The next issue of "Neurological Notes" contains articles by prof. NA Popova on the extinction of conditioned food reflexes in turtles and on the observations he made on himself over the counting of time. Assoc.

The bloodstream in the first periods of the life of a human individual is an extremely unstable formation. The system of interconnecting blood tubes, which is laid in the embryonic period, is significantly rebuilt in the future: one part of this system lags behind in growth, another disappears, the third develops intensively, and ultimately that middle type of the adult circulatory system is created, which is taken as normal. 

In 1920, Vidal (1) proposed a functional liver test, substantiated by the following experimental data: if a dog takes blood from v. portae in the midst of digestion and inject it into the systemic circulation, the dog reacts to the introduction of blood by a drop in the number of leukocytes and blood pressure, a change in blood clotting time, a decrease in the refractometric index and a change in the leukocyte formula.

For the general public, idiopathic enlargement of the esophagus is a little known disease; meanwhile, these cases, with modern research methods, are no longer as rare as they thought earlier. The reason for the rare recognition of idiopathic esophageal dilatation lies, on the one hand, in insufficient analysis of the patient's subjective complaints, on the other, in the absence of certain research methods that play a decisive role for the diagnosis of this disease, such as fluoroscopy. However, as we will see below, it is possible, if not to establish, then with a high probability to suspect idiopathic expansion of the esophagus even without fluoroscopy.

For the rational treatment of diabetes, a daily quantitative study of the diabetic's urine for sugar content is necessary in order to be able to judge the effect of one or another diet and develop a treatment plan accordingly. This quantitative determination of sugar in urine requires either complex instruments, such as a polarization apparatus, or a large amount of time, such as the fermentation method, or, finally, not always available reagents required for titration.

Despite a significant number of special works devoted to the question of the tendon suture, the latter is far from perfect, and the final word in the doctrine of tendon suturing has not yet been said. All authors working in this direction note poor functional results when suturing the tendons. In general, it can be argued that the results of the tendon suture are better on the extensors, depending mainly on the anatomical relationships of the latter with adjacent tissues.

In this essay, an attempt will be made to analyze the cases of injuries to a person who passed through the 2nd Warsaw Red Cross Hospital during its activity during the war - from 14 / VIII 1914 to 5 / IX 1917. to the rear, acting as a large inpatient medical institution; only occasionally — for example, during the Warsaw battles in the fall of 1914 or in the summer of 1916, while staying at Luninets — in the form of rapid evacuation, it was necessary to intensify the exchange of the wounded, reducing the observation period to 3-7 days.

From the point of view of the mechanical theory explaining the occurrence of an ectopic pregnancy by a violation of the transport of the egg cell, the first stage where an ectopic inoculation of an egg can occur will be the inner surface of the follicle itself, in which this egg has matured. The possibility of such an intrafollicular ovarian pregnancy has been proven by the well-known case of C. van Tussenbroeck1) and recently confirmed by the observation of Hoehne2). In such cases, the release of the egg from the follicle cavity does not occur at all.

Diseases of the peripheral nervous system in the form of neuralgia, neuritis and polyneuritis are relatively common in malaria. Much less often, malaria leads to diseases of the central nervous system. I will cite two observations of this kind here, and in the first case there was an acute lesion of the cerebellum, in the second — the brain.

A delay in the eruption of deciduous teeth does not represent anything special; the literature on this issue is quite extensive, and if we allow ourselves to touch on this issue again, and moreover on the basis of only one case, it is only because, on the one hand, the mechanics of teething still cannot be considered sufficiently clarified, on the other hand, sometimes a single exquisite case of this order makes it possible with considerable clarity and confidence to approach the existing theories on this issue, which are, in their essence, still hypothetical.

Severe forms of rickets, as you know, often entail other serious illnesses and leave consequences for life. So, due to the softness of the chest and the atelectatic state of the lungs, rickets often develop pulmonary diseases, the prognosis of which is usually poor; a severe form of spasmophilia, sometimes accompanying rickets, is an equally serious disease; rickety curvatures of the skeleton of the lower extremities and the spine subsequently require orthopedic treatment, and the rickety forms of the female pelvis complicate, or even make it completely impossible, normal childbirth. All this should have attracted more attention to the study of rickets.

The existence in rabbits of a disease caused by a spirochete similar to spirocheta pallida, in which changes localized on genitalia approximate those of infection of rabbits with human syphilis, was first noticed in England by Ross and Vauon. Arzt and Kerl in Austria, Klarenbeck in Holland have encountered similar diseases since 1914

Pathological and anatomical studies on the issue of "syphilis-metasiphilis" came to the aid of methods of long-term clinical observation, systematic study of cerebrospinal fluid, statistical method and even experiment. As a result of these painstaking and persistent investigations, the pathogenesis of metasiphilis has begun to emerge more and more recently. In this brief review, we will mainly deal with the views and works of Nonne, Gennerich, Sicard, Schon, Kyrle, Krainsky, Jahne, Spielmeyer and others, as far as they have come to light from the literature available to us.

In the history of Soviet medicine, we can distinguish two points: first, when prevention was given great importance, when dozens of dispensaries, sanatoriums, consultations were opened, a strong, at least quantitatively, sanitary organization was created, much attention was paid to sanitary education , and the second moment, when, in connection with the transition to NEL, the reduction and contraction of health departments began, and the first to suffer was the youngest, a little blooming and began their growth and prosperity, along with the growth of Soviet medicine, preventive institutions.

Prof. Steinschneider (Bp. Delo, 1924, No. 6) points to the important prohyostitic significance of determining the lipolytic enzyme in the blood of free patients with infectious diseases: apparently, the more severe the disease, the more the amount of lipase in the blood decreases, when it falls below 10, - most often death occurs in a short time.

From blood, bone marrow, cerebrospinal fluid and filtrate of nasopharyngeal mucus Car onia (Jalirb. F. Kndhîk., V. 54, H. 3/4, 1924) it was possible to cultivate a very small microbe, round in shape, located in the likeness of a diplococcus and having , apparently, an ultramicroscopic phase. Serum of measles patients, as well as of rabbits immunized with cultures, gives immune reactions with cultures.

Brieger (D. med. Woch., 1923, No. 31) draws attention to the diagnosis of mediastinal pleurisy as a complication of pulmonary tbc. He distinguishes between their fresh dry forms, sticky (mediastinal adhesions) and effusion, serofibrinous. The most common symptoms are pain and pleural rubbing.

В костном мозгу и пунктате селезенки Сагonia и Sindоnі обнаружили под микроскопом очень oj маленькие, слегка овальные тельца, соединенные попарно (Jahr. f. f Kndhlk., Bd. 54, H. 3/4, 1924). Авторам удалось также получить i обнаруженного им микроорганизма в культуре на средах Cristina и Тагоzzi-Nоgouchi при посевах крови, спинномозговой жид-кости и профильтрованной носоглоточной слизи скарлатинозных больных. Культурами можно вызвать заболевание молодых кроликов.

Zikeev (BP. Gaz., 1924, No. 6) and Polyakov (ibid.) Report excellent therapeutic results obtained by him in severe cases of anthrax from infusions of neosalvarsan. The first of these authors successfully applied this remedy in 3 cases of ulcers, the second in one.

Prof. Gerovits-Vlasova (Bp. Delo, 1924, Nos. 1-2, 4) performed experiments with Wassermann's reaction in malaria, using as an antigen the placenta of a woman in labor who had suffered an attack of malaria on the day of childbirth. The results were as follows: malaria who had malaria for at least 5 years, gave a positive reaction in 60.4% of all cases; those who were ill more than 5 years ago gave a negative reaction in all cases; parasitic carriers and malaria who underwent a small number of seizures or non-intense seizures gave a negative reaction in all cases; people who did not have malaria never gave a positive reaction.

The mechanical moment — the narrowness of the aperturae superior’s, as well as the early ossification of the I rib, is not given decisive importance at the present time; much more important, according to Beitzke (Beitr. z. Kl. Tbc., Bd. 51), anatomical and physiological conditions, local predisposition to a specific lesion of the apices.

As you know, the reason for the persistent course of oxyuriasis, which often does not lend itself to the most careful treatment, is the ease of self-loading of the patient, and it is believed that the maturation of females occurs outside the intestine, at its anus.

Strauss (Berl. Kl. Woch, 1921, No. 16) pointed out the excellent, in some cases even striking effect of urea in edema of renal and cardiovascular origin. Based on this instruction, prof. Yarotsky (Doctor. Gaz., 1924, No. 6) came to the conclusion, whether it would not be advisable to prescribe to patients with edema such food substances that, when processed by their body, would give large amounts of urea.

When establishing indications for various operations, it is often important to find out whether the patient's heart is able to withstand the operation and the anesthesia associated with it, and also what method should be chosen in this case for anesthesia.

On the basis of experiments with rabbits, Löhnberg (Arch. F. Gynäk., B. 115, H. 3, 1922) came to the conclusion that a harmless, easily tolerated animal substance that prevents the formation of postoperative peritoneal adhesions is liquid, ether-extracted human fat administered intraperitoneally to a rabbit in an amount of about 10 cubic meters.

Although the intrasecretory activity of the ovaries has long been beyond doubt, it has not yet been established which part of the ovary produces a hormone that causes cyclical changes in the female genital area. The experiments of Allen'a and Doisy (Journ.ofAm. Med. Ass., 1923; according to the ref. BP. Gaz., 1924, No. 6) make it very likely that this hormone is contained in the follicular fluid, which is supplied from the epithelial cells of Graaf bubble

Numerous observations have convinced Sachs (Zeit. F. Geb. u. Gyn., Bd. LXXXII, H. 2) that the normal fetal heart rate during childbirth fluctuates between 132 and 144 per minute, although fluctuations between 120 and 160 occur so often, without any harmful consequences for the fetus, that it is impossible to see anything pathological in them. On the contrary, lowering the frequency to 100 and increasing more than 160 are already out of physiological limits.

Experiments with artificially increasing the growth of the uterus led Zondek'a (Arch. F. Gyn., Bd. 120) to the conclusion that extracts from certain organs, such as the ovary, testis and thymus, can enhance the growth of the uterus. The corpus luteum and thyroid extracts are, on the contrary, invalid. Extracts of the same gland, but in different preparation, act differently. Of the ovarian preparations, ovoglandol was found to be valid.

To elucidate this mechanism, Warnekros (Arch. F. Gyn., Bd. 109; Zeit. F. Geb. u. Gyn., Bd. LXXXII, H. 2) used radiography. Immediately after the birth of the child, 40-50 cubic meters were released from the placenta. sant. blood, which was replaced by the same amount of liquid suspension of barium sulfate introduced into the umbilical vein; after that, the placenta in the uterus came out clearly in the pictures.

Nölle (Zentr. F. Gyn., 1923, no. 45) warmly recommends yogimbin for increasing milk secretion in breastfeeding women. The author received excellent results from this tool even in those cases where all other means to achieve this goal remained without success.

Analyzing this issue on a large clinical material, Frey (Zentr. F. Gyn., 1923, No. 40) found that the prognosis of heart defects in pregnant women is generally favorable, while this also applies to mitral stenosis. Much more important in this regard is the state of the heart muscle, as well as the presence or absence of inflammatory processes in the heart.

Completely denying mechanical dysmenorrhea and recognizing the previous ideas about the so-called. nervous dysmeporrhea imprecise and unsatisfactory, Hirsch (Zentr. f. Gyn., 1923, no. 39) considers dysmenorrhea of one and the other kind of constitutional disorder. Reviewing the cases of dysmenorrhea that he observed in private practice for 10 years, he found that 85% of these patients can be attributed to asthenics (schizoids), 2% to picnics and 13% to special dysplastic types.

Sonnenschein (Klin. Woch. 1923, No. 37-38) reports one case of meningitis caused by a stick of blue pus (b. Pyocyaneus) in a young man of 20 years. The disease began with meningeal manifestations a few hours after the lumbar puncture.

Garsh (Tr. Gos. Med. In. In Moscow, vol. I) gives 180 cases of sciatica, used in this way. G. divides sciatica into 2 clinical groups: 1) idiopathic sciatica with 2 subgroups: a) neuritis — with damage to the nerve substance, b) neuralgia — with dysfunction, but without disturbing the integrity of the nerve elements, 2) symptomatic sciatica.

Steiner reports to the Zentr. f. d. ges Neurol, und Psych., Bd XXXIV, 1923, on his observations of the vaccine therapy proposed by Grossem for multiple sclerosis. Most of the patients were treated with polyvalent staphylococcal vaccine, a small number with typhoid vaccine in combination with salvarsan.

Runge (Zentr. F. Gyn., 1923, No. 46-47) found that out of 344 cases of mastitis that have occurred over the past 20 years in the Kiel Gynecological Clinic, in. 5 children died — in 4 cases from peritonitis and in 1 — from catarrhal follicular gastroenteritis, and streptococ was found in the pus of the abdominal cavity. mucos. liaemolyt., and in the contents of the intestine — bact. lact. aërogenes.

While the complications of the nervous system in typhus have been studied well enough, the issue of infectious psychoses is still little understood. There are 2 opposing opinions here — Bonhöffer’s and Kraepelin’s. The first assumes that different infections can cause the same mental changes, and that there are no specific psychoses after, for example, typhoid, malaria, etc. Kraepelin holds the opposite point of view.

Recently, much attention has been paid to determining the rate of deposition of blood cells in citrated blood.

In the treatment of x-rays, a very unpleasant phenomenon is possible, called by Gauss "Röntgenkater" and expressed in a general loss of strength, nausea, vomiting, lack of appetite, which in severe cases lasts 48 hours. Vollz, and then Sielmann and Schlagintweit found that these ailments can be eliminated with table salt (300-1000 cubic meters of physiological solution of perrectum, 5-10 grams of NaCl in peros wafers or 1 cubic of 5% NaCl solution intravenously). To explain the beneficial effect of NaCl, the aforementioned authors indicate that the content of NaCl in the serum after treatment with x-rays drops sharply and returns to normal only for a trace. day.

In recent years, it has been noticed that goat's milk, as food for an infant, is sometimes not only unhealthy, but even downright harmful. Brauwer (Jahrb. F. Kinderheil, Bd. 52-53) indicates that milk is more likely than cow's milk to cause severe anemia.

Д-р II. Я. Сырнев сделал доклад о влиянии вскармливания кур щитовидной железой. Опыты были произведены над цыплятами, к корму которых щитовидная железа прибавлялась в количестве от 0,1 до 1,0. При таком кормлении у цыплят сначала наблюдались повышение аппетита и прибыль в весе, затем расстройства кишечника и довольно сильное падение веса; главное, однако,— у них имело место подавление развития и деятельности половых желез, в связи с чем наблюдалась задержка развития вторичных половых признаков.

Dr. A. Gerasimova demonstrated patients with rare congenital deformities, one with spina bifida (meningo-myelo cystocele), paraplegic clubfoot and prolapsus recti, and the other with congenital clubfoot and spontaneous amputations.

The work of Dr. NV Sokolov "On homoplasty from the point of view of immunology", presented at the Medfak. Kaz. U-ta, recognized as a highly qualified scientific work.