Antibacterial and anti-flaming PA6 composite with metathetically prepared nano AgCl@BaSO₄ co-precipitates

Abstract

In this study, a facile and environmentally friendly method with low energy consumption for preparing nanoscale AgCl and BaSO₄ co-precipitates (AgCl@BaSO₄ co-precipitates) was developed based on the metathetical reaction. Then, the dried co-precipitates were melt-compounded with polyamide 6 (PA6) resins at a specified mass ratio in a twin-screw extruder. The results demonstrated that in the absence of any coating agent or carrier, the nanoparticles of AgCl@BaSO₄ co-precipitates were homogeneously dispersed in the PA6 matrix. Further analysis showed that after the addition of AgCl@BaSO₄ co-precipitates, the antibacterial performance, along with the flame-retardance and anti-dripping characteristics of PA6, was enhanced significantly. In addition, the PA6 composites possessed high spinnability in producing pre-oriented yarn.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

nano AgCl@BaSO₄ co-precipitates / antibacterial / flame resistance / PA6 composite / PA6 yarn

References

[1] Hatfield G R, Glans J H, Hammond W B. Characterization of structure and morphology in nylon 6 by solid-state carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 NMR. Macromolecules, 1990, 23(6): 1654–1658

[2] Peng S M, Peng L, Yi C W, Zhang W, Wang X. A novel synthetic strategy for preparing semi-aromatic components modified polyamide 6 polymer. Journal of Polymer Science. Part A, Polymer Chemistry, 2018, 56(9): 959–967

[3] Panthi G, Barakat N A M, Risal P, Yousef A, Pant B, Unnithan A R, Kim H Y. Preparation and characterization of nylon-6/gelatin composite nanofibers via electrospinning for biomedical applications. Fibers and Polymers, 2013, 14(5): 718–723

[4] Qi F F, Cao Y, Wang M, Rong F, Xu Q. Nylon 6 electrospun nanofibers mat as effective sorbent for the removal of estrogens: Kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Nanoscale Research Letters, 2014, 9(1): 353–362

[5] Reuvers N J W, Huinink H P, Fischer H R, Adan O C G. Quantitative water uptake study in thin nylon-6 films with NMR imaging. Macromolecules, 2012, 45(4): 1937–1945

[6] Liu T, Wang R, Dong Z F, Zhu Z G, Zhang X Q, Liu J G. Role of caged bicyclic pentaerythritol phosphate alcohol in flame retardancy of PA6 and mechanism study. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2018, 135(19): 46236–46243

[7] Duncan T V. Applications of nanotechnology in food packaging and food safety: Barrier materials, antimicrobials and sensors. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2011, 363(1): 1–24

[8] Wiechers J W, Musee N. Engineered inorganic nanoparticles and cosmetics: Facts, issues, knowledge gaps and challenges. Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology, 2010, 6(5): 408–431

[9] Yuan G, Cranston R. Recent advances in antimicrobial treatments of textiles. Textile Research Journal, 2008, 78(1): 60–72

[10] Yang Y T, Yi C W. Surface modification of TiO₂ for the preparation of full-dull polyamide-6 polymers. Journal of Materials Science, 2019, 54(13): 9456–9465

[11] Chernousova S, Epple M. Silver as antibacterial agent: Ion, nanoparticle and metal. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2013, 52(6): 1636–1653

[12] Liu Z, Guo W, Guo C, Liu S. Fabrication of AgBr nanomaterials as excellent antibacterial agents. RSC Advances, 2015, 5(89): 72872–72880

[13] Kumar R, Münstedt H. Silver ion release from antimicrobial polyamide/silver composites. Biomaterials, 2005, 26(14): 2081–2088

[14] Choi O, Hu Z Q. Size dependent and reactive oxygen species related nanosilver toxicity to nitrifying bacteria. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 42(12): 4583–4588

[15] Davoudi Z M, Kandjani A E, Bhatt A I, Kyratzis I L, O’Mullane A P, Bansal V. Hybrid antibacterial fabrics with extremely high aspect ratio Ag/AgTCNQ nanowires. Advanced Functional Materials, 2014, 24(8): 1047–1053

[16] Cao X, Zhang H, Chen M, Wang L. Preparation, characterization, and properties of modified barium sulfate nanoparticles/polyethylene nanocomposites as T-shaped copper intrauterine devices. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2014, 131(12): 40393–40399

[17] Tang J, Chen Q, Xu L G, Zhang S, Feng L Z, Cheng L, Xu H, Liu Z, Peng R. Graphene oxide-silver nanocomposite as a highly effective antibacterial agent with species-specific mechanisms. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2013, 5(9): 3867–3874

[18] He J R, Su J, Wang J L, Zhang L Z. Synthesis of water-free PEDOT with polyvinylpyrrolidone stabilizer in organic dispersant system. Organic Electronics, 2018, 53: 117–126

[19] Yoon B, Lee S H, Feng L. Dispersion and densification of nano Si-(Al)-C powder with amorphous/nano-crystalline bi-modal microstructure. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2018, 101(7): 2760–2769

[20] Horrocks R, Sitpalan A, Zhou C, Kandola B K. Flame retardant polyamide fibres: The challenge of minimising flame retardant additive contents with added nanoclays. Polymers, 2016, 8(8): 288–304

[21] Buczko A, Stelzig T, Bommer L, Rentsch D, Heneczkowski M, Gaan S. Bridged DOPO derivatives as flame retardants for PA6. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 2014, 107: 158–165

[22] Guo Z B, Wang C L, Li J, Yao Q. Micro-intumescent flame retardant polyamide 6 based on cyclic phosphate grafting phenol formaldehyde. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 2016, 27(7): 955–963

[23] Si G J, Li D X, You Y L, Hu X. Investigation of the influence of red phosphorus, expansible graphite and zinc borate on flame retardancy and wear performance of glass fiber reinforced PA6 composites. Polymer Composites, 2017, 38(10): 2090–2097

[24] Peng H, Tjiu W C, Shen L, Huang S, He C, Liu T. Preparation and mechanical properties of exfoliated CoAl layered double hydroxide/polyamide 6 nanocomposites by in situ polymerization. Composites Science and Technology, 2009, 69(7-8): 991–996

[25] Casetta M, Michaux G, Ohl B, Duquesne S, Bourbigot S. Key role of magnesium hydroxide surface treatment in the flame retardancy of glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 2018, 148: 95–103

[26] Alongi J, Malucelli G. Cotton fabrics treated with novel oxidic phases acting as effective smoke suppressants. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2012, 90(1): 251–260

[27] Kim H J, Kwon Y, Kim C K. Mechanical property and thermal stability of polyurethane composites reinforced with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes and inorganic flame retardant filler. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2014, 14(8): 6048–6052

[28] Ding Y, Jiang Y, Xu F, Yin J, Ren H, Zhuo Q, Long Z, Zhang P. Preparation of nano-structured LiFePO₄/graphene composites by co-precipitation method. Electrochemistry Communications, 2010, 12(1): 10–13

[29] Jiang Z L, Wang C S, Fang S Y, Ji P, Wang H P, Ji C C. Durable flame-retardant and antidroplet finishing of polyester fabrics with flexible polysiloxane and phytic acid through layer-by-layer assembly and sol-gel process. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2018, 135(27): 46414–46424

[30] Chang Y J, Yan X X, Wang Q, Ren L L, Tong J, Zhou J. High efficiency and low cost preparation of size controlled starch nanoparticles through ultrasonic treatment and precipitation. Food Chemistry, 2017, 227: 369–375

[31] Daupor H, Wongnawa S. Flower-like Ag/AgCl microcrystals: Synthesis and photocatalytic activity. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2015, 159: 71–82

[32] Yang J N, Wang C, Shao K Y, Ding G X, Tao Y L, Zhu J B. Morphologies, mechanical properties and thermal stability of poly(lactic acid) toughened by precipitated barium sulfate. Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A. Focus on Chemistry, 2015, 89(11): 2092–2096

[33] Shahzamani M, Rezaeian I, Loghmani M S, Zahedi P, Rezaeian A. Effects of BaSO₄, CaCO₃, kaolin and quartz fillers on mechanical, chemical and morphological properties of cast polyurethane. Plastics. Rubber and Composites: Macromolecular Engineering, 2012, 41(6): 263–269

[34] Damerchely R, Rashidi A S, Khajavi R. Morphology and mechanical properties of antibacterial nylon 6/nano-silver nano-composite multifilament yarns. Textile Research Journal, 2011, 81(16): 1694–1701

[35] Venkatram M, Narasimha Murthy H N R, Gaikwad A, Mankunipoyil S A, Ramakrishna S, Ayalasomayajula Ratna P. Antibacterial and flame retardant properties of Ag-MgO/nylon 6 electrospun nanofibers for protective applications. Clothing & Textiles Research Journal, 2018, 36(4): 296–309

[36] Kawahara K, Tsuruda K, Morishita M, Uchida M. Antibacterial effect of silver-zeolite on oral bacteria under anaerobic conditions. Dental Materials, 2000, 16(6): 452–455

[37] Pant B, Pant H R, Pandeya D R, Panthi G, Nam K T, Hong S T, Kim C S, Kim H Y. Characterization and antibacterial properties of Ag NPs loaded nylon-6 nanocomposite prepared by one-step electrospinning process. Colloids and Surfaces. A, Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2012, 395: 94–99

[38] Fei G X, Liu Y, Wang Q. Synergistic effects of novolac-based char former with magnesium hydroxide in flame retardant polyamide-6. Polymer Degradation & Stability, 2008, 93(7): 1351–1356

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Higher Education Press