REVIEW ARTICLE

Focus on performance of perovskite light-emitting diodes

  • Peipei DU 1 ,
  • Liang GAO 2 ,
  • Jiang TANG , 2
Expand
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 2. Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China

Received date: 27 Apr 2020

Accepted date: 15 May 2020

Published date: 15 Sep 2020

Copyright

2020 Higher Education Press

Abstract

Perovskite-based optoelectronic devices, especially perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) and perovskite solar cells, have recently attracted considerable attention. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) chart inspires us to develop a counterpart for PeLEDs. In this study, we collect the record performance of PeLEDs including several new entries to address their latest external quantum efficiency (EQE), highest luminance, and stability status. We hope that these performance tables and future updated versions will show the frontiers of PeLEDs, assist researchers in capturing the overview of this field, identify the remaining challenges, and predict the promising research directions.

Cite this article

Peipei DU , Liang GAO , Jiang TANG . Focus on performance of perovskite light-emitting diodes[J]. Frontiers of Optoelectronics, 2020 , 13(3) : 235 -245 . DOI: 10.1007/s12200-020-1042-y

Introduction

Metal halide perovskites, a class of promising semiconductor materials with superior photoelectric properties, have produced a significant progress in solar cells, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), photodetectors, and lasers [1]. Thus far, the most active research area is solar cells, which enjoy a continually improved efficiency and growing commercial activities. Their efficiency evolution is available on the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) chart, which records the best certified efficiencies of state-of-the-art solar cells from 1976 to the present day. This chart allows readers to conveniently track industry trends and cutting-edge research status, which accelerates the advancement of this field.
However, until now, there has been no record line, chart, or even a review for perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs). In 2018, Cao et al. [2] and Lin et al. [3] have simultaneously reported highly efficient near-infrared and green PeLEDs with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) greater than 20%. The EQEs of PeLEDs matched those of commercial organic LEDs (OLEDs) in approximately four years after their development [4], which suggests the unparalleled potential of PeLEDs in lighting and display applications. Soon after, a red PeLED with an EQE of 21.6% was developed [5], which marked 2018 as a milestone in the development of PeLEDs. In addition, efficient blue PeLEDs have been recently reported [6,7]. Encouraged by the unprecedentedly rapid progress [8], more researchers have focused on PeLEDs and produced many encouraging results.
In this paper, we present useful tables containing world-class PeLEDs, aiming to provide researchers working on PeLED technologies with a valuable information resource. In addition, some performance tables summarize the core parameters of PeLEDs with the best EQE, record luminance, and noteworthy operation lifetime. Moreover, PeLEDs, which are based on lead-free materials and new manufacturing processes, are separately collected to exploit additional benefits. These tables will be renewed with the further progress of this field to provide additional support for researchers. Thus, this study reviews the present status and outlines the future trends of PeLED research.

Criterion for statistics

All data in the following figures and tables are extracted from reported studies that were published before April 2020. Of note, standard certification for LEDs has not been adopted to evaluate the performance of PeLEDs [9]. Herein, peak EQE is used to rank the PeLED efficiency regardless of the errors between different measurement systems. For the operation stability, superior devices and competitive cases are shown despite different test conditions. A compromised rule is developed to distinguish the emission color of PeLEDs as follows: electroluminescence (EL) peak shorter than 500 nm is blue, 510–540 nm is green, 630–700 nm is red, and beyond 750 nm is near-infrared.

Performance tables

Classified according to the EL peak, Table 1 lists the best-performing PeLEDs in different emission bands. The columns include color, perovskite composition, dimensionality, EL peak, device structure, EQE, maximum luminance (Lmax), current efficiency, stability, active area, full width at half maximum (FWHM), CIE coordinate, note, and publication date. We attempted to make this table current and comprehensive by recording all notable studies on solution-processed lead-based PeLEDs. In addition, special cases are also recorded such as optical out-coupling enhancement. The stability and luminance records are separately noted irrespective of the EQE value.
Of note, perovskites in Table 1 are all fabricated by spin coating, which is facile for manufacturing in a laboratory. We insist that vacuum deposition also shows considerable advantages in perovskite film processing (e.g., absence of solubility limit, good reproducibility with uniform morphology, and scaled-up production [10]), which makes it a competitive fabrication technique for the potential commercialization of PeLEDs. Table 2 lists several PeLEDs produced by vacuum methods, which include thermal evaporation (co-evaporation or layer-by-layer deposition), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and vacuum-assisted multi-deposition. There is only one report on vacuum-deposited blue or red PeLEDs; more attention is dedicated to green PeLEDs. After approximately three years, the EQEs of vacuum-fabricated LEDs gradually exceeded 4%; however, these values are still considerably lower than those of solution-processed PeLEDs.
Finally, Table 3 shows lead-free LEDs to demonstrate environmentally friendly candidates without the toxic heavy metal. Only several studies incorporated lead-free perovskites or perovskite derivatives into LEDs, with the best EQE of 3.8%. However, there have been many lead-free materials with good photoluminescence properties reported in the literature [4650], which enables further EQE and luminance improvement of lead-free LEDs. In addition, the FWHM of lead-free PeLEDs is several times wider than that of lead-based PeLEDs, which make them more suitable for lighting instead of display applications.
Tab.1 Performance list of lead-free LEDs
color method perovskite EL/nm device structure EQE/% current efficiency/(cd·A−1) Lmax/(cd·m−2) FWHM/nm publication
date
near-infrared spin-coating CH3NH3Sn(Br1–xIx)3 [51] 945 ITO/PEDOT:PSS/perovskite /F8/Ca/Ag 0.72 NA NA 130 meV Jun. 2016
near-infrared spin-coating CsSnI3 [52] 950 ITO/PEDOT/perovskite/PBD/LiF/Al 3.8 NA NA >100 Jul. 2016
red spin-coating PEA2SnI4 [53] 618 ITO/PEDOT:PSS/perovskite/F8/LiF/Al NA 0.029 0.15 ~50 Jun. 2017
red layer-by-layer deposition CsSnBr3 [43] 672 ITO/LiF/CsSnBr3/LiF/ZnS/Ag 0.34 0.65 172 ~54 Mar. 2018
blue spin-coating Cs3Cu2I5 [54] 440 ITO/ZSO/Cs3Cu2I5/NPD/MoOx/Ag NA NA 10 >70 Sep. 2018
white layer-by-layer deposition Cs2Ag0.6Na0.4InCl6 [55] 560 glass/PEIE-ITO/PEIE-ZnO/perovskite/TAPC/MoO3/Al NA 0.11 ~50 ~170 Nov. 2018
orange spin-coating (C18H35NH3)2SnBr4 [56] 621 ITO/ZnO/PEI/perovskite/TCTA/MoO3/Al 0.1 NA 350 ~163 Jan. 2019
near-infrared vapor-anion-exchange Cs3Sb2I9 [57] >750 ITO/PEDOT/perovskite/TPBi/LiF/Al NA NA NA >120 Aug.
2019
violet spin-coating Cs3Sb2Br9 [58] 408 ITO/ZnO/PEI/perovskite/TCTA/MoO3/Al 0.206 NA 29.6 ~70 Feb. 2020
red spin-coating PEA2SnI4 [59] 633 ITO/PEDOT:PSS/perovskite/TPBi/LiF/Al 0.3 NA 70 24 Mar. 2020
yellow spin-coating CsCu2I3 [60] 550 ITO/PEDOT:PSS/poly-TPD/perovskite/TPBi/LiF/Al 0.17 NA 47.5 ~100 Mar. 2020
blue spin-coating Cs3Cu2I5 [61] 445 ITO/P-NiO/perovskite/TPBi/LiF/Al 1.12 NA 263.2 ~63 Apr. 2020
After compiling the performance of state-of-the-art PeLEDs, we further subdivide perovskite categories into three parts by dimensionality (Fig. 1). From the material point of view, dimensionality engineering has been widely adopted. Low-dimensional perovskites with a larger exciton binding energy show enhanced radiative recombination and higher EQE [62]. Therefore, we summarized the highest EQEs (Fig. 1(a)) and luminance (Fig. 1(b)) of bulk, quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D), and quantum dot (QD) PeLEDs with conventional device architectures apart from out-coupling strategies.
Fig.5 (a) Best EQEs [3,5,6,16,25,29,30,6367] and (b) highest luminance [6,24,27,63,6871] of bulk, quasi-two-dimensional, and quantum dot PeLEDs

Full size|PPT slide

What lies behind the statistics

Metal halide perovskites possess considerable potential in LED applications. The EQEs of green, red, and near-infrared PeLEDs have reached over 20%, which is comparable to those of commercial OLEDs. In addition, the FWHM of PeLEDs is narrower than that of OLEDs, which indicates a more saturated color gamut in the National Television System Committee (NTSC) standard. This rapid and exciting progress attracts and encourages more researchers toward this rising field, as indicated by the upsurge in published papers in this field. With more institutions and researchers delving into this field, the performance, stability, and manufacturability of PeLEDs can be hopefully pushed to surpass those of OLEDs in the near future, which enables their display and lighting applications.
Operation stability is the major existing challenge. The reported lifetime of PeLEDs lags far behind that of OLEDs and QLEDs, which impedes their commercialization. With an increase in the device EQE, stability is the major drawback that must be solved. Strategies to enhance stability will be aided by researching the following aspects: intrinsic instability of perovskite materials and degradation mechanism of PeLEDs, which require meticulous and systematic exploration.
Efficient blue PeLEDs with a synergetic EL stability enhancement deserve more efforts. The relatively poor performance of blue PeLEDs originates from unsatisfactory EQE and inferior operation stability. Blue emitters can be achieved by mixed halide perovskites, which always undergo EL redshift stemming from phase segregation. Blue PeLEDs from reduced-dimensional perovskites suffer from the inefficiency of electrically-driven carrier injection and difficulty of single-phase control. Exploring ways to produce efficient and stable blue PeLEDs is an essential and challenging subject that must be addressed in the future.
Efficiency-oriented exploration of new materials and process methods requires further studies. As discussed above, solution-processed Pb-based PeLEDs have been considerably improved in the past few years; however, the high toxicity of lead and relatively low reproducibility cast doubt on their potential commercialization. Electroluminescent devices that are based on lead-free perovskites or perovskite derivatives are one direction that is worth further exploration. The other worthwhile direction is to identify more commercially viable fabrication strategies. Inkjet printing or electrohydrodynamic printing is the top choice for the fabrication of ultra-large-size displays. Thermal evaporation (preferably single-sourced), which is compatible with existing OLED manufacturing lines, also deserves more research attention. More efforts must be devoted to these new technologies to improve their performance through composition, morphology, grain engineering, and device physics.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2016YFB070700702), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51761145048), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (HUST:2019421JYCXJJ004) and the Innovation Funds of Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO).
1
Lee T W. Emerging halide perovskite materials and devices for optoelectronics. Advanced Materials, 2019, 31(47): e1905077

DOI PMID

2
Cao Y, Wang N, Tian H, Guo J, Wei Y, Chen H, Miao Y, Zou W, Pan K, He Y, Cao H, Ke Y, Xu M, Wang Y, Yang M, Du K, Fu Z, Kong D, Dai D, Jin Y, Li G, Li H, Peng Q, Wang J, Huang W. Perovskite light-emitting diodes based on spontaneously formed submicrometre-scale structures. Nature, 2018, 562(7726): 249–253

DOI PMID

3
Lin K, Xing J, Quan L N, de Arquer F P G, Gong X, Lu J, Xie L, Zhao W, Zhang D, Yan C, Li W, Liu X, Lu Y, Kirman J, Sargent E H, Xiong Q, Wei Z. Perovskite light-emitting diodes with external quantum efficiency exceeding 20 percent. Nature, 2018, 562(7726): 245–248

DOI PMID

4
Tan Z K, Moghaddam R S, Lai M L, Docampo P, Higler R, Deschler F, Price M, Sadhanala A, Pazos L M, Credgington D, Hanusch F, Bein T, Snaith H J, Friend R H. Bright light-emitting diodes based on organometal halide perovskite. Nature Nanotechnology, 2014, 9(9): 687–692

DOI PMID

5
Chiba T, Hayashi Y, Ebe H, Hoshi K, Sato J, Sato S, Pu Y J, Ohisa S, Kido J. Anion-exchange red perovskite quantum dots with ammonium iodine salts for highly efficient light-emitting devices. Nature Photonics, 2018, 12(11): 681–687

DOI

6
Wang Q, Wang X, Yang Z, Zhou N, Deng Y, Zhao J, Xiao X, Rudd P, Moran A, Yan Y, Huang J. Efficient sky-blue perovskite light-emitting diodes via photoluminescence enhancement. Nature Communications, 2019, 10(1): 5633

DOI PMID

7
Liu Y, Cui J, Du K, Tian H, He Z, Zhou Q, Yang Z, Deng Y, Chen D, Zuo X, Ren Y, Wang L, Zhu H, Zhao B, Di D, Wang J, Friend R H, Jin Y. Efficient blue light-emitting diodes based on quantum-confined bromide perovskite nanostructures. Nature Photonics, 2019, 13(11): 760–764

DOI

8
Meredith P, Armin A. LED technology breaks performance barrier. Nature, 2018, 562(7726): 197–198

DOI PMID

9
Anaya M, Rand B P, Holmes R J, Credgington D, Bolink H J, Friend R H, Wang J, Greenham N C, Stranks S D. Best practices for measuring emerging light-emitting diode technologies. Nature Photonics, 2019, 13(12): 818–821

DOI

10
Li J, Du P, Li S, Liu J, Zhu M, Tan Z, Hu M, Luo J, Guo D, Ma L, Nie Z, Ma Y, Gao L, Niu G, Tang J. High-throughput combinatorial optimizations of perovskite light-emitting diodes based on all-vacuum deposition. Advanced Functional Materials, 2019, 29(51): 1903607

DOI

11
Li Z, Chen Z, Yang Y, Xue Q, Yip H L, Cao Y. Modulation of recombination zone position for quasi-two-dimensional blue perovskite light-emitting diodes with efficiency exceeding 5. Nature Communications, 2019, 10(1): 1027

DOI PMID

12
Vashishtha P, Ng M, Shivarudraiah S B, Halpert J E. High efficiency blue and green light-emitting diodes using ruddlesden–popper inorganic mixed halide perovskites with butylammonium interlayers. Chemistry of Materials, 2019, 31(1): 83–89

DOI

13
Ma D, Todorović P, Meshkat S, Saidaminov M I, Wang Y K, Chen B, Li P, Scheffel B, Quintero-Bermudez R, Fan J Z, Dong Y, Sun B, Xu C, Zhou C, Hou Y, Li X, Kang Y, Voznyy O, Lu Z H, Ban D, Sargent E H. Chloride insertion–immobilization enables bright, narrowband, and stable blue-emitting perovskite diodes. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2020, 142(11): 5126–5134

DOI PMID

14
Yuan F, Ran C, Zhang L, Dong H, Jiao B, Hou X, Li J, Wu Z. A cocktail of multiple cations in inorganic halide perovskite toward efficient and highly stable blue light-emitting diodes. ACS Energy Letters, 2020, 5(4): 1062–1069

DOI

15
Jiang Y, Qin C, Cui M, He T, Liu K, Huang Y, Luo M, Zhang L, Xu H, Li S, Wei J, Liu Z, Wang H, Kim G H, Yuan M, Chen J. Spectra stable blue perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nature Communications, 2019, 10(1): 1868

DOI PMID

16
Yao J, Wang L, Wang K, Yin Y, Yang J, Zhang Q, Yao H. Calcium-tributylphosphine oxide passivation enables the efficiency of pure-blue perovskite light-emitting diode up to 3.3%. Science Bulletin, 2020, doi:10.1016/j.scib.2020.03.036

17
Yuan S, Wang Z K, Xiao L X, Zhang C F, Yang S Y, Chen B B, Ge H T, Tian Q S, Jin Y, Liao L S. Optimization of low-dimensional components of quasi-2D perovskite films for deep-blue light-emitting diodes. Advanced Materials, 2019, 31(44): e1904319

DOI PMID

18
Shen Y, Cheng L P, Li Y Q, Li W, Chen J D, Lee S T, Tang J X. High-efficiency perovskite light-emitting diodes with synergetic outcoupling enhancement. Advanced Materials, 2019, 31(24): e1901517

DOI PMID

19
Shen Y, Li M N, Li Y, Xie F M, Wu H Y, Zhang G H, Chen L, Lee S T, Tang J X. Rational interface engineering for efficient flexible perovskite light-emitting diodes. ACS Nano, 2020, acsnano.0c01908

DOI PMID

20
Park M H, Park J, Lee J, So H S, Kim H, Jeong S H, Han T H, Wolf C, Lee H, Yoo S, Lee T W. Efficient perovskite light-emitting diodes using polycrystalline core–shell-mimicked nanograins. Advanced Functional Materials, 2019, 29(22): 1902017

DOI

21
Wang H, Zhang X, Wu Q, Cao F, Yang D, Shang Y, Ning Z, Zhang W, Zheng W, Yan Y, Kershaw S V, Zhang L, Rogach A L, Yang X. Trifluoroacetate induced small-grained CsPbBr3 perovskite films result in efficient and stable light-emitting devices. Nature Communications, 2019, 10(1): 665

DOI PMID

22
Wu C, Zou Y, Wu T, Ban M, Pecunia V, Han Y, Liu Q, Song T, Duhm S, Sun B. Improved performance and stability of all-inorganic perovskite light-emitting diodes by antisolvent vapor treatment. Advanced Functional Materials, 2017, 27(28): 1700338

DOI

23
Zou C, Liu Y, Ginger D S, Lin L Y. Suppressing efficiency roll-off at high current densities for ultra-bright green perovskite light-emitting diodes. ACS Nano, 2020, acsnano.0c01817

DOI PMID

24
Sim K, Jun T, Bang J, Kamioka H, Kim J, Hiramatsu H, Hosono H. Performance boosting strategy for perovskite light-emitting diodes. Applied Physics Reviews, 2019, 6(3): 031402

DOI

25
Fang Z, Chen W, Shi Y, Zhao J, Chu S, Zhang J, Xiao Z. Dual passivation of perovskite defects for light-emitting diodes with external quantum efficiency exceeding 20%. Advanced Functional Materials, 2020, 30(12): 1909754

DOI

26
Cai W, Chen Z, Li Z, Yan L, Zhang D, Liu L, Xu Q H, Ma Y, Huang F, Yip H L, Cao Y. Polymer-assisted in situ growth of all-inorganic perovskite nanocrystal film for efficient and stable pure-red light-emitting devices. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2018, 10(49): 42564–42572

DOI PMID

27
Lu M, Guo J, Sun S, Lu P, Wu J, Wang Y, Kershaw S V, Yu W W, Rogach A L, Zhang Y. Bright CsPbI3 perovskite quantum dot light-emitting diodes with top-emitting structure and a low efficiency roll-off realized by applying zirconium acetylacetonate surface modification. Nano Letters, 2020, 20(4): 2829–2836

DOI PMID

28
Cheng G, Liu Y, Chen T, Chen W, Fang Z, Zhang J, Ding L, Li X, Shi T, Xiao Z. Efficient all-inorganic perovskite light-emitting diodes with improved operation stability. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2020, 12(15): 18084–18090

DOI PMID

29
Xu W, Hu Q, Bai S, Bao C, Miao Y, Yuan Z, Borzda T, Barker A J, Tyukalova E, Hu Z, Kawecki M, Wang H, Yan Z, Liu X, Shi X, Uvdal K, Fahlman M, Zhang W, Duchamp M, Liu J M, Petrozza A, Wang J, Liu L M, Huang W, Gao F. Rational molecular passivation for high-performance perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nature Photonics, 2019, 13(6): 418–424

DOI

30
Zhao B, Bai S, Kim V, Lamboll R, Shivanna R, Auras F, Richter J M, Yang L, Dai L, Alsari M, She X J, Liang L, Zhang J, Lilliu S, Gao P, Snaith H J, Wang J, Greenham N C, Friend R H, Di D. High-efficiency perovskite–polymer bulk heterostructure light-emitting diodes. Nature Photonics, 2018, 12(12): 783–789

DOI

31
Zhao X, Tan Z K. Large-area near-infrared perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nature Photonics, 2020, 14(4): 215–218

DOI

32
Han T H, Lee J W, Choi Y J, Choi C, Tan S, Lee S J, Zhao Y, Huang Y, Kim D, Yang Y. Surface-2D/bulk-3D heterophased perovskite nanograins for long-term-stable light-emitting diodes. Advanced Materials, 2020, 32(1): e1905674

DOI PMID

33
Du P, Li J, Wang L, Liu J, Li S, Liu N, Li Y, Zhang M, Gao L, Ma Y, Tang J. Vacuum-deposited blue inorganic perovskite light-emitting diodes. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2019, 11(50): 47083–47090

DOI PMID

34
Leyden M R, Meng L, Jiang Y, Ono L K, Qiu L, Juarez-Perez E J, Qin C, Adachi C, Qi Y. Methylammonium lead bromide perovskite light-emitting diodes by chemical vapor deposition. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2017, 8(14): 3193–3198

DOI PMID

35
Hu Y, Wang Q, Shi Y L, Li M, Zhang L, Wang Z K, Liao L S. Vacuum-evaporated all-inorganic cesium lead bromine perovskites for high-performance light-emitting diodes. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Materials for Optical and Electronic Devices, 2017, 5(32): 8144–8149

DOI

36
Chiang K M, Hsu B W, Chang Y A, Yang L, Tsai W L, Lin H W. Vacuum-deposited organometallic halide perovskite light-emitting devices. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2017, 9(46): 40516–40522

DOI PMID

37
Zhuang S, Ma X, Hu D, Dong X, Zhang B. Air-stable all inorganic green perovskite light emitting diodes based on ZnO/CsPbBr3/NiO heterojunction structure. Ceramics International, 2018, 44(5): 4685–4688

DOI

38
Shi Z, Lei L, Li Y, Zhang F, Ma Z, Li X, Wu D, Xu T, Tian Y, Zhang B, Yao Z, Du G. Hole-injection layer-free perovskite light-emitting diodes. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2018, 10(38): 32289–32297

DOI PMID

39
Lian X, Wang X, Ling Y, Lochner E, Tan L, Zhou Y, Ma B, Hanson K, Gao H. Light emitting diodes based on inorganic composite halide perovskites. Advanced Functional Materials, 2019, 29(5): 1807345

40
Tan Y, Li R, Xu H, Qin Y, Song T, Sun B. Ultrastable and reversible fluorescent perovskite films used for flexible instantaneous display. Advanced Functional Materials, 2019, 29(23): 1900730

DOI

41
Shin M, Lee H S, Sim Y C, Cho Y H, Cheol Choi K, Shin B. Modulation of growth kinetics of vacuum-deposited CsPbBr3 films for efficient light-emitting diodes. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2020, 12(1): 1944–1952

DOI PMID

42
Jia K, Song L, Hu Y, Guo X, Liu X, Geng C, Xu S, Fan R, Huang L, Luan N, Bi W. Improved performance for thermally evaporated perovskite light-emitting devices via defect passivation and carrier regulation. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2020, 12(13): 15928–15933

DOI PMID

43
Yuan F, Xi J, Dong H, Xi K, Zhang W, Ran C, Jiao B, Hou X, Jen A K Y, Wu Z. All-inorganic hetero-structured cesium tin halide perovskite light-emitting diodes with current density over 900 A·cm−2 and its amplified spontaneous emission behaviors. Physica Status Solidi (RRL)–Rapid Research Letters, 2018, 12(5): 1800090

DOI

44
Gil-Escrig L, Miquel-Sempere A, Sessolo M, Bolink H J. Mixed iodide–bromide methylammonium lead perovskite-based diodes for light emission and photovoltaics. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2015, 6(18): 3743–3748

DOI PMID

45
Dänekamp B, Droseros N, Palazon F, Sessolo M, Banerji N, Bolink H J. Efficient photo- and electroluminescence by trap states passivation in vacuum-deposited hybrid perovskite thin films. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2018, 10(42): 36187–36193

DOI PMID

46
Leng M, Yang Y, Chen Z, Gao W, Zhang J, Niu G, Li D, Song H, Zhang J, Jin S, Tang J. Surface passivation of bismuth-based perovskite variant quantum dots to achieve efficient blue emission. Nano Letters, 2018, 18(9): 6076–6083

DOI PMID

47
Leng M, Yang Y, Zeng K, Chen Z, Tan Z, Li S, Li J, Xu B, Li D, Hautzinger M P, Fu Y, Zhai T, Xu L, Niu G, Jin S, Tang J. All-inorganic bismuth-based perovskite quantum dots with bright blue photoluminescence and excellent stability. Advanced Functional Materials, 2018, 28(1): 1704446

48
Tan Z, Li J, Zhang C, Li Z, Hu Q, Xiao Z, Kamiya T, Hosono H, Niu G, Lifshitz E, Cheng Y, Tang J. Highly efficient blue-emitting Bi-doped Cs2SnCl6 perovskite variant: photoluminescence induced by impurity doping. Advanced Functional Materials, 2018, 28(29): 1801131

DOI

49
Hu Q, Deng Z, Hu M, Zhao A, Zhang Y, Tan Z, Niu G, Wu H, Tang J. X-ray scintillation in lead-free double perovskite crystals. Science China, Chemistry, 2018, 61(12): 1581–1586

DOI

50
Zhou C, Tian Y, Yuan Z, Lin H, Chen B, Clark R, Dilbeck T, Zhou Y, Hurley J, Neu J, Besara T, Siegrist T, Djurovich P, Ma B. Highly efficient broadband yellow phosphor based on zero-dimensional tin mixed-halide perovskite. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2017, 9(51): 44579–44583

DOI PMID

51
Lai M L, Tay T Y S, Sadhanala A, Dutton S E, Li G, Friend R H, Tan Z K. Tunable near-infrared luminescence in tin-halide perovskite devices. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2016, 7(14): 2653–2658

DOI PMID

52
Hong W L, Huang Y C, Chang C Y, Zhang Z C, Tsai H R, Chang N Y, Chao Y C. Efficient low-temperature solution-processed lead-free perovskite infrared light-emitting diodes. Advanced Materials, 2016, 28(36): 8029–8036

DOI PMID

53
Lanzetta L, Marin-Beloqui J M, Sanchez-Molina I, Ding D, Haque S A. Two-dimensional organic tin halide perovskites with tunable visible emission and their use in light-emitting devices. ACS Energy Letters, 2017, 2(7): 1662–1668

DOI

54
Jun T, Sim K, Iimura S, Sasase M, Kamioka H, Kim J, Hosono H. Lead-free highly efficient blue-emitting Cs3Cu2I5 with 0D electronic structure. Advanced Materials, 2018, 30(43): e1804547

DOI PMID

55
Luo J, Wang X, Li S, Liu J, Guo Y, Niu G, Yao L, Fu Y, Gao L, Dong Q, Zhao C, Leng M, Ma F, Liang W, Wang L, Jin S, Han J, Zhang L, Etheridge J, Wang J, Yan Y, Sargent E H, Tang J. Efficient and stable emission of warm-white light from lead-free halide double perovskites. Nature, 2018, 563(7732): 541–545

DOI PMID

56
Zhang X, Wang C, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Wang S, Lu M, Cui H, Kershaw S V, Yu W W, Rogach A L. Bright orange electroluminescence from lead-free two-dimensional perovskites. ACS Energy Letters, 2019, 4(1): 242–248

DOI

57
Singh A, Chiu N C, Boopathi K M, Lu Y J, Mohapatra A, Li G, Chen Y F, Guo T F, Chu C W. Lead-free antimony-based light-emitting diodes through the vapor–anion-exchange method. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2019, 11(38): 35088–35094

DOI PMID

58
Ma Z, Shi Z, Yang D, Zhang F, Li S, Wang L, Wu D, Zhang Y, Na G, Zhang L, Li X, Zhang Y, Shan C. Electrically-driven violet light-emitting devices based on highly stable lead-free perovskite Cs3Sb2Br9 quantum dots. ACS Energy Letters, 2020, 5(2): 385–394

DOI

59
Liang H, Yuan F, Johnston A, Gao C, Choubisa H, Gao Y, Wang Y K, Sagar L K, Sun B, Li P, Bappi G, Chen B, Li J, Wang Y, Dong Y, Ma D, Gao Y, Liu Y, Yuan M, Saidaminov M I, Hoogland S, Lu Z H, Sargent E H. High color purity lead-free perovskite light-emitting diodes via Sn stabilization. Advancement of Science, 2020, 7(8): 1903213

DOI PMID

60
Ma Z, Shi Z, Qin C, Cui M, Yang D, Wang X, Wang L, Ji X, Chen X, Sun J, Wu D, Zhang Y, Li X J, Zhang L, Shan C. Stable yellow light-emitting devices based on ternary copper halides with broadband emissive self-trapped excitons. ACS Nano, 2020, 14(4): 4475–4486

DOI PMID

61
Wang L, Shi Z, Ma Z, Yang D, Zhang F, Ji X, Wang M, Chen X, Na G, Chen S, Wu D, Zhang Y, Li X, Zhang L, Shan C. Colloidal synthesis of ternary copper halide nanocrystals for high-efficiency deep-blue light-emitting diodes with a half-lifetime above 100 h. Nano Letters, 2020, 20(5): 3568–3576

DOI PMID

62
Quan L N, Rand B P, Friend R H, Mhaisalkar S G, Lee T W, Sargent E H. Perovskites for next-generation optical sources. Chemical Reviews, 2019, 119(12): 7444–7477

DOI PMID

63
Kim H P, Kim J, Kim B S, Kim H M, Kim J, Yusoff A, Jang J, Nazeeruddin M K. High-efficiency, blue, green, and near-infrared light-emitting diodes based on triple cation perovskite. Advanced Optical Materials, 2017, 5(7): 1600920

DOI

64
Wu C, Wu T, Yang Y, McLeod J A, Wang Y, Zou Y, Zhai T, Li J, Ban M, Song T, Gao X, Duhm S, Sirringhaus H, Sun B. Alternative type two-dimensional–three-dimensional lead halide perovskite with inorganic sodium ions as a spacer for high-performance light-emitting diodes. ACS Nano, 2019, 13(2): 1645–1654

DOI PMID

65
Chen H, Fan L, Zhang R, Bao C, Zhao H, Xiang W, Liu W, Niu G, Guo R, Zhang L, Wang L. High-efficiency formamidinium lead bromide perovskite nanocrystal-based light-emitting diodes fabricated via a surface defect self-passivation strategy. Advanced Optical Materials, 2020, 8(6): 1901390

DOI

66
He Z, Liu Y, Yang Z, Li J, Cui J, Chen D, Fang Z, He H, Ye Z, Zhu H, Wang N, Wang J, Jin Y. High-efficiency red light-emitting diodes based on multiple quantum wells of phenylbutylammonium-cesium lead iodide perovskites. ACS Photonics, 2019, 6(3): 587–594

DOI

67
Xiao Z, Kerner R A, Tran N, Zhao L, Scholes G D, Rand B P. Engineering perovskite nanocrystal surface termination for light-emitting diodes with external quantum efficiency exceeding 15%. Advanced Functional Materials, 2019, 29(11): 1807284

DOI

68
Deng W, Xu X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Jin X, Wang L, Lee S T, Jie J. Organometal halide perovskite quantum dot light-emitting diodes. Advanced Functional Materials, 2016, 26(26): 4797–4802

DOI

69
Na Quan L, Ma D, Zhao Y, Voznyy O, Yuan H, Bladt E, Pan J, García de Arquer F P, Sabatini R, Piontkowski Z, Emwas A H, Todorović P, Quintero-Bermudez R, Walters G, Fan J Z, Liu M, Tan H, Saidaminov M I, Gao L, Li Y, Anjum D H, Wei N, Tang J, McCamant D W, Roeffaers M B J, Bals S, Hofkens J, Bakr O M, Lu Z H, Sargent E H. Edge stabilization in reduced-dimensional perovskites. Nature Communications, 2020, 11(1): 170

DOI PMID

70
Song J, Fang T, Li J, Xu L, Zhang F, Han B, Shan Q, Zeng H. Organic–inorganic hybrid passivation enables perovskite QLEDs with an EQE of 16.48%. Advanced Materials, 2018, 30(50): e1805409

DOI PMID

71
Tian Y, Zhou C, Worku M, Wang X, Ling Y, Gao H, Zhou Y, Miao Y, Guan J, Ma B. Highly efficient spectrally stable red perovskite light-emitting diodes. Advanced Materials, 2018, 30(20): e1707093

DOI PMID

Outlines

/