Effect of calcium on porcine ICSI embryos expressing EGFP is related to activation of ooplasmic DNase I

Abstract

Several reliable methods to produce transgenic animals use the male genome. After penetration into oocytes, sperm DNA undergoes dramatic conformational changes that might represent an opportunity for exogenous DNA to integrate into the zygote genome. A nuclease, DNase I, with Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ dependent activity and Zn²⁺ inhibition, is one of the enzymes responsible for sperm DNA remodeling. To date, the effect of different calcium concentrations in manipulation media on porcine intracytoplasmic sperm injection has not been fully investigated. The present study was conducted to examine the effect of calcium in the surrounding media, and we found that the number of embryos expressing green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was increased in media containing Ca²⁺. However, the number did not change over Ca²⁺ concentrations from 2 to 8 mmol·L^–1 (P>0.05). Moreover, free Ca²⁺ concentrations in the media were found to affect the efficiency which is ICSI embryos expressing EGFP protein, which was related to the activation of ooplasmic DNase I. These findings reveal a mechanism and pathway involving EGFP expression in ICSI embryos.

Keywords

ICSI / calcium / DNase I / GFP / porcine

1 Introduction

Transgenesis represents an important tool in basic research as well as in livestock production. Several reliable methods to produce transgenic animals use the male genome for exogenous DNA integration. Male pronuclear injection is currently the most frequently used method to generate transgenic animals. Porcine intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) to produce transgenic pigs has become indispensable to biomedical research. However, the rate of successful incorporation of the exogenous genes into the host genome is extremely low in animals^[ 1^]. Moreover, exogenous DNA injection into the ooplasm does not result in transgenic progeny^[ 2^].

Factors that have been reported to influence the outcome of transgenesis in porcine embryos through ICSI include temperature during micromanipulation, exogenous DNA concentrations, plasmid constructs^[ 3^] and DNase I treatment^[ 4^].

Szczygiel et al.^[ 5^] found that Ca²⁺ chelators (EDTA or EGTA) in the suspensions of sperm cell and exogenous DNA could decrease transgenesis and affect the degree of DNA integration into chromosomes, and that this was related to a Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺-dependent enzyme in the oocyte. A Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺-dependent DNase I in pig MII oocytes has been documented which could significantly protect linearized exogenous DNA when microinjected^[ 6^].

The influence of Ca²⁺ in ICSI manipulation medium on the efficiency of transgene expression has not previously been investigated. So this study was designed to explore whether Ca²⁺ concentrations in manipulation medium could affect the efficiency of porcine embryos expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) by ICSI, as well as possible causes contributing to this effect.

2 Materials and methods

All chemicals used in this study were purchased from Sigma Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA) unless otherwise specified.

2.1 Source of the gametes

2.1.1 Porcine oocytes

Ovaries were obtained from white crossbred gilts at a local slaughterhouse and transferred to the laboratory within 2 h in D-PBS containing 75 mg·L^–1 penicillin and 50 mg·L^–1 streptomycin at 35°C. The ovaries were washed twice in the same solution on arriving at the laboratory.

The cumulus oocyte complexes were aspirated from follicles (2–6 mm in diameter) using a 10 mL syringe with an 18-gauge needle. The aspirate was pooled into 15 mL plastic centrifuge tubes. After settlement, the supernatant was discarded and the sediment washed twice in TL-Hepes^[ 2^]. Oocytes with even cytoplasm and tight cumulus cell layers were selected and matured in a Petri dish in 100 μL droplets in 5% CO₂ in air at 100% humidity and 38.5°C for 44 h. The maturation medium was TCM199 (with Earles’ salts; Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA) supplemented with 10% porcine follicular fluid, 10 IU·mL^–1 hCG (Chorulon, Intervet Australia Pty Limited, Victoria, Australia), 10 IU·mL^–1 eCG (Folligon, Intervet Australia Pty Limited, Victoria, Australia), 10 ng·mL^–1 EGF, 0.60 mmol·L^–1 cysteine, 75 mg·L^–1 penicillin and 50 mg·L^–1 streptomycin.

2.1.2 Sperm preparation

The semen from two Large Yorkshire boars was collected by the gloved-hand method^[ 2^] and mixed together. The semen was then washed three times and diluted to 1×10⁶ mol·L^–1 spermatozoa in TL-Hepes solution containing 0.3% BSA before freezing in liquid nitrogen without any cryoprotectant in 0.25 mL straws (IVM, L’Aigle, France). Before ICSI, one straw of the semen was thawed in a 37°C water bath for 30 s. Aliquots (30 μL) of the semen were then washed twice with 1mL TL-Hepes and the sperm harvested by centrifugation at 1000 × g for 5 min. The sperm was then treated according to the experimental designs.

2.2 pEGFP-N1 plasmid DNA

The pEGFP-N1 plasmid (Clontech, Mountain View, CA, USA) was 4.7 kb in length and encoded the GFP mut1 variant that could be expressed in mammalian cells under the control of the CMV promoter was used. The plasmid was first amplified in E. coli and then purified, and the plasmid expressed EGFP had an excitation peak at 488 nm and maximal emission peak at 507 nm. One part of the circular plasmid DNA was restricted with Ase I (Hyclone USA). The DNA was stored at a concentration of 0.5 μg·mL^–1 in Tris–EDTA solution before use.

2.3 Micromanipulation techniques

ICSI was carried out at 37°C in microdrops of Hepes buffered Sperm Preparation Medium (SPM; Medicult, Copenhagen, Denmark) under embryo culture-tested light mineral oil (Sigma, La Verpillire, France) equilibrated with 5% CO₂ in air. Sperm and 0.05 μg·mL^–1 pEGFP-N1 DNA were incubated at 4°C for 1 h. Then one spermatozoon was injected into the ooplasm of each oocyte with the use of an Olympus IMT- 2 inverted research microscope equipped with a Narishige MN 151 (Narishige Co., Tokyo, Japan) mechanical joystick manipulator (to control the holding pipette) and with a Narishige MO-202 remote-control hydraulic manipulator (to control the microinjection needle). Details of the preparation of micromanipulation instruments, sperm treatment and the microinjection technique were as previously published^[ 7^]. After sperm injection, the oocytes were stored in H199 until electro-activation. Control oocytes were sham-injected in the same way as oocytes subjected to ICSI except for the absence of sperm in the injected medium.

2.4 Electrical stimulation

The electro-activation solution contained 0.3 mol·L^–1 mannitol, 0.05 mmol·L^–1 CaCl₂, 0.1 mmol·L^–1 MgCl₂ and 0.1% BSA. The ICSI oocytes were washed three times in mannitol solution and transferred to an irradiation chamber (Fujira Industry Co. Ltd., Japan), which was filled with 1 mL of the electro-activation solution. The distance between the two electrodes in the chamber was 1.08 mm and oocytes were placed in this gap, then subjected to an activation pulse (DC 120 V·mm^–1, 80 μs) from an electric cell-fusion machine (Fujira Industry Co. Ltd., Japan).

2.5 ICSI embryo changes and EGFP expression

The ICSI oocytes were cultured in PZM-3^[ 8^] for 3 h (regardless of electro-stimulation), then treated in 2 mm 6-dymethylaminopurine for 6 h. Then transferred again into PZM-3 at 39°C with 5% CO₂ in humidified air for 7 days. The development of ICSI embryos was observed 7 days after activation and the percentages of blastocyst formation were calculated. Then the ICSI embryos were checked directly in the culture dish under an inverted fluorescent microscope at 488 nm irradiation (IX70, Olympus, Japan) to determine EGFP expression. Green fluorescent embryos were considered positive embryos expressing EGFP^[ 7^].

2.6 Ooplasmic DNase I activity

Ninety oocytes divided into two groups, one part was treated by electrical stimulation and the other part was used for the control. The oocytes were broken up by repeated pipetting. The supernatant after centrifugation was incubated with methyl green in the presence of 2 mmol·L^–1 Mg²⁺ and 2 mmol·L^–1 Ca²⁺. Different concentrations of DNase I were incubated with DNA and methyl green and 488 nm absorbance measured. The DNase I concentration standard curve was used to calculate the values for treatment and control groups.

2.7 Statistical analysis

More than 30 ICSI oocytes were used for each treatment. All dependent variables were analyzed for normality using the Wilks–Shapiro test (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Percentages were subjected to arcsine transformation prior to analysis and the transformed data were analyzed by one way ANOVA using the GLM procedure of SAS. Differences among treatment means were determined with Duncan’s multiple-range test. Differences were considered significant at P<0.05. All data were expressed as mean±S.E.M.

3 Results

3.1 Effects of Ca²⁺ concentration on ICSI embryos development and EGFP expression with/without electrical activation

The results () for the group without electrical activation demonstrated that the rates of cleavage varied with concentrations of calcium added to the media. The rate of cleavage in the 0 mmol·L^–1 group was significantly lower than for other groups (P<0.05). Both rates in 4 and 6 mmol·L^–1 groups were significantly higher than other groups (P<0.05), although there were no differences between them. The number of embryos expressing EGFP was significantly increased in the media containing Ca²⁺, whereas the number did not change with Ca²⁺ concentrations from 2 to 8 mmol·L^–1 (P>0.05). In contrast, the number of blastocysts was unaffected by the Ca²⁺ concentrations in the media (P>0.05).

Tab.1 In the electrico-activation group, cleavage and number of blastocyst in all the groups were not statistically different (P>0.05). However, the number of embryos expressing EGFP was significantly affected by calcium Ca2+ in the medium with electro-activation (P<0.05).

Treatment	Ca2+ concentration /mmol·L–1	No.
Injected oocytes	Cleavages/%	Blastocysts/%	Embryos expressing GFP/%
Control	0	97	37.8±3.1d	0.0±0.0a	7.9±2.8b
	2	110	52.8±6.1c	1.1±1.4a	33.6±3.0a
	4	109	72.5±3.9ab	0.0±0.0a	48.2±10.2a
	6	96	79.3±8.4a	0.0±0.0a	43.6±8.2a
	8	95	62.8±4.1bc	2.1±1.4 a	44.0±4.7a
Electrical activation	0	97	69.9±3.8a	4.0±1.4a	15.3±5.3b
	2	110	67.3±3.4a	4.7±1.9a	27.9±5.0ab
	4	115	77.0±3.2a	8.1±3.2a	45.4±6.2a
	6	108	78.6±1.3a	8.4±6.0a	42.2±10.7a
	8	108	71.6±1.3a	10.9±6.0 a	40.5±7.7a

Note: a, b, ab, c, d Means within a row with different superscripts are different at the P<0.05 level. Values are expressed as percentages of total oocytes at each data point investigated, the results with and without electrical-activation were analysed separately.

In the electrical activation group, cleavage and number of blastocyst in all the groups were not statistically different (P>0.05). However, the number of embryos expressing EGFP was significantly affected by Ca²⁺ in the medium with electrical activation (P<0.05).

3.2 Effect of electro-activation on DNase I activity of oocytes

For comparison, DNase I activities in porcine oocytes with electrical stimulation were measured ( a), with electrical activated oocytes instead of the ICSI as the treatment group and no electrical activation as a control. Oocyte cytoplasm, methyl green and DNA were incubated and absorbance measured. The results showed that DNase I activity significantly increased after electro-activation (P<0.05).

3.3 Effects of Zn²⁺ on ICSI embryos development and EGFP expression

Zn²⁺ (a DNase I inhibitor) addition to the medium significantly decreased the percentage of embryo expressing EGFP (P<0.05). Nevertheless, both rates of cleavage and blastocyst formation were not statistically different from the control treatment (P>0.05) ( b).

3.4 Assay of pattern of ooplasmic free calcium release

The ICSI oocytes were co-incubation with Furo-3 (5 μg·μL^–1) for 30 min, and then washed three times in H199. Free calcium in the ooplasm was checked directly in the culture dish under an inverted fluorescent microscope at 488 nm irradiation (IX70, Olympus, Japan). From immediately after ICSI, a 60-s video was taken and Nikon confocal analysis software EZ-C1-FreeViewer-Ver3.20-E used to create a chart. The Ca²⁺ release patterns after ICSI in different calcium concentrations medium are in c. The content of ooplasmic free Ca²⁺ did not significantly change in 0 mmol·L^–1 group after ICSI, but the contents were significantly increased when Ca²⁺ was added to the media and the period of the release was about 8 s. Figure 2 shows that ooplasmic free Ca²⁺ was released from the injection site and then gradually spread throughout the oocyte.

Fig.1 DNase I activated by ooplasmic free Ca2+ affects expression of exogenous EGFP. (a) Comparison of DNase I activities in porcine oocytes with electrical stimulation. Electrically activated oocytes were used as the treatment group instead of ICSI treatment, the control was no electrical activation. Oocyte cytoplasm, methyl green and DNA were incubated, and absorbance were detected. DNase I activity was significantly increased after electro-activation (P<0.05); (b) effect of adding 2mmol·L–1 Zn2+ to the manipulation medium on developmental competence and EGFP expression of ICSI embryos; (c) the Ca2+ release patterns after ICSI in different calcium concentrations medium. Abscissa is the time of calcium release, and ordinate is the relative fluorescence intensity. Calcium concentration in manipulation medium were 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 mmol·L–1, repectively; (d) Images of porcine embryos from IVM (in vitro maturation) oocytes injected with the frozen–thawed dead sperm exposed to pEGFP-N1 DNA. The porcine embryos under the microscopic white field at 48h (d1) and 168 h (d2) after ICSI; d3 and d4 represent the same embryos under the inverted fluorescent microscope after 488 nm irradiation. The embryos expressing EGFP sent out strong green light while the negative embryos were invisible. Bar= 50μm.

Full size|PPT slide

Fig.2 The ooplasmic free Ca2+ content changes after ICSI. The oocytes were co-incubation with Furo-3 for 30 min, and injected in the culture dish under an inverted fluorescent microscope and irradiated at 488 nm. Images were taken from the movie of ICSI every 2 s; the arrow indicates the ICSI site. Bar= 50 μm.

Full size|PPT slide

4 Discussion

Several techniques are currently used to produce transgenic mammalian embryos, including pronuclear microinjection^[ 9^], SCNT^[ 10^], sperm mediated gene transfer^[ 11^] and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)-mediatedgene transfer^[ 12^]. However, the mechanisms involved are not yet fully understood. ICSI involves mechanical transfer of a single sperm cell into the ooplasm. This procedure was first used in mammals in 1976^[ 9^]. The first critical step for stable transgenesis is introduction of exogenous DNA into the host genome. After transgene incorporation into a pronucleus, exogenous DNA can be integrated into the host genome mainly as result of the activity of DNA repair machinery associated with replication^[ 10^, 11^]. The early integration of the exogenous DNA into the host genome is a critical step for homogeneous transgenic embryo production, followed by parthenogenic activation^[ 9^– 11^].

In the present study, the results indicate that Ca²⁺ concentration significantly affected the efficiency of ICSI embryos expressing EGFP regardless of electro-activation. Previous studies had indicated that ICSI-induced Ca²⁺ release was not equivalent to that initiated by IVF, especially with regards to its persistence^[ 13^]. Our results confirmed ooplasmic free calcium release in ICSI oocytes was a single, long-lasting process rather than a reduplicate oscillation in natural fertilization, as suggested by Tesarik et al.^[ 14^]. The Ca²⁺ release occurred within 8 s after injection of frozen–thawed sperm. Furthermore, the Ca²⁺ release patterns in ICSI oocytes were related to the calcium concentrations in the manipulation media, and ooplasmic free Ca²⁺ contents were significantly increased with the augmentation of extracellular calcium. However, according to our results the ICSI oocytes rarely develop into blastocysts without an additional activation stimulus.

During normal fertilization, DNase I participates in conformational changes of paternal DNA during sperm remodeling, which could represent an important opportunity for exogenous DNA to be integrated into the zygote genome^[ 15^]. Moreover, the activity of DNase I was Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺-dependent in pig MII matured oocytes^[ 6^]. Therefore, we proposed a hypothesis that free Ca²⁺ content in ooplasm is associated with the activity of DNase I. To verify this hypothesis, we first added Zn²⁺ which inhibited the activity of DNase I in the medium containing Ca²⁺, and found the rate of embryos expressing EGFP was significantly reduced. It is assumed that DNase I affected the efficiency of EGFP expression.

In this study, activity of DNase I in oocytes was detected immediately after electrical stimulation. About 45 oocytes synchronized for calcium release could be obtained with one treatment, but it was not possible to get the same number of ICSI oocytes within several seconds.

A previous study in our laboratory has documented that free calcium was released in ooplasm after electrical stimulation^[ 16^], and the release pattern was similar to that caused by mechanical injection in the present experiments. Our finding indicate that the activity of DNase I is positively related with free Ca²⁺ content in ooplasm. It is assumed that free Ca²⁺ release in ooplasm led to an increase of DNase I activity, which improved the efficiency of exogenous DNA expression. Notable, we showed that the efficiency of embryos expressing EGFP was significantly affected by Ca²⁺ concentrations in the manipulation media. It has shown that ooplasmic free calcium increase by mechanical injection was important for embryos to express EGFP. Nevertheless, the electro-activation administered to oocytes at more than 30 min after ICSI could not change the efficiency of embryos expressing EGFP, although the activation could significantly improve the developmental competence of ICSI oocytes. It is assumed that ooplasmic free Ca²⁺ content was necessary for exogenous DNA expression immediately after ICSI rather than 30 min later.

5 Conclusions

Ca²⁺ concentrations in manipulated media can affect the efficiency of EGFP expression by porcine ICSI embryos, and this was related to the activation of ooplasmic DNase I by free Ca²⁺ increase immediately after ICSI.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30771548) and Beijing Natural Science Foundation (5072026). We greatly thank technical assistance provided by Wentao Zeng.

Compliance with ethics guidelines

Shuaishuai Wu, Heng Chen, Yingzheng Wang, Hui Gao and Shenming Zeng declare that they have no conflict of interest or financial conflicts to disclose.

All applicable institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg