Phosphorus use efficiency and fertilizers: future opportunities for improvements

Abstract

The continued supply of phosphate fertilizers that underpin global food production is an imminent crisis. The rock phosphate deposits on which the world depends are not only finite, but some are contaminated, and many are located in geopolitically unstable areas, meaning that fundamental changes will have to take place in order to maintain food production for a growing global population. No single solution exists, but a combination of approaches to phosphorus management is required not only to extend the lifespan of the remaining non-renewable rock phosphate reserves, but to result in a more efficient, sustainable phosphorus cycle. Solutions include improving the efficiency of fertilizer applications to agricultural land, alongside a better understanding of phosphorus cycling in soil-plant systems, and the interactions between soil physics, chemistry and biology, coupled with plant traits. Opportunities exist for the development of plants that can access different forms of soil phosphorus (e.g., organic phosphorus) and that use internal phosphorus more efficiently. The development of different sources of phosphorus fertilizers are inevitably required given the finite nature of the rock phosphate supplies. Clear opportunities exist, and it is now important that a concerted effort to make advances in phosphorus use efficiency is prioritized.

Keywords

organic phosphorus / phosphorus fertilizer / phosphorus use efficiency / rock phosphate

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Acknowledgements

Rothamsted Research is supported by funding from The UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBS/E/C/000I0310, BBS/E/C/000I0320, BBS/E/C/000I0120). Research by Richard Haslam was funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council through the Tailoring Plant Metabolism Institute Strategic Grant BBS/E/C/000I0420.

Compliance with ethics guidelines

Martin Blackwell, Tegan Darch, and Richard Haslam declare that they have no conflicts of interest or financial conflicts to disclose.

This article is a review and does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

The Author(s) 2019. Published by Higher Education Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)