We discuss the role of differential equations in Lie group representation theory. We use Kashiwara’s pentagon as a reference frame for the real representation theory and then report on some work arising from its p-adic analogue by Emerton, Kisin, Patel, Huyghe, Schmidt, Strauch using Berthelot’s theory of arithmetic D-modules and Schneider–Stuhler theory of sheaves on buildings.
The Firefighter Problem on a graph can be viewed as a simplified model of the spread of contagion, fire, rumor, computer virus, etc. The fire breaks out at one or more vertices in a graph at the first round, and the fire-fighter chooses some vertices to protect. The fire spreads to all non-protected neighbors at the beginning of each time-step. The process stops when the fire can no longer spread. The Firefighter Problem has attracted considerable attention since it was introduced in 1995. In this paper we provide a survey on recent research progress of this field, including algorithms and complexity, Fire-fighter Problem for special graphs (finite and infinite) and digraphs, surviving rate and burning number of graphs. We also collect some open problems and possible research subjects.
The book-embedding problem arises in several area, such as very large scale integration (VLSI) design and routing multilayer printed circuit boards (PCBs). It can be used into various practical application fields. A book embedding of a graph G is an embedding of its vertices along the spine of a book, and an embedding of its edges to the pages such that edges embedded on the same page do not intersect. The minimum number of pages in which a graph G can be embedded is called the pagenumber or book-thickness of the graph G. It is an important measure of the quality for book-embedding. It is NP-hard to research the pagenumber of book-embedding for a graph G. This paper summarizes the studies on the book-embedding of planar graphs in recent years.
In this paper, we firstly construct several new kinds of Sidon spaces and Sidon sets by investigating some known results. Secondly, using these Sidon spaces, we will present a construction of cyclic subspace codes with cardinality τ · $\frac{{{q^n} - 1}}{{q - 1}}$ and minimum distance 2k−2, where τ is a positive integer. We furthermore give some cyclic subspace codes with size 2τ · $\frac{{{q^n} - 1}}{{q - 1}}$ and without changing the minimum distance 2k−2.
Let $A \subset {{\Bbb Z}_N}$, and
${f_A}(s) = \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}}{1 - \frac{{|A|}}{N},}&{{\rm{for}}\;s \in A,}\\{ - \frac{{|A|}}{N},}&{{\rm{for}}\;s \notin A.}\end{array}} \right.$
We define the pseudorandom measure of order k of the subset A as follows,
Pk(A, N) = $\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{\max }\\D\end{array}$|$\mathop \Sigma \limits_{n \in {\mathbb{Z}_N}}$fA(n + c1)fA(n + c2) … fA(n + ck)|,
where the maximum is taken over all D = (c1, c2, . . . , ck) ∈ ${\mathbb{Z}^k}$ with 0 ≤ c1 < c2 < … < ck ≤ N - 1. The subset A ⊂ ${{\mathbb{Z}_N}}$ is considered as a pseudorandom subset of degree k if Pk(A, N) is “small” in terms of N. We establish a link between the Gowers norm and our pseudorandom measure, and show that “good” pseudorandom subsets must have “small” Gowers norm. We give an example to suggest that subsets with “small” Gowers norm may have large pseudorandom measure. Finally, we prove that the pseudorandom subset of degree L(k) contains an arithmetic progression of length k, where
L(k) = 2·lcm(2, 4, . . . , 2|$\frac{k}{2}$|), for k ≥ 4,
and lcm(a1, a2, . . . , al) denotes the least common multiple of a1, a2, . . . , al.
In this paper, a tumor immune model with time delay is studied. First, the stability of nonnegative equilibria is analyzed. Then the time delay τ is selected as a bifurcation parameter and the existence of Hopf bifurcation is proved. Finally, by using the canonical method and the central manifold theory, the criteria for judging the direction and stability of Hopf bifurcation are given.