Coinage-Metal-Based Nanostructures: Multifunctional Nanomaterials for Energy Harvesting

Abstract

Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT) drives the need for autonomous energy solutions that can operate under low-grade, high-entropy ambient conditions. This review examines coinage metal nanostructures—namely, Au, Ag, and Cu—as multifunctional materials for next-generation energy-harvesting platforms. Beyond elemental systems, selected coinage-metal-containing compounds are included where they play a direct mechanistic role in energy conversion. These nanostructures exhibit tunable electronic properties, high surface reactivity, and strong coupling phenomena, enabling their integration into diverse transduction mechanisms, including flexoelectric, plasmonic, piezoelectric, thermoelectric, magnetostrictive, and triboelectric systems. Strategies for performance optimization, such as surface functionalization, morphological control, and composite formation, are discussed in relation to interfacial interactions, charge transport, and structural stability. Sustainability considerations, including material availability, recyclability, and scalability, are also addressed. By synthesizing recent advances across material science, nanotechnology, and energy engineering, this review provides a forward-looking perspective on the design of coinage-metal-based nanogenerators for self-powered systems in distributed IoNT environments.

Keywords

Coinage-metal-based nanostructures / Energy harvesting / Surface functionalization / Multifunctional materials

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