Abramowicz and Wierzbicki [
114] studied foam interaction with a tube when compression occurred. The suggested approach was applicable to structures under static loading and could be incorporated for the stain rate effect by adjusting the flow stress of metal and foam. Seitzberger et al. [
115] investigated the crushing response of a steel tube with aluminum filler. The interaction of the tube and the filler improved efficiency, which provided stability in deformation mode and enhanced the energy absorption capability of structures. The interaction of aluminum tubes filled with aluminum foam provided a thickening effect that helped convert diamond mode into concertina mode. Hanseen et al. [
1] studied the conversion of this mode and found that foam density was the major deciding parameter. At critical density, modes were changed to concertina, which helped maintain load uniformity throughout compression. Similarly, concertina modes were observed in an aluminum tube filled with polyurethane foam at high densities of foam material [
116]. Hanseen et al. [
117] worked on the bonding effect of an aluminum foam-filled extruded square tube under a quasi-static experimental test. Apart from bonding influence, other important parameters, such as extruded wall thickness, cross section, wall material, and foam type and density, were investigated. Thereafter, Hanseen et al. [
1,
118] reported the effects of dynamic loading on square and circular foam-filled tubular structures with the addition of a trigger. The results indicated that the strain rate sensitivity of the foam-filled structures exhibited minimal dependency, similar to non-filled structures. A theoretical model was also developed to calculate mean crushing force. The theoretical model, i.e., Eq. (18), for the average crushing force of foam-filled structures (
) consists of three parts. The first part showed the mean crushing force for an empty tube (
), the second part showed the plateau stress (
) of the foam, and the third part showed the interaction effect. This equation exhibited agreement with the experimental results.