ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF NITROGEN DEPOSITION ON URBAN FORESTS: AN OVERVIEW

Highlights

● Patterns and effects of N deposition on urban forests are reviewed.

● N deposition generally shows an urban hotspot phenomenon.

● Urban N deposition shows high ratios of ammonium to nitrate.

● N deposition likely has distinct effects on urban and natural forests.

Abstract

The global urban area is expanding continuously, resulting in unprecedented emissions and deposition of reactive nitrogen (N) in urban environments. However, large knowledge gaps remain in the ecological effects of N deposition on urban forests that provide key ecosystem services for an increasing majority of city dwellers. The current understanding of the spatial patterns and ecological effects of N deposition in urban forests was synthesized based on a literature review of observational and experimental studies. Nitrogen deposition generally increases closer to cities, resulting in an urban hotspot phenomenon. Chemical components of N deposition also shift across urban-suburban-rural gradients, showing higher ratios of ammonium to nitrate in and around urban areas. The ecological effects of N deposition on urban forest ecosystems are overviewed with a special focus on ecosystem N cycling, soil acidification, nutrient imbalances, soil greenhouse gas emissions, tree growth and forest productivity, and plant and soil microbial diversity. The distinct effects of unprecedented N deposition on urban forests are discussed in comparison with the common effects in natural forests. Despite the existing research efforts, several key research needs are highlighted to fill the knowledge gaps in the ecological effects of N deposition on urban forests.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

biodiversity / carbon sequestration / nitrogen deposition / nutrient imbalance / soil acidification / urban forest

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Acknowledgements

This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (41877328, 41630750 and 41425007), State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology (2021-TS-02), and Fok Ying-Tong Education Foundation (161015).

Compliance with ethics guidelines

Enzai Du, Nan Xia, Yuying Guo, Yuehan Tian, Binghe Li, Xuejun Liu, and Wim DE Vries declare that they have no conflicts of interest or financial conflicts to disclose. This article does not contain any study with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

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The Author(s) 2021. Published by Higher Education Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)