. Ye , D. Pan , Z. Sun , C. G. Du , L. G. Yin , and G. L. Long , Generic security analysis framework for quantum secure direct communication, Front. Phys. 16 (2), 21503 (2021)

[15] M. Hillery , V. Buzek , and A. Berthiaume , Quantum secret sharing, Phys. Rev. A 59 (3), 1829 (1999)

[16] R. Cleve , D. Gottesman , and H. K. Lo , How to share a quantum secret, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 (3), 648 (1999)

[17] W. Tittel , H. Zbinden , and N. Gisin , Experimental demonstration of quantum secret sharing, Phys. Rev. A 63 (4), 042301 (2001)

[18] Y. A. Chen , A. N. Zhang , Z. Zhao , X. Q. Zhou , C. Y. Lu , C. Z. Peng , T. Yang , and J. W. Pan , Experimental quantum secret sharing and third-man quantum cryptography, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 (20), 200502 (2005)

[19] T. Gao , F. L. Yan , and Z. X. Wang , Deterministic secure direct communication using GH Z states and swapping quantum entanglement, J. Phys. A 38 (25), 5761 (2005)

[20] C. H. Bennett and G. Brassard , in: Proceedings of the IE EE International Conference on Computers, Systems and Signal Processing, Bangalore, India, 1984, pp 175- 179 (IEEE, New York, 1984)

[21] H. K. Lo , M. Curty , and K. Tamaki , Secure quantum key distribution, Nat. Photonics 8 (8), 595 (2014)

[22] F. Xu , X. Ma , Q. Zhang , H. K. Lo , and J. W. Pan , Secure quantum key distribution with realistic devices, Rev. Mod. Phys. 92 (2), 025002 (2020)

[23] T. Li , Z. Gao , and Z. Li , Measurement-device-independent quantum secure direct communication: Direct quantum communication with imperfect measurement device and untrusted operator, EPL 131 (6), 60001 (2020)

[24] A. Acín , N. Brunner , N. Gisin , S. Massar , S. Pironio , and V. Scarani , Device-independent security of quantum cryptography against collective attacks, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 (23), 230501 (2007)

[25] C. C. W. Lim , C. Portmann , M. Tomamichel , R. Renner , and N. Gisin , Device-independent quantum key distribution with local Bell test, Phys. Rev. X 3 (3), 031006 (2013)

[26] L. Zhou , Y. B. Sheng , and G. L. Long , Device-independent quantum secure direct communication against collective attacks, Sci. Bull. (Beijing) 65 (1), 12 (2020)

[27] H. K. Lo , M. Curty , and B. Qi , Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (13), 130503 (2012)

[28] P. H. Niu , Z. R. Zhou , Z. S. Lin , Y. B. Sheng , L. G. Yin , and G. L. Long , Measurement-device-independent quantum communication without encryption, Sci. Bull. (Beijing) 63 (20), 1345 (2018)

[29] Z. R. Zhou , Y. B. Sheng , P. H. Niu , L. G. Yin , G. L. Long , and L. Hanzo , Measurement-device-independent quantum secure direct communication, Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 63 (3), 230362 (2020)

[30] Z. Gao , T. Li , and Z. Li , Long-distance measurement-device-independent quantum secure direct communication, EPL 125 (4), 40004 (2019)

[31] Z. K. Zou , L. Zhou , W. Zhong , and Y. B. Sheng , Measurement-device-independent quantum secure direct communication of multiple degrees of freedom of a single photon, EPL 131 (4), 40005 (2020)

[32] S. Wehner , D. Elkouss , and R. Hanson , Quantum internet: A vision for the road ahead, Science 362, eaam928 (2018)

[33] W. Qin and F. Nori , Controllable single-photon transport between remote coupled-cavity arrays, Phys. Rev. A 93 (3), 032337 (2016)

[34] Z. Qi , Y. Li , Y. Huang , J. Feng , Y. Zheng , and X. Chen , A 15-user quantum secure direct communication network, Light Sci. Appl. 10 (1), 183 (2021)

[35] A. Karlsson , M. Koashi , and N. Imoto , Quantum entanglement for secret sharing and secret splitting, Phys. Rev. A 59 (1), 162 (1999)

[36] L. Xiao , G. L. Long , F. G. Deng , and J. W. Pan , Efficient multiparty quantum-secret-sharing schemes, Phys. Rev. A 69 (5), 052307 (2004)

[37] H. K. Lo , H. F. Chau , and M. Ardehali , Efficient quantum key distribution scheme and a proof of its unconditional security, J. Cryptol. 18 (2), 133 (2005)

[38] P. Xue , K. Wang , and X. Wang , Efficient multiuser quantum cryptography network based on entanglement, Sci. Rep. 7 (1), 45928 (2017)

[39] Y. Li , K. Zhang , and K. Peng , Multiparty secret sharing of quantum information based on entanglement swapping, Phys. Lett. A 324 (5–6), 420 (2004)

[40] Z. J. Zhang , Y. Li , and Z. X. Man , Multiparty quantum secret sharing, Phys. Rev. A 71 (4), 044301 (2005)

[41] Z. J. Zhang , Multiparty quantum secret sharing of secure direct communication, Phys. Lett. A 342 (1-2), 60 (2005)

[42] X. Yang , K. Wei , H. Ma , H. Liu , Z. Yin , Z. Cao , and L. Wu , Detector-device-independent quantum secret sharing with source flaws, Sci. Rep. 8 (1), 5728 (2018)

[43] C. Y. Huang , N. Lambert , C. M. Li , Y. T. Lu , and F. Nori , Securing quantum networking tasks with multipartite Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen steering, Phys. Rev. A 99 (1), 012302 (2019)

[44] Y. Xiang , I. Kogias , G. Adesso , and Q. He , Multi-partite Gaussian steering: Monogamy constraints and quantum cryptography applications, Phys. Rev. A 95 (1), 010101 (2017)

[45] I. Kogias , Y. Xiang , Q. He , and G. Adesso , Unconditional security of entanglement-based continuous-variable quantum secret sharing, Phys. Rev. A 95 (1), 012315 (2017)

[46] M. Habibidavijani , and B. C. Sanders , Continuous-variable ramp quantum secret sharing with Gaussian states and operations, New J. Phys. 21 (11), 113023 (2019)

[47] Y. Fu , H. L. Yin , T. Y. Chen , and Z. B. Chen , Long-distance measurement-device-independent multiparty quantum communication, Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 (9), 090501 (2015)

[48] Z. Gao , T. Li , and Z. Li , Deterministic measurementdevice-independent quantum secret sharing, Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 63 (12), 120311 (2020)

[49] J. W. Pan and A. Zeilinger , Greenberger–Horne–Zeilingerstate analyzer, Phys. Rev. A 57 (3), 2208 (1998)

[50] C. Y. Lu , T. Yang , and J. W. Pan , Experimental multiparticle entanglement swapping for quantum networking, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 (2), 020501 (2009)

[51] P. Kok , W. J. Munro , K. Nemoto , T. C. Ralph , J. P. Dowling , and G. J. Milburn , Linear optical quantum computing with photonic qubits, Rev. Mod. Phys. 79 (1), 135 (2007)

[52] F. G. Deng , X. H. Li , H. Y. Zhou , and Z. J. Zhang , Improving the security of multiparty quantum secret sharing against Trojan horse attack, Phys. Rev. A 72 (4), 044302 (2005)

[53] Y. G. Yang , Y. C. Wang , Y. L. Yang , X. B. Chen , D. Li , Y. H. Zhou , and W. M. Shi , Participant attack on the deterministic measurement-device-independent quantum secret sharing protocol, Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 64 (6), 260321 (2021)

[54] Y. G. Yang , X. X. Liu , S. Gao , X. B. Chen , D. Li , Y. H. Zhou , and W. M. Shi , A stronger participant attack on the measurement-device-independent protocol for deterministic quantum secret sharing, Quantum Inform. Process. 20 (7), 223 (2021)

[55] T. Gao , F. L. Yan , and Z. X. Wang , Controlled quantum teleportation and secure direct communication, Chin. Phys. (Beijing) 14 (5), 893 (2005)

[56] H. S. Zhong , Y. Li , W. Li , L. C. Peng , Z. E. Su , Y. Hu , Y. M. He , X. Ding , W. Zhang , H. Li , L. Zhang , Z. Wang , L. You , X. L. Wang , X. Jiang , L. Li , Y. A. Chen , N. L. Liu , C. Y. Lu , and J. W. Pan , 12-photon entanglement and scalable scattershot boson sampling with optimal entangled-photon pairs from parametric down-conversion, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 (25), 250505 (2018)

[57] T. Li , A. Miranowicz , K. Xia , and F. Nori , Resource-efficient analyzer of Bell and Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger states of multiphoton systems, Phys. Rev. A 100 (5), 052302 (2019)

[58] J. Qian , X. L. Feng , and S. Q. Gong , Universal Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger-state analyzer based on twophoton polarization parity detection, Phys. Rev. A 72 (5), 052308 (2005)

[59] Y. Xia , Y. H. Kang , and P. M. Lu , Complete polarized photons Bell-states and Greenberger–Horne–Zeilingerstates analysis assisted by atoms, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 31 (9), 2077 (2014)

[60] D. E. Chang , V. Vuletić , and M. D. Lukin , Quantum nonlinear optics — photon by photon, Nat. Photonics 8 (9), 685 (2014)

[61] T. Li , A. Miranowicz , X. Hu , K. Xia , and F. Nori , Quantum memory and gates using a Λ-type quantum emitter coupled to a chiral waveguide, Phys. Rev. A 97 (6), 062318 (2018)

[62] G. Z. Song , E. Munro , W. Nie , L. C. Kwek , F. G. Deng , and G. L. Long , Photon transport mediated by an atomic chain trapped along a photonic crystal waveguide, Phys. Rev. A 98 (2), 023814 (2018)

[63] W. Qin , A. Miranowicz , P. B. Li , X. Y. Lü , J. Q. You , and F. Nori , Exponentially enhanced light–matter interaction, cooperativities, and steady-state entanglement using parametric amplification, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 (9), 093601 (2018)

[64] P. L. Guo , C. Y. Gao , T. Li , X. H. Li , and F. G. Deng , Quantum error rejection for faithful quantum communication over noise channels, Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 62 (11), 110301 (2019)

[65] L. Aolita and S. P. Walborn , Quantum communication without alignment using multiple-qubit single-photon states, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 (10), 100501 (2007)

[66] W. Qin , C. Wang , and X. Zhang , Protected quantum-state transfer in decoherence-free subspaces, Phys. Rev. A 91 (4), 042303 (2015)

[67] N. Shammah , S. Ahmed , N. Lambert , S. De Liberato , and F. Nori , Open quantum systems with local and collective incoherent processes: Efficient numerical simulations using permutational invariance, Phys. Rev. A 98 (6), 063815 (2018)

[68] R. Qi , Z. Sun , Z. Lin , P. Niu , W. Hao , L. Song , Q. Huang , J. Gao , L. Yin , and G. L. Long , Implementation and security analysis of practical quantum secure direct communication, Light Sci. Appl. 8 (1), 22 (2019)

[69] F. Massa , A. Moqanaki , Ä. Baumeler , F. Del Santo , J. A. Kettlewell , B. Dakić , and P. Walther , Experimental two-way communication with one photon, Adv. Quantum Technol. 2 (11), 1900050 (2019)

[70] Z. Gao , M. Ma , T. Liu , J. Long , T. Li , and Z. Li , Free-space quantum secure direct communication based on decoherence-free space, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 37 (10), 3028 (2020)

[71] F. G. Deng and G. L. Long , Secure direct communication with a quantum one-time pad, Phys. Rev. A 69 (5), 052319 (2004)

[72] J. Wu , Z. Lin , L. Yin , and G. L. Long , Security of quantum secure direct communication based on Wyner’s wiretap channel theory, Quantum Eng. 1 (4), e26 (2019)

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Higher Education Press