Efficient utilization of wind power: Long-distance transmission or local consumption?
Received date: 28 Aug 2016
Accepted date: 24 Jan 2017
Published date: 04 Aug 2017
Copyright
Excess wind power produced in wind-intensive areas is normally delivered to remote load centers via long-distance transmission lines. This paper presents a comparison between long-distance transmission, which has gained popularity, and local energy consumption, in which a fraction of the generated wind power can be locally consumed by energy-intensive industries. First, the challenges and solutions to the long-distance transmission and local consumption of wind power are presented. Then, the two approaches to the utilization of wind power are compared in terms of system security, reliability, cost, and capability to utilize wind energy. Finally, the economic feasibility and technical feasibility of the local consumption of wind power are demonstrated by a large and isolated industrial power system, or supermicrogrid, in China. The coal-fired generators together with the short-term interruptible electrolytic aluminum load in the supermicrogrid are able to compensate for the intermittency of wind power. In the long term, the transfer of high-energy-consumption industries to wind-rich areas and their local consumption of the available wind power are beneficial.
Key words: wind power; long-distance transmission; local consumption; supermicrogrid
Yuanzhang SUN , Xiyuan MA , Jian XU , Yi BAO , Siyang LIAO . Efficient utilization of wind power: Long-distance transmission or local consumption?[J]. Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering, 0 , 12(3) : 440 -455 . DOI: 10.1007/s11465-017-0440-3
1 |
Hart E H, Stoutenburg E D, Jacobson M Z. The potential of intermittent renewables to meet electric power demand: Current methods and emerging analytical techniques. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2012, 100(2): 322–334
|
2 |
Erlich I, Shewarega F, Feltes C,
|
3 |
GWEC. Global Wind Report 2015—Annual market update. 2016. Retrieved from http://www.gwec.net/wp-content/uploads/vip/GWEC-Global-Wind-2015-Report_April-2016_22_04.pdf
|
4 |
Hatziargyriou N, Zervos A. Wind power development in Europe. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2001, 89(12): 1765–1782
|
5 |
Paulus M, Borggrefe F. The potential of demand-side management in energy-intensive industries for electricity markets in Germany. Applied Energy, 2011, 88(2): 432–441
|
6 |
Ackermann T, Abbad J R, Dudurych I M,
|
7 |
Farahmand H, Aigner T, Doorman G L,
|
8 |
Hammons T J, Lescale V F, Uecker K,
|
9 |
BP. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2016. Retrieved from bp.com/statisticalreview
|
10 |
Piwko R, Osborn D, Gramlich R,
|
11 |
Swisher R, De Azua C R, Clendenin J. Strong winds on the horizon: Wind power comes of age. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2001, 89(12): 1757–1764
|
12 |
Aparicio N, MacGill I, Rivier Abbad J,
|
13 |
U.S. Energy Information Administration. Electricity Data. Retrieved from http://www.eia.gov/electricity/data.cfm#generation
|
14 |
National Energy Administration of China. The Utilization Hours of Many Generating Sets is Decreasing in 2015. 2016 (in Chinese)
|
15 |
Purvins A, Zubaryeva A, Llorente M,
|
16 |
Giebel G. A variance analysis of the capacity displaced by wind energy in Europe. Wind Energy (Chichester, England), 2007, 10(1): 69–79
|
17 |
Østergaard P A. Geographic aggregation and wind power output variance in Denmark. Energy, 2008, 33(9): 1453–1460
|
18 |
Aigner T, Jaehnert S, Doorman G L,
|
19 |
Ma X, Sun Y, Fang H,
|
20 |
State Electricity Regulatory Commission of China. Supervision Report of Wind Power Utilization in Key Areas. 2012 (in Chinese)
|
21 |
Rebours Y, Kirschen D. A Survey of Definitions and Specifications of Reserve Services. University of Manchester Report. 2005
|
22 |
Ahmadi-Khatir A, Conejo A J, Cherkaoui R. Multi-area energy and reserve dispatch under wind uncertainty and equipment failures. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2013, 28(4): 4373–4383
|
23 |
Huang D, Shu Y, Ruan J,
|
24 |
National Development and Reform Commission. 12th Five-Year-Plan of Renewable Energy Development. 2012 (in Chinese)
|
25 |
Heydt G T, Ayyanar R, Hedman K W,
|
26 |
Haileselassie T M, Uhlen K. Power system security in a meshed North Sea HVDC grid. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2013, 101(4): 978–990
|
27 |
Egea-Alvarez A, Bianchi F, Junyent-Ferre A,
|
28 |
Liang J, Jing T, Gomis-Bellmunt O,
|
29 |
Abdel-Khalik A S, Massoud A M, Elserougi A A,
|
30 |
Kabouris J, Kanellos F D. Impacts of large-scale wind penetration on designing and operation of electric power systems. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2010, 1(2): 107–114
|
31 |
Xie L, Carvalho P M S, Ferreira L A F M,
|
32 |
Ma X, Sun Y, Fang H. Scenario generation of wind power based on statistical uncertainty and variability. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2013, 4(4): 894–904
|
33 |
Piwko R, Meibom P, Holttinen H,
|
34 |
Navid N, Rosenwald G. Market solutions for managing ramp flexibility with high penetration of renewable resource. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2012, 3(4): 784–790
|
35 |
RWE. The Need for Smart Megawatts Power Generation in Europe—Facts & Trends. 2009
|
36 |
Lannoye E, Flynn D, O’Malley M. Evaluation of power system flexibility. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2012, 27(2): 922–931
|
37 |
Hossain M J, Pota H R, Mahmud M A,
|
38 |
Chompoo-inwai C, Lee W J, FuangfooP,
|
39 |
Slootweg J G, Kling W L. The impact of large scale wind power generation on power system oscillations. Electric Power Systems Research, 2003, 67(1): 9–20
|
40 |
Domínguez-García J L, Gomis-Bellmunt O, Bianchi F D,
|
41 |
Tsourakis G, Nomikos B M, Vournas C D. Contribution of doubly fed wind generators to oscillation damping. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2009, 24(3): 783–791
|
42 |
Gu Y, McCalley J D, Ni M. Coordinating large-scale wind integration and transmission planning. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2012, 3(4): 652–659
|
43 |
Yu H, Chung C Y, Wong K P,
|
44 |
Muñoz C, Sauma E, Contreras J,
|
45 |
Manjure D P, Mishra Y, Brahma S,
|
46 |
Salazar H, Liu C C, Chu R F. Decision analysis of merchant transmission investment by perpetual options theory. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2007, 22(3): 1194–1201
|
47 |
Ni M, Yang Z. By leaps and bounds: Lessons learned from renewable energy growth in China. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 2012, 10(2): 37–43
|
48 |
Giebel G, Brownsword R, Kariniotakis G,
|
49 |
Monteiro R B C, Miranda V, Botterud A,
|
50 |
Tastu J, Pinson P, Trombe P J,
|
51 |
Yang M, Fan S, Lee W J. Probabilistic short-term wind power forecast using componential sparse Bayesian learning. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2013, 49(6): 2783–2792
|
52 |
Pinson P. Estimation of the uncertainty in wind power forecasting. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Paris: Ecole des Mines de Paris, 2006
|
53 |
Wang J, Shahidehpour M, Li Z. Security-constrained unit commitment with volatile wind power generation. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2008, 23(3): 1319–1327
|
54 |
Tuohy A, Meibom P, Denny E,
|
55 |
Pinson P, Madsen H, Nielsen H A,
|
56 |
Jiang R, Wang J, Guan Y. Robust unit commitment with wind power and pumped storage hydro. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2012, 27(2): 800–810
|
57 |
Zhao C, Guan Y. Unified stochastic and robust unit commitment. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2013, 28(3): 3353–3361
|
58 |
Zhang N, Kang C, Kirschen D S,
|
59 |
Sahin C, Shahidehpour M, Erkmen I. Allocation of hourly reserve versus demand response for security-constrained scheduling of stochastic wind energy. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2013, 4(1): 219–228
|
60 |
Botterud A, Zhou Z, Wang J,
|
61 |
De Jonghe C, Hobbs B F, Belmans R. Optimal generation mix with short-term demand response and wind penetration. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2012, 27(2): 830–839
|
62 |
Lin W, Wen J, Liang J,
|
63 |
Taggart S, James G, Dong Z,
|
64 |
Ding Z, Guo Y, Wu D,
|
65 |
Hammons T J. Integrating renewable energy sources into European grids. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2008, 30(8): 462–475
|
66 |
Obara S, Morizane Y, Morel J. A study of small-scale energy networks of the Japanese Syowa base in Antarctica by distributed engine generators. Applied Energy, 2013, 111: 113–128
|
67 |
Lasseter R H. Smart distribution: Coupled microgrids. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2011, 99(6): 1074–1082
|
68 |
Nikkhajoei H, Lasseter R H. Distributed generation interface to the CERTS microgrid. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2009, 24(3): 1598–1608
|
69 |
Li J, Ma X, Liu C C,
|
70 |
Bao I S, KimJ O. Reliability evaluation of customers in a microgrid. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2008, 23(3): 1416–1422
|
71 |
Zhao B, Zhang X, Chen J,
|
72 |
Chang C A, Wu Y K, Chen W T,
|
73 |
Hatziargyriou N, Asano H, Iravani R,
|
74 |
Marrero G A, Ramos-Real F J. Electricity generation cost in isolated system: The complementarities of natural gas and renewables in the Canary Islands. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2010, 14(9): 2808–2818
|
75 |
Rehman S, Mahbub Alam M, Meyer J P,
|
76 |
Kaldellis J, Kapsali M, Kavadias K. Energy balance analysis of wind-based pumped hydro storage systems in remote island electrical networks. Applied Energy, 2010, 87(8): 2427–2437
|
77 |
Sun Y, Lin J, Song Y,
|
78 |
Lin J, Sun Y, Song Y,
|
79 |
Xu J, Liao S, Sun Y,
|
80 |
Jiang H, Lin J, Song Y,
|
81 |
Liao S Y, Xu J, Sun Y,
|
82 |
Cui T, Lin W, Sun Y,
|
83 |
Jiang H, Lin J, Song Y,
|
84 |
Sun Y, Liao S, Xu J,
|
85 |
Bao Y, Xu J, Sun Y,
|
86 |
Bridges J E. Wind power energy storage for in situ shale oil recovery with minimal CO2 emissions. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2007, 22(1): 103–109
|
87 |
Mozina C J. Wind-power generation: Impact of wind generators on distribution systems. IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, 2011, 17(3): 37–43
|
88 |
Lopes J P, Moreira C, Madureira A. Defining control strategies for microgrids islanded operation. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2006, 21(2): 916–924
|
89 |
Siddiqui A S, Marnay C. Distributed generation investment by a microgrid under uncertainty. Energy, 2008, 33(12): 1729–1737
|
90 |
Chen S X, Gooi H B, Wang M Q. Sizing of energy storage for microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2012, 3(1): 142–151
|
91 |
Zhou W, Lou C, Li Z,
|
92 |
Luo C, Ooi B T. Frequency deviation of thermal power plants due to wind farms. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2006, 21(3): 708–716
|
93 |
Lew D, Brinkman G, Kumar N,
|
94 |
Cardenas R, Pena R, Alepuz S,
|
95 |
Ma H, Chowdhury B. Working towards frequency regulation with wind plants: Combined control approaches. IET Generation, Transactions and Distribution, 2010, 4(4): 308–316
|
96 |
Chang-Chien L R, Lin W T, Yin Y C. Enhancing frequency response control by DFIGs in the high wind penetrated power systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2011, 26(2): 710–718
|
97 |
Zhang Z, Sun Y, Lin J,
|
98 |
Babu C A, Ashok S. Peak Load Management in Electrolytic Process Industries. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2008, 23(2): 399–405
|
99 |
State Power Investment Corporation.Feasibility Study on the Demonstration Project of Circular Economy in East Inner Mongolia. 2010 (in Chinese)
|
100 |
National Development and Reform Commission. Notice on price policy improvement for onshore wind power. 2009. Retrieved from http://zfxxgk.ndrc.gov.cn/PublicItemView.aspx?ItemID={bef52635-547c-490f-8334-7fdbdb5d057a} (in Chinese)
|
101 |
Ministry of Industry and Information of China. 12th Five-Year-Plan of Nonferrous Metals. 2011 (in Chinese)
|
102 |
Information Website on China’s Industry. The 2015 statistics on provincial yield of electrolytic aluminum in China. 2015. Retrieved from http://www.chyxx.com/data/201511/356162.html (in Chinese)
|
103 |
Electrolytic Aluminum Industry. Why the production capacity is excess, while there are newly built projects? 2013. Retrieved from http://finance.people.com.cn/n/2013/0520/c1004-21536244.html(in Chinese)
|
/
〈 | 〉 |