Antibacterial and anti-flaming PA6 composite with metathetically prepared nano AgCl@BaSO₄ co-precipitates

Abstract

In this study, a facile and environmentally friendly method with low energy consumption for preparing nanoscale AgCl and BaSO₄ co-precipitates (AgCl@BaSO₄ co-precipitates) was developed based on the metathetical reaction. Then, the dried co-precipitates were melt-compounded with polyamide 6 (PA6) resins at a specified mass ratio in a twin-screw extruder. The results demonstrated that in the absence of any coating agent or carrier, the nanoparticles of AgCl@BaSO₄ co-precipitates were homogeneously dispersed in the PA6 matrix. Further analysis showed that after the addition of AgCl@BaSO₄ co-precipitates, the antibacterial performance, along with the flame-retardance and anti-dripping characteristics of PA6, was enhanced significantly. In addition, the PA6 composites possessed high spinnability in producing pre-oriented yarn.

Key words： nano AgCl@BaSO₄ co-precipitates; antibacterial; flame resistance; PA6 composite; PA6 yarn

Acknowledgments

This project was financially supported by the National Key Research Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFB0302702) and the Open Foundation of National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources (Grant No. KF201804).

Electronic Supplementary Material

Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-020-1942-9 and is accessible for authorized users.

References

1 Hatfield G R, Glans J H, Hammond W B. Characterization of structure and morphology in nylon 6 by solid-state carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 NMR. Macromolecules, 1990, 23(6): 1654–1658

2 Peng S M, Peng L, Yi C W, Zhang W, Wang X. A novel synthetic strategy for preparing semi-aromatic components modified polyamide 6 polymer. Journal of Polymer Science. Part A, Polymer Chemistry, 2018, 56(9): 959–967

3 Panthi G, Barakat N A M, Risal P, Yousef A, Pant B, Unnithan A R, Kim H Y. Preparation and characterization of nylon-6/gelatin composite nanofibers via electrospinning for biomedical applications. Fibers and Polymers, 2013, 14(5): 718–723

4 Qi F F, Cao Y, Wang M, Rong F, Xu Q. Nylon 6 electrospun nanofibers mat as effective sorbent for the removal of estrogens: Kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Nanoscale Research Letters, 2014, 9(1): 353–362

5 Reuvers N J W, Huinink H P, Fischer H R, Adan O C G. Quantitative water uptake study in thin nylon-6 films with NMR imaging. Macromolecules, 2012, 45(4): 1937–1945

6 Liu T, Wang R, Dong Z F, Zhu Z G, Zhang X Q, Liu J G. Role of caged bicyclic pentaerythritol phosphate alcohol in flame retardancy of PA6 and mechanism study. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2018, 135(19): 46236–46243

7 Duncan T V. Applications of nanotechnology in food packaging and food safety: Barrier materials, antimicrobials and sensors. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2011, 363(1): 1–24

8 Wiechers J W, Musee N. Engineered inorganic nanoparticles and cosmetics: Facts, issues, knowledge gaps and challenges. Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology, 2010, 6(5): 408–431

9 Yuan G, Cranston R. Recent advances in antimicrobial treatments of textiles. Textile Research Journal, 2008, 78(1): 60–72

10 Yang Y T, Yi C W. Surface modification of TiO₂ for the preparation of full-dull polyamide-6 polymers. Journal of Materials Science, 2019, 54(13): 9456–9465

11 Chernousova S, Epple M. Silver as antibacterial agent: Ion, nanoparticle and metal. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2013, 52(6): 1636–1653

12 Liu Z, Guo W, Guo C, Liu S. Fabrication of AgBr nanomaterials as excellent antibacterial agents. RSC Advances, 2015, 5(89): 72872–72880

13 Kumar R, Münstedt H. Silver ion release from antimicrobial polyamide/silver composites. Biomaterials, 2005, 26(14): 2081–2088

14 Choi O, Hu Z Q. Size dependent and reactive oxygen species related nanosilver toxicity to nitrifying bacteria. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 42(12): 4583–4588

15 Davoudi Z M, Kandjani A E, Bhatt A I, Kyratzis I L, O’Mullane A P, Bansal V. Hybrid antibacterial fabrics with extremely high aspect ratio Ag/AgTCNQ nanowires. Advanced Functional Materials, 2014, 24(8): 1047–1053

16 Cao X, Zhang H, Chen M, Wang L. Preparation, characterization, and properties of modified barium sulfate nanoparticles/polyethylene nanocomposites as T-shaped copper intrauterine devices. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2014, 131(12): 40393–40399

17 Tang J, Chen Q, Xu L G, Zhang S, Feng L Z, Cheng L, Xu H, Liu Z, Peng R. Graphene oxide-silver nanocomposite as a highly effective antibacterial agent with species-specific mechanisms. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2013, 5(9): 3867–3874

18 He J R, Su J, Wang J L, Zhang L Z. Synthesis of water-free PEDOT with polyvinylpyrrolidone stabilizer in organic dispersant system. Organic Electronics, 2018, 53: 117–126

19 Yoon B, Lee S H, Feng L. Dispersion and densification of nano Si-(Al)-C powder with amorphous/nano-crystalline bi-modal microstructure. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2018, 101(7): 2760–2769

20 Horrocks R, Sitpalan A, Zhou C, Kandola B K. Flame retardant polyamide fibres: The challenge of minimising flame retardant additive contents with added nanoclays. Polymers, 2016, 8(8): 288–304

21 Buczko A, Stelzig T, Bommer L, Rentsch D, Heneczkowski M, Gaan S. Bridged DOPO derivatives as flame retardants for PA6. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 2014, 107: 158–165

22 Guo Z B, Wang C L, Li J, Yao Q. Micro-intumescent flame retardant polyamide 6 based on cyclic phosphate grafting phenol formaldehyde. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 2016, 27(7): 955–963

23 Si G J, Li D X, You Y L, Hu X. Investigation of the influence of red phosphorus, expansible graphite and zinc borate on flame retardancy and wear performance of glass fiber reinforced PA6 composites. Polymer Composites, 2017, 38(10): 2090–2097

24 Peng H, Tjiu W C, Shen L, Huang S, He C, Liu T. Preparation and mechanical properties of exfoliated CoAl layered double hydroxide/polyamide 6 nanocomposites by in situ polymerization. Composites Science and Technology, 2009, 69(7-8): 991–996

25 Casetta M, Michaux G, Ohl B, Duquesne S, Bourbigot S. Key role of magnesium hydroxide surface treatment in the flame retardancy of glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 2018, 148: 95–103

26 Alongi J, Malucelli G. Cotton fabrics treated with novel oxidic phases acting as effective smoke suppressants. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2012, 90(1): 251–260

27 Kim H J, Kwon Y, Kim C K. Mechanical property and thermal stability of polyurethane composites reinforced with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes and inorganic flame retardant filler. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2014, 14(8): 6048–6052

28 Ding Y, Jiang Y, Xu F, Yin J, Ren H, Zhuo Q, Long Z, Zhang P. Preparation of nano-structured LiFePO₄/graphene composites by co-precipitation method. Electrochemistry Communications, 2010, 12(1): 10–13

29 Jiang Z L, Wang C S, Fang S Y, Ji P, Wang H P, Ji C C. Durable flame-retardant and antidroplet finishing of polyester fabrics with flexible polysiloxane and phytic acid through layer-by-layer assembly and sol-gel process. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2018, 135(27): 46414–46424

30 Chang Y J, Yan X X, Wang Q, Ren L L, Tong J, Zhou J. High efficiency and low cost preparation of size controlled starch nanoparticles through ultrasonic treatment and precipitation. Food Chemistry, 2017, 227: 369–375

31 Daupor H, Wongnawa S. Flower-like Ag/AgCl microcrystals: Synthesis and photocatalytic activity. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2015, 159: 71–82

32 Yang J N, Wang C, Shao K Y, Ding G X, Tao Y L, Zhu J B. Morphologies, mechanical properties and thermal stability of poly(lactic acid) toughened by precipitated barium sulfate. Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A. Focus on Chemistry, 2015, 89(11): 2092–2096

33 Shahzamani M, Rezaeian I, Loghmani M S, Zahedi P, Rezaeian A. Effects of BaSO₄, CaCO₃, kaolin and quartz fillers on mechanical, chemical and morphological properties of cast polyurethane. Plastics. Rubber and Composites: Macromolecular Engineering, 2012, 41(6): 263–269

34 Damerchely R, Rashidi A S, Khajavi R. Morphology and mechanical properties of antibacterial nylon 6/nano-silver nano-composite multifilament yarns. Textile Research Journal, 2011, 81(16): 1694–1701

35 Venkatram M, Narasimha Murthy H N R, Gaikwad A, Mankunipoyil S A, Ramakrishna S, Ayalasomayajula Ratna P. Antibacterial and flame retardant properties of Ag-MgO/nylon 6 electrospun nanofibers for protective applications. Clothing & Textiles Research Journal, 2018, 36(4): 296–309

36 Kawahara K, Tsuruda K, Morishita M, Uchida M. Antibacterial effect of silver-zeolite on oral bacteria under anaerobic conditions. Dental Materials, 2000, 16(6): 452–455

37 Pant B, Pant H R, Pandeya D R, Panthi G, Nam K T, Hong S T, Kim C S, Kim H Y. Characterization and antibacterial properties of Ag NPs loaded nylon-6 nanocomposite prepared by one-step electrospinning process. Colloids and Surfaces. A, Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2012, 395: 94–99

38 Fei G X, Liu Y, Wang Q. Synergistic effects of novolac-based char former with magnesium hydroxide in flame retardant polyamide-6. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 2008, 93(7): 1351–1356