
Developments in genetic modification of cattle and implications for regulation, safety and traceability
Jan Pieter VAN DER BERG, Gijs A. KLETER, Evy BATTAGLIA, Martien A. M. GROENEN, Esther J. KOK
Front. Agr. Sci. Eng. ›› 2020, Vol. 7 ›› Issue (2) : 136-147.
Developments in genetic modification of cattle and implications for regulation, safety and traceability
Genetic modification techniques, in particular novel gene editing technologies, hold the yet unfulfilled promise of altering genetic traits in farm animals more efficiently than by crossbreeding, allowing for a more rapid development of new cattle breeds with distinct traits. Gene editing technologies allow for the directed alteration of specific traits and thereby have the potential to enhance, for instance, disease resilience, production yield and the production of desired substances in milk. The potential implications of these technological advancements, which are often combined with animal cloning methods, are discussed both for animal health and for consumer safety, also with consideration of available methods for the detection and identification of the related products in the food supply chain. Finally, an overview is provided of current regulatory approaches in the European Union (EU) and major countries exporting beef to the EU, for products from animals bred through established practices as well as modern biotechnologies.
cattle / food safety / gene editing / genetic modification / GMO detection / regulation
Tab.1 Examples of transgenic and gene-edited cattle |
Trait | Method | Trait | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Milk composition and human | Transgenesis using microinjection | Introduction of gene encoding human lactoferrin | [15] |
Protein production | Transgenesis using microinjection | Introduction of gene encoding human α-lactalbumin | [16,17] |
Transgenesis in somatic cells, SCNT | Introduction of gene encoding human bile salt-stimulated lipase | [18] | |
Transgenesis in somatic cells, SCNT | Introduction of gene encoding human immunoglobulin | [19,20] | |
Transgenesis in somatic cells, SCNT | Introduction of additional gene copies encoding bovine α- & k-casein | [21] | |
Transgenesis in somatic cells, SCNT | Introduction of gene encoding human lysozyme | [22] | |
Gene editing using zinc finger nucleases, NHEJ repair, SCNT | Disruption of β-lactoglobulin gene | [12] | |
Transgenesis in somatic cells, SCNT | Introduction of gene encoding humanized Caenorhabditis elegans n-3 fatty acid desaturase | [11] | |
Transgenesis in somatic cells, SCNT | Introduction of gene encoding human β-defensin-3 | [23] | |
Transgenesis in somatic cells using TALENs & SCNT | Introduction of gene encoding Sulfolobus solfataricus lactase | [24] | |
Disease resilience | |||
- Mastitis | Transgenesis in somatic cells, SCNT | Introduction of gene encoding Staphylococcus simulans lysostaphin | [25] |
- Bovine spongiform encephalopathy | Transgenesis and embryonic cloning | Disruption of prion protein via integration of knockout vectors | [26] |
- Mannheimia hemolytica leukotoxin | Gene editing and homology-directed repair, SCNT | Gene-edited CD18, substitution of a glutamine for a glycine codon in its signal peptide | [27] |
- Bovine tuberculosis | Transgenesis in somatic cells using TALENs & SCNT | Introduction of mouse nuclear body protein encoding gene SP110 | [28] |
Transgenesis in somatic cells using Cas9n & SCNT | Introduction of additional genes encoding solute carrier family gene NRAMP1 | [13] | |
Hornlessness | Gene editing and homology-directed repair, SCNT | Introduction of bovine Pc POLLED allele, resulting in hornless phenotype | [29] |
Thermotolerance | Gene editing using TALENs, SCNT | Introduction of the SLICK locus for improved thermotolerance | [30,31] |
Increased muscle growth | Gene editing using TALEN mRNA | Introduction of small deletions in the myostatin (GDF8) gene by use of gene editing | [14] |
Other fundamental research | |||
-Reverse transcribed gene transfer | Transgenesis via pronuclear injection of retroviral vector DNA | Integration of hepatitis B surface antigen gene using a retroviral vector | [32] |
-Marker assisted selection | Transgenesis via transfection of somatic cells with retroviral vector DNA, SCNT | Integration of a β-galactosidase-neomycin fusion gene driven by cytomegalovirus promoter | [33] |
-Lentiviral infection | Transgenesis in somatic cells using lentiviral vectors, SCNT | Integration of eGFP using lentiviral vector | [34] |
-Transposon integration | Transgenesis via microinjection of transposon DNA | Sleeping Beauty and Piggybac transposons used to deliver sequences containing fluorescent protein genes | [35] |
-Targeted integration | Transgenesis in somatic cells using TALENs & SCNT | Integration of eGFP in Rosa26 “safe locus” | [36] |
Tab.2 Regulation of animal cloning, transgenesis and gene editing |
Country | Animal cloning | Transgenic livestock | Gene-edited livestock | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
EU member states | Prohibited, until specific regulations on animal cloning are in place | Requires approval according to EU Directive 2001/18/EC and Regulation (EC) No. 1829/2003, safety assessment performed by EFSA GMO Panel | Requires approval according to EU Directive 2001/18/EC and Regulation (EC) No. 1829/2003, safety assessment performed by EFSA GMO Panel | [52] |
USA | Allowed, a risk management plan and guidance for industry have been issued by the FDA | Requires approval according to Federal FD&C Act, regulations for new animal drugs as stated in 2009 FDA Guidance for industry #187 (Draft guidance) and NEPA | Requires approval according to Federal FD&C Act, regulations for new animal drugs as stated in 2009 FDA Guidance for industry #187 (Draft guidance) and NEPA | [53–55] |
Canada | Allowed, food products of cloned animals and clone progeny are considered “novel foods” and require pre-market safety assessments according to the regulations in Division 28, Part B, of the Food and Drug Regulations (Novel Foods) | Requires approval according to the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, the New Substances Notification Regulations (Organisms) and Food and Drugs Act | No specific policy on gene editing, may be considered “novel” and require case-by-case safety assessment by Health Canada | [56,57] |
Argentina | Allowed | Requires approval according to animal biotechnology regulation, case-by-case assessment by CONABIA | Requires approval according to animal biotechnology regulation, case-by-case assessment by CONABIA | [58] |
Brazil | Allowed, commercial animal cloning mostly in partnership with EMBRAPA, registration of cloned cattle at ABCZ | Requires approval according to animal biotechnology regulation, case-by-case assessment by CTNBio | Requires approval according to animal biotechnology regulation, case-by-case assessment by CTNBio, gene-edited animals lacking recombinant DNA are regarded non-GM according to Normative Resolution #16 | [46] |
Australia & New Zealand | Allowed, generally in confined research environment | Requires approval according to Gene Technology Act 2000, by OGTR | Requires approval according to Gene Technology Act 2000, by OGTR, gene editing techniques that do not introduce new genetic material are not regulated as GMOs | [59,60] |
Uruguay | No specific legislation on animal cloning, animal biotechnology performed in research institutes such as Institut Pasteur in Montevideo and the Animal Reproduction Institute of Uruguay | No specific legislation on animal biotechnology, environmental release of GMOs and biosecurity is subject to prior authorization by competent authorities, as stated in article 23 of law No. 17283 on the protection of the environment | No specific legislation on gene editing in animals, during a meeting of the CAS the minister of agriculture signed a declaration in favor of gene editing. Gene-edited animals may be subject to prior authorization according to law No. 17283 | [61,62] |
Note: EFSA, European Food Safety Authority; FD&C Act, Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act; NEPA, National Environmental Policy Act; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; CONABIA, National Advisory Commission on Agricultural Biotechnology; EMBRAPA, Brazilian Agriculture and Livestock Research Enterprise; ABCZ, Brazilian Zebu Cattle Association; CTNBio, National Technical Biosafety Commission; OGTR, Office of the Gene Technology Regulator; CAS, Southern Agricultural Council. |
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