Photocatalytic C–N Coupling to High-Value Chemicals from Waste Plastic and Biomass Feedstocks

Abstract

Photocatalytic C–N coupling reactions using waste plastic- and biomass-based feedstocks with nitrogen-containing species have emerged as a promising route for the synthesis of high-value chemicals such as amides and amino acids. However, the complexity of multistep reaction routes and the presence of competing side reactions pose significant challenges, often leading to low yield and poor selectivity of target products. To substantially enhance the efficiency and selectivity of C–N coupling reactions, it is imperative to gain a thorough understanding of the underlying reaction mechanisms and to develop highly active photocatalysts. Such catalysts must be capable of effectively activating diverse substrates while maintaining an appropriate balance between the adsorption and desorption of carbon- and nitrogen-containing intermediates or radical species. In this review, we systematically summarize recent advances in photocatalytic C–N coupling for the production of amides and amino acids from waste plastic- and biomass-based feedstocks, with particular focus on catalyst selection, process design, control of reaction intermediates, and catalytic mechanisms. Furthermore, the technoeconomic feasibility and environmental impact of these C–N coupling reactions are evaluated using technoeconomic analysis and life-cycle assessment. Lastly, the current challenges and future prospects in this field are also discussed. This review aims to provide valuable insights for the development of high-efficiency photocatalytic C–N coupling reactions and to deepen the understanding of their catalytic mechanisms.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords

C–N coupling / Waste plastic- and biomass-based feedstocks / Photocatalytic / High-value chemicals / Reaction mechanism

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