Penicillin fermentation residue biochar as a high-performance electrode for membrane capacitive deionization

Highlights

● We have provided an activated method to remove the toxicity of antibiotic residue.

● PFRB can greatly improve the salt adsorption capacity of MCDI.

● The hierarchical porous and abundant O/N-doped played the key role for the high-capacity desalination.

● A new field of reuse of penicillin fermentation residue has been developed.

Abstract

Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) is an efficient desalination technology for brine. Penicillin fermentation residue biochar (PFRB) possesses a hierarchical porous and O/N-doped structure which could serve as a high-capacity desalination electrode in the MCDI system. Under optimal conditions (electrode weight, voltage, and concentration) and a carbonization temperature of 700 °C, the maximum salt adsorption capacity of the electrode can reach 26.4 mg/g, which is higher than that of most carbon electrodes. Furthermore, the electrochemical properties of the PFRB electrode were characterized through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with a maximum specific capacitance of 212.18 F/g. Finally, biotoxicity tests have showed that PFRB was non-biotoxin against luminescent bacteria and the MCDI system with the PFRB electrode remained stable even after 27 adsorption–desorption cycles. This study provides a novel way to recycle penicillin residue and an electrode that can achieve excellent desalination.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) / Penicillin fermentation residue biochar (PFRB) / Hierarchical porous / O/N-doped / Desalination

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (China) (Nos. B2021208035, B2020208064, and E2020208054 ).

Electronic Supplementary Material

Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-023-1651-y and is accessible for authorized users.

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