Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Photocatalysts for Solar-Driven H₂O₂ Production: A Review

Abstract

Solar-driven (or light-driven) production of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) from water (H₂O) and molecular oxygen (O₂) has recently received increasing attention as a green and sustainable alternative to conventional methods. However, the field of photocatalytic H₂O₂ production is still in its infancy, primarily because of limited H₂O₂ production efficiency. Over the past few years, a wide range of inorganic, organic, and organic–inorganic hybrid photocatalysts have been developed via diverse synthetic and modification strategies to increase the H₂O₂ yield. Among them, organic–inorganic hybrid photocatalysts have shown higher H₂O₂ production performance than single-component systems; at the same time, the advancements and challenges of these hybrid systems have not been comprehensively reviewed. Therefore, this review summarizes the advantages/limitations, recent progress, and potential challenges of organic–inorganic hybrid photocatalysts for H₂O₂ production. First, we elucidate the superiority of the photocatalytic H₂O₂ production over the conventional anthraquinone oxidation process. Then, we summarize the advantages and limitations of inorganic, organic, and organic–inorganic hybrid photocatalysts and discuss in detail the design, synthetic strategies, and photochemical properties of organic–inorganic hybrid photocatalysts. Finally, this review outlines the challenges and outlook for future research in this emerging area.

Keywords

Photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production / Organic–inorganic hybrid photocatalysts / Carbon nitride / Covalent organic frameworks / Metal–organic frameworks

References

[1] Campos-MartinJM, Blanco-BrievaG, FierroJLG. Hydrogen peroxide synthesis: an outlook beyond the anthraquinone process. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2006, 45(42): 6962-6984

[2] MarshallMV, CancroLP, FischmanSL. Hydrogen-peroxide - a review of its use in dentistry. J Periodontol, 1995, 66(9): 786-796

[3] CaiJY, EvansDJ, SmithSM. Bleaching of natural fibers with TAED and NOBS activated peroxide systems. AATCC Rev, 2001, 1(12): 31-34

[4] ZhuN, YaoH, ZhangX, et al.. Metal-catalyzed asymmetric reactions enabled by organic peroxides. Chem Soc Rev, 2024, 53(5): 2326-2349

[5] SamantaC. Direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide from hydrogen and oxygen: an overview of recent developments in the process. Appl Catal, A-Gen, 2008, 350(2): 133-149

[6] ShiX, SiahrostamiS, LiG-L, et al.. Understanding activity trends in electrochemical water oxidation to form hydrogen peroxide. Nat Commun, 2017, 8701

[7] ShaeghSAM, Nam-TrungN, EhteshamiSMM, et al.. A membraneless hydrogen peroxide fuel cell using Prussian Blue as cathode material. Energy Environ Sci, 2012, 5(8): 8225-8228

[8] SunX, ChenJ, ZhaiJ, et al.. Beyond photosynthesis: H₂O/H₂O₂/O₂ self-circulation-based biohybrid photoelectrochemical cells for direct and sustainable solar-to-fuel-to-electric power conversion. J Am Chem Soc, 2022, 144(50): 23073-23080

[9] GongX, LewisRJ, ZhouS, et al.. Enhanced catalyst selectivity in the direct synthesis of H₂O₂ through Pt incorporation into TiO₂ supported AuPd catalysts. Catal Sci Technol, 2020, 10(14): 4635-4644

[10] LewisRJ, HutchingsGJ. Recent advances in the direct synthesis of H₂O₂. ChemCatChem, 2019, 11(1): 298-308

[11] HouH, ZengX, ZhangX. Production of hydrogen peroxide by photocatalytic processes. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2020, 59(40): 17356-17376

[12] BerlE. A new cathodic process for the production of H₂O₂. Trans Electrochem Soc, 1939, 761359

[13] LowJ, YuJ, JaroniecM, et al.. Heterojunction photocatalysts. Adv Mater, 2017, 29201601694

[14] ChenS, TakataT, DomenK. Particulate photocatalysts for overall water splitting. Nat Rev Mater, 2017, 21017050

[15] XueF, SiY, WangM, et al.. Toward efficient photocatalytic pure water splitting for simultaneous H₂ and H₂O₂ production. Nano Energy, 2019, 62: 823-831

[16] BaiY, LiS, YinB, et al.. Visible light-induced photocatalysis: self-Fenton degradation of p-ClPhOH over graphitic carbon nitride by a polyethylenimine bifunctional catalyst. Trans Tianjin Univ, 2024, 30(2): 130-139

[17] BaranT, WojtylaS, MinguzziA, et al.. Achieving efficient H₂O₂ production by a visible-light absorbing, highly stable photosensitized TiO₂. Appl Catal B-Environ, 2019, 244: 303-312

[18] WangY, WangY, ZhaoJ, et al.. Effect of inorganic ions on H₂O₂ production over illuminated Au/WO₃ with visible light. Appl Catal B-Environ, 2021, 299120676

[19] JiangZ, ZhangY, ZhangL, et al.. Effect of calcination temperatures on photocatalytic H₂O₂-production activity of ZnO nanorods. Chin J Catal, 2022, 43(2): 226-233

[20] ChenX, ZhangW, ZhangL, et al.. Construction of porous tubular In₂S₃@In₂O₃ with plasma treatment-derived oxygen vacancies for efficient photocatalytic H₂O₂ production in pure water via two-electron reduction. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2021, 13(22): 25868-25878

[21] TangY, YeF, LiB, et al.. Electronic structure modulation of oxygen-enriched defective CdS for efficient photocatalytic H₂O₂ production. Small, 2024, 2032400376

[22] LiQ, HuB, YangQ, et al.. Interaction mechanism between multi-layered MoS₂ and H₂O₂ for self-generation of reactive oxygen species. Environ Res, 2020, 191110227

[23] HirakawaH, ShiotaS, ShiraishiY, et al.. Au nanoparticles supported on BiVO₄: effective inorganic photocatalysts for H₂O₂ production from water and O₂ under visible light. ACS Catal, 2016, 6(8): 4976-4982

[24] HouW-C, WangY-S. Photocatalytic generation of H₂O₂ by graphene oxide in organic electron donor-free condition under sunlight. ACS Sustainable Chem Eng, 2017, 5(4): 2994-3001

[25] ZhaoY, ZhangP, YangZ, et al.. Mechanistic analysis of multiple processes controlling solar-driven H₂O₂ synthesis using engineered polymeric carbon nitride. Nat Commun, 2021, 1213701

[26] LiuL, GaoM-Y, YangH, et al.. Linear conjugated polymers for solar-driven hydrogen peroxide production: the importance of catalyst stability. J Am Chem Soc, 2021, 143(46): 19287-19293

[27] WangL, ZhangJ, ZhangY, et al.. Inorganic metal-oxide photocatalyst for H₂O₂ production. Small, 2022, 1882104561

[28] FreeseT, MeijerJT, FeringaBL, et al.. An organic perspective on photocatalytic production of hydrogen peroxide. Nat Catal, 2023, 6(7): 553-558

[29] YongZ, MaT. Solar-to-H₂O₂ catalyzed by covalent organic frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2023, 6249e202308980

[30] KofujiY, IsobeY, ShiraishiY, et al.. Hydrogen peroxide production on a carbon nitride-boron nitride-reduced graphene oxide hybrid photocatalyst under visible light. ChemCatChem, 2018, 10(9): 2070-2077

[31] UddinN, ZhangH, DuY, et al.. Structural-phase catalytic redox reactions in energy and environmental applications. Adv Mater, 2020, 3291905739

[32] SiQ-S, GuoW-Q, WangH-Z, et al.. Carbon quantum dots-based semiconductor preparation methods, applications and mechanisms in environmental contamination. Chin Chem Lett, 2020, 31(10): 2556-2566

[33] LiH, ZhouY, TuW, et al.. State-of-the-art progress in diverse heterostructured photocatalysts toward promoting photocatalytic performance. Adv Funct Mater, 2015, 25(7): 998-1013

[34] LiuG, ZhenC, KangY, et al.. Unique physicochemical properties of two-dimensional light absorbers facilitating photocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev, 2018, 47(16): 6410-6444

[35] TsukamotoD, ShiroA, ShiraishiY, et al.. Photocatalytic H₂O₂ production from ethanol/O₂ system using TiO₂ loaded with Au-Ag bimetallic alloy nanoparticles. ACS Catal, 2012, 2(4): 599-603

[36] KormannC, BahnemannDW, HoffmannMR. Photocatalytic production of H₂O₂ and organic peroxides in aqueous suspensions of TiO₂, ZnO, and desert sand. Environ Sci Technol, 1988, 22(7): 798-806

[37] ThakurS, KshetriT, KimNH, et al.. Sunlight-driven sustainable production of hydrogen peroxide using a CdS-graphene hybrid photocatalyst. J Catal, 2017, 345: 78-86

[38] MaurinoV, MineroC, PelizzettiE, et al.. Influence of Zn(II) adsorption on the photocatalytic activity and the production of H₂O₂ over irradiated TiO₂. Res Chem Intermed, 2007, 33(3–5): 319-332

[39] ZengX, WangZ, WangG, et al.. Highly dispersed TiO₂ nanocrystals and WO₃ nanorods on reduced graphene oxide: Z-scheme photocatalysis system for accelerated photocatalytic water disinfection. Appl Catal B-Environ, 2017, 218: 163-173

[40] SaraevAA, KurenkovaAY, MishchenkoDD, et al.. Cu/TiO₂ photocatalysts for CO₂ reduction: structure and evolution of the cocatalyst active form. Trans Tianjin Univ, 2024, 30(2): 140-151

[41] ZhaoS, GuoT, LiX, et al.. Carbon nanotubes covalent combined with graphitic carbon nitride for photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production under visible light. Appl Catal B-Environ, 2018, 224: 725-732

[42] ShiraishiY, KanazawaS, SuganoY, et al.. Highly selective production of hydrogen peroxide on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) photocatalyst activated by visible light. ACS Catal, 2014, 4(3): 774-780

[43] BaiQ, HuangJ, GuoH, et al.. Regioisomeric polymer semiconductors based on cyano-functionalized dialkoxybithiophenes: structure–property relationship and photovoltaic performance. Trans Tianjin Univ, 2022, 28(5): 385-397

[44] KrishnarajC, JenaHS, BourdaL, et al.. Strongly reducing (diarylamino)benzene-based covalent organic framework for metal-free visible light photocatalytic H₂O₂ generation. J Am Chem Soc, 2020, 142(47): 20107-20116

[45] GaoP, WuC, WangS, et al.. Efficient photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide by triazole-modified covalent triazine framework nanosheets. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2023, 650: 40-46

[46] SalzmannI, HeimelG, OehzeltM, et al.. Molecular electrical doping of organic semiconductors: fundamental mechanisms and emerging dopant design rules. Acc Chem Res, 2016, 49(3): 370-378

[47] ChengH, LvH, ChengJ, et al.. Rational design of covalent heptazine frameworks with spatially separated redox centers for high-efficiency photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production. Adv Mater, 2022, 3472107480

[48] WangH, AlmatrafiE, WangZ, et al.. Self-assembly hybridization of COFs and g-C₃N₄: decipher the charge transfer channel for enhanced photocatalytic activity. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2022, 608: 1051-1063

[49] LiW, HanB, LiuY, et al.. Unsymmetric protonation driven highly efficient H₂O₂ photosynthesis in supramolecular photocatalysts via one-step two-electron oxygen reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2025, 6410e202421356

[50] HaoF, YangC, LvX, et al.. Photo-driven quasi-topological transformation exposing highly active nitrogen cation sites for enhanced photocatalytic H₂O₂ production. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2023, 6250e202315456

[51] LiuY, LiL, SangZ, et al.. Enhanced hydrogen peroxide photosynthesis in covalent organic frameworks through induced asymmetric electron distribution. Nat Synth, 2025, 4(1): 134-141

[52] JavaidA, LatifS, ImranM, et al.. Nanohybrids-assisted photocatalytic removal of pharmaceutical pollutants to abate their toxicological effects: a review. Chemosphere, 2022, 2912133056

[53] WangW, LiX, DengF, et al.. Novel organic/inorganic PDI-urea/BiOBr S-scheme heterojunction for improved photocatalytic antibiotic degradation and H₂O₂ production. Chin Chem Lett, 2022, 33(12): 5200-5207

[54] ZhangX, GaoD, ZhuB, et al.. Enhancing photocatalytic H₂O₂ production with Au co-catalysts through electronic structure modification. Nat Commun, 2024, 1513212

[55] HaiderZ, ChoH-I, MoonG-H, et al.. Minireview: selective production of hydrogen peroxide as a clean oxidant over structurally tailored carbon nitride photocatalysts. Catal Today, 2019, 335: 55-64

[56] LinS, ZhangN, WangF, et al.. Carbon vacancy mediated incorporation of Ti₃C₂ quantum dots in a 3D inverse opal g-C₃N₄ schottky junction catalyst for photocatalytic H₂O₂ production. ACS Sustain Chem Eng, 2021, 9(1): 481-488

[57] JiangZ, LongQ, ChengB, et al.. 3D ordered macroporous sulfur-doped g-C₃N₄/TiO₂ S-scheme photocatalysts for efficient H₂O₂ production in pure water. J Mater Sci Technol, 2023, 162: 1-10

[58] ZhengJ, LinX, ZhengX, et al.. Highly efficient photocatalysis and photo fenton-like catalyst degradation of tetracycline and rhodamine B using novel porous Z-scheme WO₃/g-C₃N₄ of in situ synthesis. Cryst Res Technol, 2022, 57122200135

[59] ZhangR, WuJ, LiK, et al.. Construction of a 1D/2D S-scheme heterojunction of Mo-doped WO₃/In-doped carbon nitride for efficient hydrogen peroxide photosynthesis. J Phys Chem C, 2024, 128(14): 5837-5847

[60] ZhaoS, ZhaoX. Insights into the role of singlet oxygen in the photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production over polyoxometalates-derived metal oxides incorporated into graphitic carbon nitride framework. Appl Catal, B-Environ, 2019, 250: 408-418

[61] TeranishiM, NayaS-I, TadaH. In situ liquid phase synthesis of hydrogen peroxide from molecular oxygen using gold nanoparticle-loaded titanium(IV) dioxide photocatalyst. J Am Chem Soc, 2010, 132(23): 7850-7851

[62] TengZ, YangH, ZhangQ, et al.. Atomically dispersed low-valent Au boosts photocatalytic hydroxyl radical production. Nat Catal, 2024, 16: 1250-1260

[63] ZuoG, LiuS, WangL, et al.. Finely dispersed Au nanoparticles on graphitic carbon nitride as highly active photocatalyst for hydrogen peroxide production. Catal Commun, 2019, 123: 69-72

[64] ShiraishiY, KofujiY, KanazawaS, et al.. Platinum nanoparticles strongly associated with graphitic carbon nitride as efficient co-catalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible light. Chem Commun, 2014, 50(96): 15255-15258

[65] BaiJ, SunY, LiM, et al.. "Two channel" photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production using g-C₃N₄ coated CuO nanorod heterojunction catalysts prepared via a novel molten salt-assisted microwave process. New J Chem, 2018, 42(16): 13529-13535

[66] LiZ, XiongN, GuG. Fabrication of a full-spectrum-response Cu₂(OH)₂CO₃/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction catalyst with outstanding photocatalytic H₂O₂ production performance via a self-sacrificial method. Dalton Trans, 2019, 48(1): 182-189

[67] PengY, WangL, LiuY, et al.. Visible-light-driven photocatalytic H₂O₂ production on g-C₃N₄ loaded with CoP as a noble metal free cocatalyst. Eur J Inorg Chem, 2017, 40: 4797-4802

[68] PengY, ZhouL, WangL, et al.. Preparation of NiCoP-decorated g-C₃N₄ as an efficient photocatalyst for H₂O₂ production. Res Chem Intermed, 2019, 45(12): 5907-5917

[69] BeheraA, BabuP, ParidaK. Growth of macroporous TiO₂ on B-doped g-C₃N₄ nanosheets: a Z-scheme photocatalyst for H₂O₂ production and phenol oxidation under visible light. Inorg Chem Front, 2021, 8(6): 1489-1499

[70] GengX, WangL, ZhangL, et al.. H₂O₂ production and in situ sterilization over a ZnO/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction photocatalyst. Chem Eng J, 2021, 420129722

[71] FengB, LiuY, WanK, et al.. Tailored exfoliation of polymeric carbon nitride for photocatalytic H₂O₂ production and CH₄ valorization mediated by O₂ activation. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2024, 6318e202401884

[72] XuJ, DaiG, ChenB, et al.. Construction of Ti³⁺-TiO₂-C₃N₄ por compound coupling photocatalysis and Fenton-like process: self-driven Fenton-like process without extra H₂O₂ addition. Chemosphere, 2020, 241125022

[73] YueJ, YangH, WangS, et al.. Photocarrier transfer induced by N^δ− → W^δ+ in tungsten trioxide/carbon nitride for dual-path production of hydrogen peroxide towards ciprofloxacin degradation. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2024, 653: 981-991

[74] JiangG, YouX, AnB, et al.. Constructing direct Z-scheme heterojunctions of defective MoS_2-v on carbon nitride nanotubes for high-performance hydrogen peroxide production and iron-free photo-Fenton-like reactions over a wide pH range. Appl Surf Sci, 2023, 618156656

[75] WangX, YangX, ZhaoC, et al.. Ambient preparation of benzoxazine-based phenolic resins enables long-term sustainable photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2023, 6223e202302829

[76] CôtéAP, BeninAI, OckwigNW, et al.. Porous, crystalline, covalent organic frameworks. Science, 2005, 310(5751): 1166-1170

[77] YueJ-Y, LuoJ-X, PanZ-X, et al.. Regulating the topology of covalent organic frameworks for boosting overall H₂O₂ photogeneration. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2024, 6324e202405763

[78] FengS, ChengH, ChenF, et al.. Rational design of covalent organic frameworks with redox-active catechol moieties for high-performance overall photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide. ACS Catal, 2024, 14(10): 7736-7745

[79] ChenY, LiuR, GuoY, et al.. Hierarchical assembly of donor-acceptor covalent organic frameworks for photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide from water and air. Nat Synth, 2024, 3: 998-1010

[80] ZhangY, QiuJ, ZhuB, et al.. ZnO/COF s-scheme heterojunction for improved photocatalytic H₂O₂ production performance. Chem Eng J, 2022, 444136584

[81] YangY, LiuJ, GuM, et al.. Bifunctional TiO₂/COF S-scheme photocatalyst with enhanced H₂O₂ production and furoic acid synthesis mechanism. Appl Catal B-Environ, 2023, 333122780

[82] QiuJ, MengK, ZhangY, et al.. COF/In₂S₃ S-Scheme photocatalyst with enhanced light absorption and H₂O₂-production activity and fs-TA iInvestigation. Adv Mater, 2024, 36132400288

[83] YangY, LiY, MaX, et al.. Direct Z-scheme WO₃ covalent organic framework (COF) heterostructure for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production in water. Catal Sci Technol, 2023, 13(19): 5599-5609

[84] ZhangH, LiuJ, ZhangY, et al.. BiOBr/COF S-scheme photocatalyst for H₂O₂ production via concerted two-electron pathway. J Mater Sci Technol, 2023, 166: 241-249

[85] XiaG, QiuJ, DaiD, et al.. Photocatalytic production of H₂O₂ from wastewater under visible light by chlorine and ZnIn₂S₄ co-decorated TpPa-1. Catal Sci Technol, 2024, 14(3): 590-597

[86] HanW-K, LuH-S, FuJ-X, et al.. Targeted construction of a three-dimensional metal covalent organic framework with spn topology for photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production. Chem Eng J, 2022, 449137802

[87] ChengN, ZhangL, Doyle-DavisK, et al.. Single-atom catalysts: from design to application. Electrochem Energy Rev, 2019, 2(4): 539-573

[88] LiZ, ShiX, ChengH, et al.. Atomically dispersed iron active sites on covalent organic frameworks for artificial photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide. Adv Energy Mater, 2024, 1472302797

[89] HuangS, ZhangB, SunH, et al.. Constructing single atom sites on bipyridine covalent organic frameworks for selective electrochemical production of H₂O₂. Chem Commun, 2023, 59(69): 10424-10427

[90] ShangQ, LiuY, AiJ, et al.. Embedding Au nanoclusters into the pores of carboxylated COF for the efficient photocatalytic production of hydrogen peroxide. J Mater Chem A, 2023, 11(39): 21109-21122

[91] ZhangD, ChenY, HaoM, et al.. Putting hybrid nanomaterials to work for biomedical applications. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2024, 6316e202319567

[92] StockN, BiswasS. Synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs): routes to various MOF topologies, morphologies, and composites. Chem Rev, 2012, 112(2): 933-969

[93] XiaT, LinY, LiW, et al.. Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants by MOFs based materials: a review. Chin Chem Lett, 2021, 32(10): 2975-2984

[94] KondoY, KuwaharaY, MoriK, et al.. Design of metal-organic framework catalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production. Chem, 2022, 8(11): 2924-2938

[95] ChenX, KuwaharaY, MoriK, et al.. Introduction of a secondary ligand into titanium-based metal-organic frameworks for visible-light-driven photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production from dioxygen reduction. J Mater Chem A, 2021, 9(5): 2815-2821

[96] ChoiJY, CheckB, FangX, et al.. Photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production through functionalized semiconductive metal-organic frameworks. J Am Chem Soc, 2024, 146(16): 11319-11327

[97] DashS, TripathySP, SubudhiS, et al.. Ag/Pd bimetallic nanoparticle-loaded Zr-MOF: an efficacious visible-light-responsive photocatalyst for H₂O₂ and H₂ production. Energy Adv, 2024, 3(5): 1073-1086

[98] KondoY, HondaK, KuwaharaY, et al.. Boosting photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production from oxygen and water using a hafnium-based metal-organic framework with missing-linker defects and nickel single atoms. ACS Catal, 2022, 12(24): 14825-14835

[99] LiuC, BaoT, YuanL, et al.. Semiconducting MOF@ZnS heterostructures for photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production: heterojunction coverage matters. ACS Catal, 2022, 32152111404

[100] DingL, PanZ, WangQ. 2D photocatalysts for hydrogen peroxide synthesis. Chin Chem Lett, 2024, 35110125

[101] ZhaoC, WangX, YinY, et al.. Molecular level modulation of anthraquinone-containing resorcinol-formaldehyde resin photocatalysts for H₂O₂ production with exceeding 1.2 % efficiency. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2023, 6212e202218318

[102] ChangJ-N, LiQ, ShiJ-W, et al.. Oxidation-reduction molecular junction covalent organic frameworks for full reaction photosynthesis of H₂O₂. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2023, 1359e202218868

[103] ZhouZ, ZhangY, ShenY, et al.. Molecular engineering of polymeric carbon nitride: advancing applications from photocatalysis to biosensing and more. Chem Soc Rev, 2018, 47(7): 2298-2321

[104] WangJ, LaiY-JS, WangT-H, et al.. Water quality constraints H₂O₂ production in a dual-fiber photocatalytic reactor. Water Res, 2024, 260121880

[105] ChenZ, YaoD, ChuC, et al.. Photocatalytic H₂O₂ production systems: design strategies and environmental applications. Chem Eng J, 2023, 451138489

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

The Author(s)

Just Accepted

This article has successfully passed peer review and final editorial review, and will soon enter typesetting, proofreading and other publishing processes. The currently displayed version is the accepted final manuscript. The officially published version will be updated with format, DOI and citation information upon launch. We recommend that you pay attention to subsequent journal notifications and preferentially cite the officially published version. Thank you for your support and cooperation.