Cellulose aerogels decorated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes: preparation, characterization, and application for electromagnetic interference shielding

Abstract

Electromagnetic wave pollution has attracted extensive attention because of its ability to affect the operation of electronic machinery and endanger human health. In this work, the environmentally-friendly hybrid aerogels consisting of cellulose and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were fabricated. The aerogels have a low bulk density of 58.17 mg·cm⁻³. The incorporation of MWCNTs leads to an improvement in the thermal stability. In addition, the aerogels show a high electromagnetic interference (EMI) SE_total value of 19.4 dB. Meanwhile, the absorption-dominant shielding mechanism helps a lot to reduce secondary radiation, which is beneficial to develop novel eco-friendly EMI shielding materials.

Keywords

cellulose aerogels / carbon nanotubes / electromagnetic interference shielding / composites

1 Introduction

Cellulose aerogels consist of micro/nano-scale three-dimensional networks, and have a great variety of extraordinary features, such as ultra-low density, large specific surface, high porosity, and superb thermal, sound and electrical insulation characteristics^[1,2^], which are currently considered one of the most promising biomaterials in the field of plant products. Also, it is believed that their intertangled fibril networks and ample surface hydroxyl groups contribute to tightly immobilizing nanoparticles and effectively reducing agglomeration. Therefore, cellulose aerogels are extensively regarded as appropriate templates for the creation of composites with functional properties^[3^]. Our previous reports have justified the cellulose aerogels that could serve as suitable environmentally benign templates to support well-dispersed nanoscale g-Fe₂O₃^[4^], cobalt ferrite^[5^], anatase titania^[6^] and rod-like ZnO^[7^].

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are an alluring class of materials from both theoretical and applied viewpoints, which have attracted tremendous attention since the discovery by Iijima in 1991, due to their outstanding electrical, mechanical, and physicochemical properties^[8,9^]. It has been reported that single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) (a single graphite plane rolled up into a cylinder) have an ultra-low electrical resistivity of 10^-6W·cm^[10^]. While for multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) composed of an array of concentric cylinders, the value is 3 × 10^-5W·cm, which reveals that CNTs might be better conductors than metals such as copper at room temperature. In addition, CNTs are mechanically extremely strong, with Young’s modulus and breaking strain larger than 1 TPa and 5%^[11^], respectively. Also CNTs have low mass density, large aspect ratio (>100), high thermal conductiv5ity, and chemical stability. Therefore, these properties make CNTs uniquely promising for serving as excellent filling agents in polymers. So far, a large number of investigations have been undertaken extensively for synthesizing <FootNote>

FT-0

</FootNote>miscellaneous composites consisting of CNTs combined with various matrix polymers such as thermosetting epoxy^[12^], polyethylene (PE)^[13^], polyethyleneimine (PEI)^[14^], polyethyleneoxide (PEO)^[15^], poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)^[16^], polypropylene (PP)^[17^], poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)^[18^]. However, with the intensification of environmental pollutions and the increasingly depletion of petrochemical resources, sustainability, industrial ecology, eco-efficiency, and green chemistry are guiding the development of the next generation of materials, products, and processes. Therefore, it is interesting and significant to develop new eco-friendly CNT-based materials using environmentally friendly matrixes (e.g., cellulose aerogels) to replace the above petrochemical-based polymers, and extend their applications.

In the present work, the cellulose aerogels were fabricated via an eco-friendly inexpensive cellulose solvent (namely NaOH/polyethylene glycol), and the surface was decorated with MWCNTs. The hybrid MWCNT/cellulose aerogels (MWCNT/CA) were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetry (TG) analysis. Moreover, as an example of the potential applications, the composite was used as an eco-friendly electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding material to block undesirable electromagnetic irradiation.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

Filter paper served as the cellulosic source, and was cut into pieces and then dried at 60°C for 24 h to remove most absorbed water prior to use. MWCNTs are provided by Shanghai Aladdin Industrial Inc., China. The diameters of the MWCNTs varied from 20 to 40 nm, and the lengths from 1 to 2 mm. Other chemical reagents were purchased from Tianjin Kermel Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (China) and used without further purification.

2.2 Synthesis of MWCNT/CA

MWCNTs (0.10 g) and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB, 0.79 g) were added to 100 mL absolute ethanol, and the mixture was magnetically stirred for 30 min and then subjected to an ultrasonic treatment by a sonifier (Scientz Technology, JY99-IID 900 W/20 kHz) for 3 h. For the preparation of the pure cellulose aerogels (PCA), the technical processes including dissolution, freezing-thawing, regeneration, and freeze drying were conducted in sequence. Full details are provided in earlier publications^[19,20^]. The resultant cylindrical PCA sample (about 0.30 g) was immersed in the aforementioned alcohol dispersion of MWCNTs (30 mL) for 1 h. Subsequently, the beaker containing the sample and the dispersion was placed into an oven at 50°C for about 12 h to form a black MWCNT coating on the surface of cellulose aerogels. Repeating the immersion and drying processes three times, the hybrid MWCNT/CA was successfully fabricated. Furthermore, the powder-like MWCNT/CA sample was prepared by mixing the alcohol dispersion of MWCNTs with the cellulose aerogels powder instead of the cylindrical cellulose aerogels, and used for the measurements of XRD, TG, and EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE).

2.3 Characterizations

SEM observation was performed with a Hitachi S4800 SEM. The XRD patterns were measured with an XRD instrument (D/max 2200, Rigaku) using Ni filtered Cu Ka radiation (l = 1.5406 Ǻ) at 40 kV and 30 mA. Scattered radiation was detected ranging from 5° to 40° at a scan rate of 4°·min^-1. TG analysis experiments were performed by a synchronous thermal analyzer (SDT-Q600, USA) from room temperature to 700°C at a rate of 10°C·min^-1 under a nitrogen atmosphere. EMI SE was measured using a PNA-X network analyzer (N5244a) at the frequency range of 8–12 GHz (X-band). The measured samples were prepared by uniformly mixing 40% of powder-like MWCNT/CA (or PCA) with 60% of paraffin wax (w/w). The mixture was then pressed into a toroidal shaped mold (F_in: 3.0 mm, F_out: 7.0 mm, H: 2.0 mm).

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Morphology and crystal structure of MWCNT/CA

The morphology of MWCNT/CA was observed by SEM. It can be clearly seen in Fig. 1a that the fiber structures with diameters of several microns are interlaced with each other. The porous network structure results in an extremely low bulk density of 58.17 mg·cm^-3, which was calculated by dividing the mass by the volume measured by a micrometer caliper. In addition, from the high-magnification SEM image of MWCNT/CA (Fig. 1b), it can be found that the surface of the fiber structures is coated with abundant dense MWCNTs, indicating that the drying process can effectively uniformly deposit the MWCNTs on the surface of the aerogels. This compact MWCNT coating may possibly contribute to reinforcing the thermal stability and EMI shielding ability of the composite.

Fig.1 Low-magnification (a) and high-magnification (b) SEM images of MWCNT/CA, respectively

Full size|PPT slide

The crystal structure of MWCNT/CA and PCA was investigated by XRD, and the resulting XRD patterns are presented in Fig. 2. For PCA, the diffraction peaks at around 12.4°, 20.2° and 21.9° originate from the (1$\overline{1}$0), (110), and (200) planes of cellulose II crystal structure[21]. For MWCNT/CA, the cellulose characteristic peaks of (1$\overline{1}$0) and (110) planes at around 12.6° and 20.5° were still maintained, revealing that the immersion and drying processes did not seriously damage the cellulose crystal structure. In addition, the sharp XRD peak at 21.4° is assigned to the (114) plane of CTAB[22], which significantly fades the (200) peak of cellulose structure. Moreover, the peak at 24.5° is possibly derived from the mixture of (002) peak of MWCNT and (020) peak of CTAB[23]. Apart from the surfactant (i.e., CTAB), the XRD pattern of the composite shows the presence of both components of MWCNT and cellulose, indicating a favorable combination.

Fig.2  XRD patterns of MWCNT/CA and PCA

Full size|PPT slide

3.2 Thermal stability of MWCNT/CA

For the investigation of the influence of the incorporation of MWCNT on the thermal stability of the composite, the thermal property of MWCNT/CA was measured by TG and derivative TG, and compared with that of PCA. As shown in Fig. 3a, apart from the small weight losses below 150°C due to the evaporation of adsorbed water, there was only a severe quality reduction stage for both samples occurring at around 270°C to 360°C. The decomposition resulted from the depolymerization and decomposition of glucose units in cellulose^[24^]. The subsequent slow mass loses above 360°C are ascribed to the gradual oxidation and carbonization of cellulose. According to the TG plots, the weight loss during the whole pyrolysis process was around 81.8 and 98.9% for MWCNT/CA and PCA, respectively, which indicates that the proportion of MWCNT in MWCNT/CA can be roughly calculated as 17.1%. In addition, as shown in Fig. 3b, the strong exothermic peak of MWCNT/CA centers at 345.6°C, 8.0°C higher than that of PCA (337.6°C). The increment reveals that the strong interaction between the cellulose and the MWCNTs makes contribution to the improvement in the thermal stability of the composite.

Fig.3  TG (a) and derivative TG (b) curves of MWCNT/CA and PCA, respectively

Full size|PPT slide

3.3 EMI ability of MWCNT/CA

In recent years, the pollution from EMI (especially in X–band) has attracted extensive attention because of its ability to affect the operation of electronic machines and endanger human health^[25^]. Therefore, the demand for eco-friendly, lightweight, and effective EMI shielding materials is extremely urgent. It is well-known that CNTs have huge potential for EMI shielding due to their excellent electrical properties, high aspect ratio, and high strength and modulus^[26^]. Consequently, it is worthwhile to study the application potential of the CNT-based composites (i.e., MWCNT/CA) in EMI shielding.

As shown in Fig. 4, EMI SE includes the shielding effectiveness due to reflection (SE_R), shielding effectiveness due to absorption (SE_A), and shielding effectiveness due to multiple reflection (SE_M), which can be calculated through the following equations^[27,28^]:

(1)$${{\displaystyle SE}}_{total}(dB)=\mathrm{10}\log {\displaystyle \frac{{{\displaystyle P}}_i}{{{\displaystyle P}}_t}}={{\displaystyle SE}}_A+{{\displaystyle SE}}_R+{{\displaystyle SE}}_M$$

(2)$${{\displaystyle SE}}_R=-\mathrm{10}\log (\mathrm{1}-{\left|{{\displaystyle S}}_{\mathrm{11}}\right|}^{\mathrm{2}})$$

(3)$${{\displaystyle SE}}_A=-\log [{\left|{{\displaystyle S}}_{\mathrm{12}}\right|}^{\mathrm{2}}/(\mathrm{1}-{\left|{{\displaystyle S}}_{\mathrm{11}}\right|}^{\mathrm{2}})]$$

where P_i and P_t are the incident power and the transmitted power. When SE_total>10 dB, SE_M can be negligible. $\left|{{\displaystyle S}}_{\mathrm{12}}\right|$ and $\left|{{\displaystyle S}}_{\mathrm{11}}\right|$ are the scattering parameters (S-parameters) of the two-port vector network analyzer system.

Fig.4  Schematic diagram of major mechanisms for EMI shielding

Full size|PPT slide

In Fig. 5, PCA displays negligible fluctuation from 0 to 0.7 dB with the variation of frequency due to a shortage of effective groups or components that can interact with the electromagnetic field^[29^]. For PCA coated with the MWCNTs (i.e., MWCNT/CA), a striking enhancement in SE_total was found, which is ascribed to the extraordinary electromagnetic characteristics of CNTs. The SE_total value reached as high as about 19.4 dB, close to the commercially achievable level (>20 dB)^[30^]. Furthermore, additional approaches may possibly help to achieve further substantial improvements in the SE_total of the composite, such as by purifying the MWCNTs for increasing electrical conductivity and inserting some conducting polymers (or other carbon-based materials) into the aerogels.

Fig.5  SEtotal of MWCNT/CA and PCA as a function of frequency

Full size|PPT slide

To clarify the EMI shielding mechanism of MWCNT/CA, the EMI SE_R and SE_A of the composite in the 8 to 12 GHz range are present in Fig. 6. Comparison between the SE_R and SE_A suggests that SE_A is the dominant mechanism in EMI shielding. The SE_A value of MWCNT/CA approached 13.3 to 15.6 dB, 1.5 to 3 times higher than that of SE_R (3.8 to 5.4 dB). Additionally, the absorption-dominant shielding mechanism is helpful in reducing secondary radiation, and is considered as one of the most critical factors for the exploitation of EMI shielding materials^[31^]. Also, the gradually upward trend of SE_total with increasing frequency (Fig. 5) is in agreement with the absorption-dominant shielding mechanism^[32^].

Fig.6  SEA (a) and SER (b) of MWCNT/CA and PCA as a function of frequency

Full size|PPT slide

4 Conclusions

A class of eco-friendly lightweight MWCNT/CA composite was prepared by repeatedly immersing the cellulose aerogels into the alcohol dispersion of MWCNTs and subsequent facile drying treatment. The SEM observations indicate that the MWCNTs were densely deposited on the surface of the aerogels, contributing to the improvement in the thermal stability of MWCNT/CA. In addition, the composite shows a high EMI SE_total value of 19.4 dB. The absorption-dominant shielding mechanism contributes to a reduction in secondary radiation, and is considered as one of the most critical factor for the exploitation of EMI shielding materials.

References

[1] Liebner F, Potthast A, Rosenau T, Haimer E, Wendland M. Cellulose aerogels: highly porous, ultra-lightweight materials. Holzforschung, 2008, 62(2): 129–135

[2] Sescousse R, Gavillon R, Budtova T. Aerocellulose from cellulose–ionic liquid solutions: preparation, properties and comparison with cellulose–NaOH and cellulose–NMMO routes. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2011, 83(4): 1766–1774

[3] Pääkkö M, Vapaavuori J, Silvennoinen R, Kosonen H, Ankerfors M, Lindström T, Berglund L A, Ikkala O. Long and entangled native cellulose I nanofibers allow flexible aerogels and hierarchically porous templates for functionalities. Soft Matter, 2008, 4(12): 2492–2499

[4] Wan C, Li J. Facile synthesis of well-dispersed superparamagnetic g-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles encapsulated in three-dimensional architectures of cellulose aerogels and their applications for Cr (VI) removal from contaminated water. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2015, 3(9): 2142–2152

[5] Wan C, Li J. Synthesis of well-dispersed magnetic CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles in cellulose aerogels via a facile oxidative co-precipitation method. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2015, 134: 144–150

[6] Wan C, Lu Y, Jin C, Sun Q, Li J. A facile low-temperature hydrothermal method to prepare anatase titania/cellulose aerogels with strong photocatalytic activities for rhodamine B and methyl orange degradations. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2015, 2015: 717016

[7] Wan C, Li J. Embedding ZnO nanorods into porous cellulose aerogels via a facile one-step low-temperature hydrothermal method. Materials & Design, 2015, 83: 620–625

[8] Baughman R H, Zakhidov A A, de Heer W A. Carbon nanotubes-the route toward applications. Science, 2002, 297(5582): 787–792

[9] Berber S, Kwon Y K, Tománek D. Unusually high thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes. Physical Review Letters, 2000, 84(20): 4613–4616

[10] Li Q, Li Y, Zhang X, Chikkannanavar S B, Zhao Y, Dangelewicz A M, Zheng L, Doorn S K, Jia Q, Peterson D E, Arendt P N, Zhu Y. Structure-dependent electrical properties of carbon nanotube fibers. Advanced Materials, 2007, 19(20): 3358–3363

[11] Zhang H, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Wu J, Zhang J, He J. Regenerated-cellulose/multiwalled-carbon nanotube composite fibers with enhanced mechanical properties prepared with the ionic liquid 1–allyl–3–methylimidazolium chloride. Advanced Materials, 2007, 19(5): 698–704

[12] Hsieh T, Kinloch A, Taylor A, Kinloch I. The effect of carbon nanotubes on the fracture toughness and fatigue performance of a thermosetting epoxy polymer. Journal of Materials Science, 2011, 46(23): 7525–7535

[13] Haggenmueller R, Fischer J E, Winey K I. Single wall carbon nanotube/polyethylene nanocomposites: nucleating and templating polyethylene crystallites. Macromolecules, 2006, 39(8): 2964–2971

[14] Muñoz E, Suh D S, Collins S, Selvidge M, Dalton A B, Kim B G, Razal J M, Ussery G, Rinzler A G, Martínez M T, Baughman R H. Highly conducting carbon nanotube/polyethyleneimine composite fibers. Advanced Materials, 2005, 17(8): 1064–1067

[15] Chatterjee T, Yurekli K, Hadjiev V G, Krishnamoorti R. Single-walled carbon nanotube dispersions in poly(ethylene oxide). Advanced Functional Materials, 2005, 15(11): 1832–1838

[16] Jin Z, Pramoda K, Xu G, Goh S H. Dynamic mechanical behavior of melt-processed multi-walled carbon nanotube/poly(methyl methacrylate) composites. Chemical Physics Letters, 2001, 337(1): 43–47

[17] Chang T, Jensen L R, Kisliuk A, Pipes R, Pyrz R, Sokolov A. Microscopic mechanism of reinforcement in single-wall carbon nanotube/polypropylene nanocomposite. Polymer, 2005, 46(2): 439–444

[18] Shaffer M S, Windle A H. Fabrication and characterization of carbon nanotube/poly(vinyl alcohol) composites. Advanced Materials, 1999, 11(11): 937–941

[19] Li J, Wan C, Lu Y, Sun Q. Fabrication of cellulose aerogel from wheat straw with strong absorptive capacity. Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering, 2014, 1(1): 46–52

[20] Wan C, Lu Y, Jiao Y, Jin C, Sun Q, Li J. Fabrication of hydrophobic, electrically conductive and flame-resistant carbon aerogels by pyrolysis of regenerated cellulose aerogels. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2015, 118: 115–118

[21] Nishiyama Y, Langan P, Chanzy H. Crystal structure and hydrogen-bonding system in cellulose Ib from synchrotron X-ray and neutron fiber diffraction. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2002, 124(31): 9074–9082

[22] Bele M, Kodre A, Arčon I, Grdadolnik J, Pejovnik S, Besenhard J O. Adsorption of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide on carbon black from aqueous solution. Carbon, 1998, 36(7): 1207–1212

[23] Chetty R, Kundu S, Xia W, Bron M, Schuhmann W, Chirila V, Brandld W, Reineckec T, Muhlera M. PtRu nanoparticles supported on nitrogen-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes as catalyst for methanol electrooxidation. Electrochimica Acta, 2009, 54(17): 4208–4215

[24] Wan J, Yan X, Ding J, Ren R. A simple method for preparing biocompatible composite of cellulose and carbon nanotubes for the cell sensor. Sensors and Actuators. B, Chemical, 2010, 146(1): 221–225

[25] Geetha S, Satheesh Kumar K, Rao C R, Vijayan M, Trivedi D. EMI shielding: Methods and materials–A review. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2009, 112(4): 2073–2086

[26] Al-Saleh M H, Saadeh W H, Sundararaj U. EMI shielding effectiveness of carbon based nanostructured polymeric materials: a comparative study. Carbon, 2013, 60: 146–156

[27] Liu X, Yin X, Kong L, Li Q, Liu Y, Duan W, Zhang L, Cheng L. Fabrication and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of carbon nanotube reinforced carbon fiber/pyrolytic carbon composites. Carbon, 2014, 68: 501–510

[28] Hao X, Yin X, Zhang L, Cheng L. Dielectric, electromagnetic interference shielding and absorption properties of Si₃N₄–PyC composite ceramics. Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 2013, 29(3): 249–254

[29] Alimohammadi F, Gashti M P, Shamei A. Functional cellulose fibers via polycarboxylic acid/carbon nanotube composite coating. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 2013, 10(1): 123–132 

[30] Song W L, Fan L Z, Cao M S, Lu M M, Wang C Y, Wang J, Chen T T, Li Y, Hou Z L, Liu J, Sun Y P. Facile fabrication of ultrathin graphene papers for effective electromagnetic shielding. Journal of Materials Chemistry. C, Materials for Optical and Electronic Devices, 2014, 2(25): 5057–5064

[31] Chung D. Materials for electromagnetic interference shielding. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2000, 9(3): 350–354

[32] Zhang H B, Zheng W G, Yan Q, Jiang Z G, Yu Z Z. The effect of surface chemistry of graphene on rheological and electrical properties of polymethylmethacrylate composites. Carbon, 2012, 50(14): 5117–5125

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31270590, 31470584).

Jian Li and Caichao Wan declare that they have no conflict of interest or financial conflicts to disclose.

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg