Penicillin fermentation residue biochar as a high-performance electrode for membrane capacitive deionization

Abstract

● We have provided an activated method to remove the toxicity of antibiotic residue.

● PFRB can greatly improve the salt adsorption capacity of MCDI.

● The hierarchical porous and abundant O/N-doped played the key role for the high-capacity desalination.

● A new field of reuse of penicillin fermentation residue has been developed.

Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) is an efficient desalination technology for brine. Penicillin fermentation residue biochar (PFRB) possesses a hierarchical porous and O/N-doped structure which could serve as a high-capacity desalination electrode in the MCDI system. Under optimal conditions (electrode weight, voltage, and concentration) and a carbonization temperature of 700 °C, the maximum salt adsorption capacity of the electrode can reach 26.4 mg/g, which is higher than that of most carbon electrodes. Furthermore, the electrochemical properties of the PFRB electrode were characterized through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with a maximum specific capacitance of 212.18 F/g. Finally, biotoxicity tests have showed that PFRB was non-biotoxin against luminescent bacteria and the MCDI system with the PFRB electrode remained stable even after 27 adsorption–desorption cycles. This study provides a novel way to recycle penicillin residue and an electrode that can achieve excellent desalination.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) / Penicillin fermentation residue biochar (PFRB) / Hierarchical porous / O/N-doped / Desalination

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