Transport in graphene nanostructures

Christoph Stampfer, Stefan Fringes, Johannes Güttinger, Francoise Molitor, Christian Volk, Bernat Terrés, Jan Dauber, Stephan Engels, Stefan Schnez, Arnhild Jacobsen, Susanne Dröscher, Thomas Ihn, Klaus Ensslin

PDF(1095 KB)
PDF(1095 KB)
Front. Phys. ›› 2011, Vol. 6 ›› Issue (3) : 271-293. DOI: 10.1007/s11467-011-0182-3
REVIEW ARTICLE
REVIEW ARTICLE

Transport in graphene nanostructures

Author information +
History +

Abstract

Graphene nanostructures are promising candidates for future nanoelectronics and solid-state quantum information technology. In this review we provide an overview of a number of electron transport experiments on etched graphene nanostructures. We briefly revisit the electronic properties and the transport characteristics of bulk, i.e., two-dimensional graphene. The fabrication techniques for making graphene nanostructures such as nanoribbons, single electron transistors and quantum dots, mainly based on a dry etching “paper-cutting” technique are discussed in detail. The limitations of the current fabrication technology are discussed when we outline the quantum transport properties of the nanostructured devices. In particular we focus here on transport through graphene nanoribbons and constrictions, single electron transistors as well as on graphene quantum dots including double quantum dots. These quasi-one-dimensional (nanoribbons) and quasi-zero-dimensional (quantum dots) graphene nanostructures show a clear route of how to overcome the gapless nature of graphene allowing the confinement of individual carriers and their control by lateral graphene gates and charge detectors. In particular, we emphasize that graphene quantum dots and double quantum dots are very promising systems for spin-based solid state quantum computation, since they are believed to have exceptionally long spin coherence times due to weak spin–orbit coupling and weak hyperfine interaction in graphene.

Keywords

graphene / nanostructures / electron transport / quantum dots

Cite this article

Download citation ▾
Christoph Stampfer, Stefan Fringes, Johannes Güttinger, Francoise Molitor, Christian Volk, Bernat Terrés, Jan Dauber, Stephan Engels, Stefan Schnez, Arnhild Jacobsen, Susanne Dröscher, Thomas Ihn, Klaus Ensslin. Transport in graphene nanostructures. Front. Phys., 2011, 6(3): 271‒293 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-011-0182-3

References

[1]
R. Saito, G. Dresselhaus, and M. S. Dresselhaus, Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes, London: Imperial College Press, 2001
[2]
P. R. Wallace, Phys Rev., 1947, 71(9): 622
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[3]
A. K. Geim and K. S. Novoselov, Nat. Mater., 2007, 6(3): 183
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[4]
A. Castro-Neto, F. Guinea, N. M. Peres, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim, Rev. Mod. Phys., 2009, 81(1): 109
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[5]
S. Reich, J. Maultzsch, C. Thomsen, and P. Ordejon, Phys. Rev. B, 2002, 66(3): 035412
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[6]
J. W. McClure, Phys Rev., 1957, 108(3): 612
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[7]
A. Castro-Neto, F. Guinea, and N. M. Peres, Phys. World, 2006, 19: 33
[8]
M. I. Katsnelson, Eur. J. Phys. B, 2006, 51(2): 157
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[9]
M. I. Katsnelson and K. S. Novoselov, Solid State Commun., 2007, 143(1–2): 3
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[10]
T. Ando, T. Nakanishia, and R. Saito, Microelectron. Eng., 1999, 47(1–4): 421
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[11]
T. Ando and T. Nakanishi, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 1998, 67(5): 1704
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[12]
K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, M. I. Katsnelson, I. V. Grigorieva, S. V. Dubonos, and A. A. Firsov, Nature, 2005, 438(7065): 197
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[13]
Y. Zhang, Y.-W. Tan, H. L. Stormer, and P. Kim, Nature, 2005, 438(7065): 201
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[14]
S. Y. Zhou, G.-H. Gweon, J. Graf, A. V. Fedorov, C. D. Spataru, R. D. Diehl, Y. Kopelevich, D.-H. Lee, S. G. Louie, and A. Lanzara, Nat. Phys., 2006, 2(9): 595
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[15]
A. Bostwick, T. Ohta, T. Seyller, H. K. Horn, and E. Rotenberg, Nat. Phys., 2007, 3(1): 36
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[16]
C. R. Dean, A. F. Young, I. Meric, C. Lee, L. Wang, S. Sorgenfrei, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, P. Kim, K. L. Shepard, and J. Hone, Nat. Nanotech., 2010, 5(10): 722
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[17]
K. I. Bolotin, K. J. Sikes, J. Hone, H. L. Stormer, and P. Kim, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2008, 101(9): 096802
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[18]
K. I. Bolotin, K. J. Sikes, Z. Jiang, G. Fundenberg, J. Hone, P. Kim, and H. L. Stormer, Solid State Commun., 2008, 146: 351
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[19]
X. Du, I. Skachko, A. Barker, and E. Y. Andrei, Nat. Nanotech., 2008, 3: 491
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[20]
E. V. Castro, H. Ochoa, M. I. Katsnelson, R. V. Gorbachev, D. C. Elias, K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, and F. Guinea, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2010, 105(26): 266601
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[21]
O. Klein, Z. Phys., 1929, 53(3–4): 157
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[22]
N. Dombey and A. Calogeracos, Phys. Rep., 1999, 315(1–3): 41
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[23]
M. I. Katsnelson, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim, Nat. Phys., 2006, 2(9): 620
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[24]
A. Calogeracos and N. Dombey, Contemp. Phys., 1999, 40(5): 313
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[25]
R. K. Su, G. C. Siu, and X. Chou, J. Phys. A, 1993, 26(4): 1001
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[26]
V. G. Veselago, Sov. Phys. Usp., 1968, 10(4): 509
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[27]
Y.-M. Lin, V. Perebeinos, Z. Chen, and P. Avouris, Phys. Rev. B, 2008, 78(16): 161409
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[28]
K. S. Novoselov, Z. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Morozov, H. L. Stormer, U. Zeitler, J. C. Maan, G. S. Boebinger, P. Kim, and A. K. Geim, Science, 2007, 315(5817): 1379
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[29]
T. Ando, T. Nakanishi, and R. Saito, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 1998, 67(8): 2857
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[30]
M. V. Berry, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, 1984, 392(1802): 45
[31]
G. P. Mikitik and Y. V. Sharlai, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1999, 82(10): 2147
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[32]
V. P. Gusynin, S. G. Sharapov, and J. P. Carbotte, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B, 2007, 21(27): 4611
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[33]
A. K. Geim and P. Kim, Sci. Am., 2008, 298(4): 68
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[34]
A. K. Geim, Science, 2009, 324(5934): 1530
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[35]
D. Huertas-Hernando, F. Guinea, and A. Brataas, Phys. Rev. B, 2006, 74(15): 155426
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[36]
H. Min, J. E. Hill, N. A. Sinitsyn, B. R. Sahu, L. Kleinman, and A. H. MacDonald, Phys. Rev. B, 2006, 74(16): 165310
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[37]
B. Trauzettel, D. V. Bulaev, D. Loss, and G. Burkard, Nat. Phys., 2007, 3(3): 192
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[38]
J. R. Petta, A. C. Johnson, J. M. Taylor, E. A. Laird, A. Yacoby, M. D. Lukin, C. M. Marcus, M. P. Hanson, and A. C. Gossard, Science, 2005, 309(5744): 2180
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[39]
F. H. L. Koppens, C. Buizert, K. J. Tielrooij, I. T. Vink, K. C. Nowack, T. Meunier, L. P. Kouwenhoven, and L. M. K. Vandersypen, Nature, 2006, 442(7104): 766
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[40]
C. Stampfer, J. Güttinger, F. Molitor, S. Schnez, E. Schurtenberger, A. Jacobsen, S. Hellmüller, T. Ihn, and K. Ensslin, book chapter in: Handbook of Nanophysics: Functional Nanomaterials, edited by K. D. Sattler, CRC Press, 2010
[41]
S. Datta, Electronic Transport in Mesoscopic Systems, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995
[42]
K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, I. V. Grigorieva, and A. A. Firsov, Science, 2004, 306(5696): 666
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[43]
C. Stampfer, F. Molitor, D. Graf, K. Ensslin, A. Jungen, C. Hierold, and L. Wirtz, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2007, 91(24): 241907
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[44]
E. H. Hwang, S. Adam, and S. Das Sarma, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2007, 98(18): 186806
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[45]
S. Ryu, L. Liu, S. Berciaud, Y. J. Yu, H. Liu, P. Kim, G. W. Flynn, and L. E. Brus, Nano Lett., 2010, 10(12): 4944
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[46]
F. Molitor, J. Güttinger, C. Stampfer, D. Graf, T. Ihn, and K. Ensslin, Phys. Rev. B, 2007, 76(24): 245426
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[47]
J. Meyer, A. K. Geim, M. I. Katsnelson, K. S. Novoselov, T. J. Booth, and S. Roth, Nature, 2007, 446(7131): 60
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[48]
J. Moser, A. Barreiro, and A. Bachtold, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2007, 91(16): 163513
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[49]
J. Martin, N. Akerman, G. Ulbricht, T. Lohmann, J. H. Smet, K. von Klitzing, and A. Yacoby, Nat. Phys., 2008, 4(2): 144
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[50]
J. Tworzydlo, B. Trauzettel, M. Titov, A. Rycerz, and C. W. J. Beenakker, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2006, 96(24): 246802
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[51]
Y.-W. Tan, Y. Zhang, K. Bolotin, Y. Zhao, S. Adam, E. H. Hwang, S. Das Sarma, H. L. Stormer, and P. Kim, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2007, 99(24): 246803
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[52]
E. Fradkin, Phys. Rev. B, 1986, 33(5): 3263
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[53]
A. W. W. Ludwig, M. P. A. Fisher, R. Shankar, and G. Grinstein, Phys. Rev. B, 1994, 50(11): 7526
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[54]
N. M. R. Peres, F. Guinea, and A. H. Castro-Neto, Phys. Rev. B, 2006, 73(12): 125411
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[55]
P. M. Ostrovsky, I. V. Gornyi, and A. D. Mirlin, Phys. Rev. B, 2006, 74(23): 235443
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[56]
K. Ziegler, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1998, 80(14): 3113
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[57]
F. Miao, S. Wijeratne, Y. Zhang, U. C. Coskun, W. Bao, and C. N. Lau, Science, 2007, 317(5844): 1530
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[58]
R. Danneau, F. Wu, M. F. Craciun, S. Russo, M. Y. Tomi, J. Salmilehto, A. F. Morpurgo, and P. J. Hakonen, J. Low Temp. Phys., 2008, 153(5–6): 374
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[59]
Z. Jiang, Y. Zhang, Y.-W. Tan, H. L. Stormer, and P. Kim, Solid State Commun., 2007, 143(1–2): 14
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[60]
Z. Jiang, Y. Zhang, H. L. Stormer, and P. Kim, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2007, 99(10): 106802
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[61]
V. K. Klitzing, G. Dorda, and M. Pepper, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1980, 45(6): 494
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[62]
E. V. Gorbar, V. P. Gusynin, V. A. Miransky, and I. A. Shovkovy, Phys. Rev. B, 2002, 66(4): 045108
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[63]
Y. Zheng and T. Ando, Phys. Rev. B, 2002, 65(24): 245420
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[64]
V. P. Gusynin and S. G. Sharapov, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2005, 95(14): 146801
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[65]
D. C. Tsui, H. L. Stormer, and A. C. Gossard, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1982, 48(22): 1559
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[66]
X. Du, I. Skachko, F. Duerr, A. Luican, and E. Y. Andrei, Nature, 2009, 462(7270): 192
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[67]
K. I. Bolotin, F. Ghahari, M. D. Shulman, H. L. Stormer, and P. Kim, Nature, 2009, 462(7270): 196
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[68]
S. Franssila, Introduction to Micro Fabrication, Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2004
[69]
T. Ohta, A. Bostwick, T. Seyller, K. Horn, and E. Rotenberg, Science, 2006, 313(5789): 951
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[70]
C. Berger, Z. Song, X. Li, X. Wu, N. Brown, C. Naud, D. Mayou, T. Li, J. Hass, A. N. Marchenkov, E. H. Conrad, P. N. First, and W. A. de Heer, Science, 2006, 312(5777): 1191
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[71]
P. W. Sutter, J.-I. Flege, and E. A. Sutter, Nat. Mater., 2008, 7(5): 406
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[72]
K. S. Kim, Y. Zhao, H. Jang, S. Y. Lee, J. M. Kim, K. S. Kim, J. H. Ahn, P. Kim, J. Choi, and B. H. Hong, Nature, 2009, 457(7230): 706
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[73]
X. Li, W. Cai, J. An, S. Kim, J. Nah, D. Yang, R. Piner, A. Velamakanni, I. Jung, E. Tutuc, S. K. Banerjee, L. Colombo, and R. S. Ruoff, Science, 2009, 324(5932): 1312
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[74]
G. Eda, G. Fanchini, and M. Chhowalla, Nat. Nanotech., 2008, 3(5): 270
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[75]
C. Stampfer, A. Bürli, A. Jungen, and C. Hierold, Physica Status Solidi B, 2007, 244(11): 4341
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[76]
A. C. Ferrari, J. C. Meyer, V. Scardaci, C. Casiraghi, M. Lazzeri, F. Mauri, S. Piscanec, Da. Jiang, K. S. Novoselov, S. Roth, and A. K. Geim, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2006, 97: 187401
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[77]
A. Gupta, G. Chen, P. Joshi, S. Tadigadapa, and P. C. Eklund, Nano Lett., 2006, 6(12): 2667
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[78]
D. Graf, F. Molitor, K. Ensslin, C. Stampfer, A. Jungen, H. Hierold, and L. Wirtz, Nano Lett., 2007, 7(2): 238
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[79]
D. S. L. Abergel, A. Russell, and V. Falko, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2007, 91(6): 063125
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[80]
P. Blake, K. S. Novoselov, A. H. Castro Neto, D. Jiang, R. Yang, T. J. Booth, A. K. Geim, and E. W. Hill, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2007, 91(6): 063124
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[81]
S. Roddaro, P. Pingue, V. Piazza, V. Pellegrini, and F. Beltram, Nano Lett., 2007, 7: 2707
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[82]
C. Casiraghi, A. Hartschuh, A. E. Lidorikis, H. Qian, H. Harutyunyan, T. Gokus, K. S. Novoselov, and A. C. Ferrari, Nano Lett., 2007, 7: 2711
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[83]
S. Pisana, M. Lazzeri, C. Casiraghi, K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, A. C. Ferrari, and F. Mauri, Nat. Mater., 2007, 6(3): 198
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[84]
S. Reich, C. Thomsen, and J. Maultzsch, Carbon Nanotubes: Basic Concepts and Physical Properties, Berlin: Wiley-VCH, 2004
[85]
M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, A. Jorio, A. G., Souza, and R. Saito, Carbon, 2002, 40: 2043
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[86]
A. C. Ferrari, Solid State Commun., 2007, 143(1–2): 47
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[87]
C. Casiraghi, S. Pisana, K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, and A. C. Ferrari, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2007, 91(23): 233108
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[88]
J. Fernandez-Rossier, J. J. Palacios, and L. Brey, Phys. Rev. B, 2007, 75(20): 205441
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[89]
A. Das, S. Pisana, B. Chakraborty, S. Piscanec, S. K. Saha, U. V. Waghmare, K. S. Novoselov, H. R. Krishnamurthy, A. K. Geim, A. K. Sood, and A. C. Ferrari, Nat. Nanotech., 2008, 3(4): 210
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[90]
S. Berciaud, S. Ryu, L. E. Brus, and T. F. Heinz, Nano Lett., 2009, 9(1): 346
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[91]
C. Thomsen and S. Reich, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2000, 85(24): 5214
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[92]
J. Maultzsch, S. Reich, C. Thomsen, S. Webster, R. Czerw, D. L. Carroll, S.M. C. Vieira, P. R. Birkett, and C. A. Rego, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2002, 81(14): 2647
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[93]
D. Bischoff, J. Güttinger, S. Dröscher, T. Ihn, K. Ensslin, and C. Stampfer, J. Appl. Phys., 2011, 109(7): 073710
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[94]
J. Güttinger, C. Stampfer, S. Hellmüller, F. Molitor, T. Ihn, and K. Ensslin, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2008, 93(21): 212102
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[95]
Y. Aharonov and D. Bohm, Phys. Rev., 1959, 115(3): 485
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[96]
S. Russo, J. B. Oostinga, D. Wehenkel, H. B. Heersche, S. Shams Sobhani, L. M. K. Vandersypen, and A. F. Mopurgo, Phys. Rev. B, 2008, 77(8): 085413
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[97]
M. Huefner, F. Molitor, A. Jacobsen, A. Pioda, C. Stampfer, K. Ensslin, and T. Ihn, Physica Status Solidi B, 2009, 246(11–12): 2756
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[98]
M. Huefner, F. Molitor, A. Jacobsen, A. Pioda, C. Stampfer, K. Ensslin, and T. Ihn, New J. Phys., 2010, 12(4): 043054
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[99]
Y. Wang, Y. Ouyang, X. Li, G. Wang, J. Guo, and H. Dai, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2008, 100(20): 206803
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[100]
Q. Zhang, T. Fang, H. Xing, A. Seabaugh, and D. Jena, IEEE Electron Device Lett., 2008, 29(12): 1344
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[101]
I. Meric, M. Y. Han, A. F. Young, B. Oezyilmaz, P. Kim, and K. Shepard, Nat. Nanotech., 2008, 3(11): 654
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[102]
X. Li, X. Wang, L. Zhang, S. Lee, and H. Dai, Science, 2008, 319(5867): 1229
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[103]
L. Liao, J. Bai, R. Cheng, Y.-C. Lin, S. Jiang, Y. Huang, and X. Duan, Nano Lett., 2010, 10(5): 1917
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[104]
C. Stampfer, J. Güttinger, F. Molitor, D. Graf, T. Ihn, and K. Ensslin, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2008, 92(1): 012102
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[105]
C. Stampfer, E. Schurtenberger, F. Molitor, J. Güttinger, T. Ihn, and K. Ensslin, Nano Lett., 2008, 8(8): 2378
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[106]
C. Stampfer, E. Schurtenberger, F. Molitor, J. Güttinger, T. Ihn, and K. Ensslin, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B, 2009, 23(12–13): 2647
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[107]
T. Ihn, J. Güttinger, F. Molitor, S. Schnez, E. Schurtenberger, A. Jacobsen, S. Hellmüller, T. Frey, S. Dröscher, C. Stampfer, and K. Ensslin, Materials Today, 2010, 13(3): 44
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[108]
L. A. Ponomarenko, F. Schedin, M. I. Katsnelson, R. Yang, E. H. Hill, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim, Science, 2008, 320(5874): 356
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[109]
S. Schnez, F. Molitor, C. Stampfer, J. Güttinger, I. Shorubalko, T. Ihn, and K. Ensslin, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2009, 94(1): 012107
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[110]
J. Güttinger, C. Stampfer, F. Libisch, T. Frey, J. Burgdörfer, T. Ihn, and K. Ensslin, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2009, 103(4): 046810
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[111]
J. Güttinger, C. Stampfer, T. Frey, T. Ihn, and K. Ensslin, Physica Status Solidi B, 2009, 246(11–12): 2553
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[112]
J. Moser and A. Bachtold, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2010, 95(17): 173506
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[113]
J. Güttinger, T. Frey, C. Stampfer, T. Ihn, and K. Ensslin, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2010, 105(11): 116801
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[114]
F. Molitor, S. Dröscher, J. Güttinger, A. Jacobson, C. Stampfer, T. Ihn, and K. Ensslin, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2009, 94(22): 222107
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[115]
F. Molitor, H. Knowles, S. Dröscher, U. Gasser, T. Choi, P. Roulleau, J. Güttinger, A. Jacobson, C. Stampfer, K. Ensslin, and T. Ihn, Europhys. Lett., 2010, 89(6): 67005
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[116]
X. L. Liu, D. Hug, and L. Vandersypen, Nano Lett., 2010, 10(5): 1623
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[117]
L.-J. Wang, H.-O. Li, Z. Su, T. Tu, G. Cao, C. Zhou, X.-J. Hao, G.-C. Guo, and G.-P. Guo, arXiv:1011.5347v1, 2010
[118]
L. Brey and H. A. Fertig, Phys. Rev. B, 2006, 73(23): 235411
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[119]
C. T. White, J. Li, D. Gunlycke, and J. W. Mintmire, Nano Lett., 2007, 7(3): 825
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[120]
K. Wakabayashi, Y. Takane, and M. Sigrist, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2007, 99(3): 036601
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[121]
K. Wakabayashi, Y. Takane, M. Yamamoto, and M. Sigrist, Carbon, 2009, 47(1): 124
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[122]
Z. Chen, Y.-M. Lin, M. Rooks, and P. Avouris, Physica E, 2007, 40(2): 228
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[123]
M. Y. Han, B. Özyilmaz, Y. Zhang, and P. Kim, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2007, 98: 206805
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[124]
F. Molitor, A. Jacobsen, C. Stampfer, J. Güttinger, T. Ihn, and K. Ensslin, Phys. Rev. B, 2009, 79(7): 075426
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[125]
C. Stampfer, J. Güttinger, S. Hellmüller, F. Molitor, K. Ensslin, and T. Ihn, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2009, 102(5): 056403
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[126]
K. Todd, H. T. Chou, S. Amasha, and D. Goldhaber-Gordon, Nano Lett., 2009, 9(1): 416
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[127]
X. L. Liu, J. Oostinga, A. Morpurgo, and L. Vandersypen, Phys. Rev. B, 2009, 80(12): 121407
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[128]
F. Molitor, C. Stampfer, J. Güttinger, A. Jacobsen, T. Ihn, and K. Ensslin, Semicond. Sci. Technol., 2010, 25(3): 034002
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[129]
P. Gallagher, K. Todd, and D. Goldhaber-Gordon, Phys. Rev. B, 2010, 81(11): 115409
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[130]
M. Y. Han, J. C. Brant, and P. Kim, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2010, 104(5): 056801
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[131]
B. Terr′es, J. Dauber, C. Volk, S. Trellenkamp, U. Wichmann, and C. Stampfer, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2011, 98(6): 032109
[132]
T. Heinzel, Mesoscopic Electronics in Solid State Nanostructures, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2003
[133]
N. M. R. Peres, A. H. Casrtro-Neto, and F. Guinea, Phys. Rev. B, 2006, 73(19): 195411
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[134]
D. Dunlycke, D. A. Areshkin, and C. T. White, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2007, 90: 142104
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[135]
J. Fernandez-Rossier, J. J. Palacios, and L. Brey, Phys. Rev. B, 2007, 75(20): 205441
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[136]
L. Yang, C.-H. Park, Y.-W. Son, M. L. Cohen, and S. G. Louie, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2007, 99(18): 186801
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[137]
Y.-W. Son, M. L. Cohen, and S. G. Louie, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2007, 99: 186801
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[138]
E. R. Mucciolo, A. H. Castro Neto, and C. H. Lewenkopf, arXiv:0806.3777v1, 2008
[139]
S. Adam, S. Cho, M. S. Fuhrer, and S. Das Sarma, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2008, 101(4): 046404
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[140]
F. Sols, F. Guinea, and A. H. Castro Neto, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2007, 99(16): 166803
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[141]
M. Evaldsson, I. V. Zozoulenko, H. Y. Xu, and T. Heinzel, Phys. Rev. B, 2008, 78: R161407
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[142]
C. W. J. Beenakker, Phys. Rev. B, 1991, 44(4): 1646
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[143]
J. Martin, N. Akerman, G. Ulbricht, T. Lohmann, J. H. Smet, K. von Klitzing, and A. Yacoby, Nat. Phys., 2008, 4(2): 144
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[144]
L. P. Kouwenhoven and C. M. Marcus, Phys. World, 1998, 11: 35
[145]
L. P. Kouwenhoven, D. G. Austing, and S. Tarucha, Rep. Prog. Phys., 2001, 64(6): 701
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[146]
M. A. Kastner, Phys. Today, 1993, 46(1): 24
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[147]
D. Loss and D. P. DiVincenzo, Phys. Rev. A, 1998, 57(1): 120
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[148]
J. M. Elzerman, R. Hanson, L. H. Willems van Beveren, B. Witkamp, L. M. K. Vandersypen, and L. P. Kouwenhoven, Nature, 2004, 430(6998): 431
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[149]
F. H. L. Koppens, C. Buizert, K. J. Tielrooij, I. T. Vink, K. C. Nowack, T. Meunier, L. P. Kouwenhoven, and L. M. K. Vandersypen, Nature, 2006, 442(7104): 766
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[150]
S. J. Angus, A. J. Ferguson, A. S. Dzurak, and R. G. Clark, Nano Lett., 2007, 7(7): 2051
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[151]
N. Shaji, C. B. Simmons, M. Thalakulam, L. J. Klein, H. Qin, H. Luo, D. E. Savage, M. G. Lagally, A. J. Rimberg, R. Joynt, M. Friesen, R. H. Blick, S. N. Coppersmith, and M. A. Eriksson, Nat. Phys., 2008, 4: 540
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[152]
M. J. Biercuk, N. Mason, and C. M. Marcus, Nano Lett., 2004, 4(1): 1
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[153]
S. Sapmaz, C. Meyer, P. Beliczynski, P. Jarillo-Herrero, and L. P. Kouwenhoven, Nano Lett., 2006, 6(7): 1350
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[154]
C. Fasth, A. Fuhrer, M. T. Bjork, and L. Samuelson, Nano Lett., 2005, 5(7): 1487
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[155]
I. Shorubalko, A. Pfund, R. Leturcq, M. T. Borgström, F. Gramm, E. Müller, E. Gini, and K. Ensslin, Nanotechnology, 2006, 18(4): 044014
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[156]
M. V. Berry and R. J. Mondragon, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, 1987, 412: 53
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[157]
F. Libisch, C. Stampfer, and J. Burgdörfer, Phys. Rev. B, 2009, 79(11): 115423
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[158]
F. Libisch, S. Rotter, J. Gttinger, C. Stampfer, and J. Burgdrfer, Phys. Rev. B, 2010, 81(24): 245411
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[159]
Y. H. Chiu, Y. H. Lai, J. H. Ho, D. S. Chuu, and M. F. Lin, Phys. Rev. B, 2008, 77(4): 045407
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[160]
M. Fujita, K. Wakabayashi, K. Nakada, and K. Kusakabe, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 1996, 65(7): 1920
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[161]
S. Schnez, K. Ensslin, M. Sigrist, and T. Ihn, Phys. Rev. B, 2008, 78(19): 195427
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[162]
P. Recher, J. Nilsson, G. Burkard, and B. Trauzettel, Phys. Rev. B, 2009, 79(8): 085407
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[163]
M. Ciorga, A. S. Sachrajda, P. Hawrylak, C. Gould, P. Zawadzki, S. Jullian, Y. Feng, and Z. Wasilewski, Phys. Rev. B, 2000, 61(24): R16315
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[164]
M. A. Reed, J. N. Randall, R. J. Aggarwal, R. J. Matyi, T. M. Moore, and A. E. Wetsel, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1988, 60(6): 535
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[165]
S. Lüscher, A. Fuhrer, R. Held, T. Heinzel, K. Ensslin, and W. Wegscheider, Appl. Phys. Lett., 1999, 75(16): 2452
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[166]
L. P. Kouwenhoven, C. M. Markus, P. L. McEuen, S. Tarucha, R. M. Westervelt, and N. S. Wingreen, Electron Transport in Quantum Dots, NATO ASI Conference Proceedings, edited by L. L. Sohn, L. P. Kouwenhoven, and G. Schön, 1997
[167]
T. Ihn, Springer Tracts in Modern Physics,2004, 192: 102
[168]
M. Field, C. G. Smith, M. Pepper, D. A. Ritchie, J. E. F. Frost, G. A. C. Jones, and D. G. Hasko, Phys. Rev. Lett., 1993, 70(9): 1311
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[169]
L. DiCarlo, H. Lynch, A. Johnson, L. Childress, K. Crockett, C. Marcus, M. Hanson, and A. C. Gossard, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2004, 92(22): 226801
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[170]
S. Gustavsson, R. Leturcq, B. Simovic, R. Schleser, T. Ihn, P. Studerus, K. Ensslin, D. C. Driscoll, and A. C. Gossard, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2006, 96(7): 076605
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[171]
R. Schleser, T. Ihn, E. Ruh, K. Ensslin, M. Tews, D. Pfannkuche, D. C. Driscoll, and A. C. Gossard, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2005, 94(20): 206805
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[172]
W. G. van der Wiel, S. De Franceschi, J. Elzerman, T. Fujisawa, S. Tarucha, Rev. Mod. Phys., 2002, 75(1): 1
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[173]
J. Cao, Q. Wang, and H. Dai, Nat. Mater., 2005, 4(10): 745
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[174]
F. Kuemmeth, S. Ilani, D. Ralph, and P. McEuen, Nature, 2008, 452(7186): 448
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[175]
J. Cai, P. Rueux, R. Jaafar, M. Bieri, T. Braun, S. Blankenburg, M. Muoth, A. Seitsonen, M. Saleh, X. Feng, K. Müllen, and R. Fasel, Nature, 2010, 466(7305): 470
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[176]
L. Jiao, X. Wang, G. Diankov, H. Wang, and H. Dai, Nat. Nanotech., 2010, 5(5): 321
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[177]
L. C. Campos, V. R. Manfrinato, J. D. Sanchez-Yamagishi, J. Kong, and P. Jarillo-Herrero, Nano Lett., 2009, 9(7): 2600
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[178]
J. Oostinga, H. Heersche, X. Liu, A. Morpurgo, and L. Vandersypen, Nat. Mater., 2007, 7(2): 151
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[179]
Y. Zhang, T. Tang, C. Girit, Z. Hao, M. Martin, A. Zettl, M. Crommie, Y. Shen, and F. Wang, Nature, 2009, 459(7248): 820
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[180]
T. Echtermeyer, M. Lemme, M. Baus, B. Szafranek, A. Geim, and H. Kurz, Electron Device Letters IEEE, 2008, 29(8): 952
CrossRef ADS Google scholar
[181]
R. Nair, W. Ren, R. Jalil, I. Riaz, V. Kravets, L. Britnell, P. Blake, F. Schedin, A. Mayorov, S. Yuan, M. I. Katsnelson, H. M. Cheng, W. Strupinski, L. G. Bulusheva, A. V. Okotrub, I. V. Grigorieva, A. N. Grigorenko, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim, Small, 2010, 6(24): 2773
CrossRef ADS Google scholar

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

2014 Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
AI Summary AI Mindmap
PDF(1095 KB)

Accesses

Citations

Detail

Sections
Recommended

/