Rational design of practical layered transition metal oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries

Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), which serve as alternatives or supplements to lithium-ion batteries, have been developed rapidly in recent years. Designing advanced high-performance layered Na_xTMO₂ cathode materials is beneficial for accelerating the commercialization of SIBs. Herein, the recent research progress on scalable synthesis methods, challenges on the path to commercialization and practical material design strategies for layered Na_xTMO₂ cathode materials is summarized. Co-precipitation method and solid-phase method are commonly used to synthesize Na_xTMO₂ on mass production and show their own advantages and disadvantages in terms of manufacturing cost, operative difficulty, sample quality and so on. To overcome drawbacks of layered Na_xTMO₂ cathode materials and meet the requirements for practical application, a detailed and deep understanding of development trends of layered Na_xTMO₂ cathode materials is also provided, including high specific energy materials, high-entropy oxides, single crystal materials, wide operation temperature materials and high air stability materials. This work can provide useful guidance in developing practical layered Na_xTMO₂ cathode materials for commercial SIBs.

Key words： sodium-ion batteries; layered oxide; industrialization; development prospect

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U19A2019 and 21771062), the Basic Research Business Fee of Central Universities (Grant No. 2022XQLH011) and Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF (Grant No. GZC20233152).

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