An annealed 50CrV4 steel was subjected to cyclic heat treatment process that consists of repeated short-duration (200 s) held at 840 °C (above Ac3 temperature of 790 °C) and short-duration (100 s) held at 700 °C (below Ac1 temperature of 710 °C). The spheroidization ratio of cementite and the average size of particles increase with increasing the cyclic number of heat treatment. After 5-cycle heat treatment, the spheroidization ratio of cementite is 100%, and the average size of the cementite particles is about 0.53 μm. After cyclic heat treatment, the hardness, ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the experimental steel gradually decrease with increasing cyclic number of heat treatment. The elongation of the as-received specimens is about 7.4%, the elongation of the 1-cycle specimen is 14.3%, and the elongation of 5-cycle specimen reaches a peak value of 22.5%, thereafter marginally decreases to 18.3% after 6-cycle heat treatment. Accordingly, the fractured surface initially exhibits the regions of wavy lamellar fracture. By increasing the cyclic number of heat treatment cycles, the regions of dimples consume the entire fractured surface gradually. Some large dimples can be found in the fracture surface of the specimen subjected to six heat treatment cycles.
The mechanical properties and cutting performance of the designed CuAlMnZnTiB shape memory alloy were studied by tensile test and microstructure observation. Using X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and semi-quantitative shape memory effect test, the microstructure and shape memory effect were analyzed. It is found that lots of β phase and few α phase are formed in the quenching of Cu-7.5Al-9.7Mn-3.4Zn-0.3Ti-0.14B (mass fraction, %) alloy, a great deal of martensite and few α phase are formed in the aging alloy, while the annealing alloy is composed of a great deal of α phase and few β phase. The tensile strength and elongation of the annealed alloy are 649 MPa and 17.1%, respectively. Some tiny and dispersion distributed second phase particles are generated in Ti and B precipitates, greatly improving the alloy machinability.
The 1050 aluminum alloy strip was prepared by means of electromagnetic and ultrasonic cast rolling on the modified asymmetric twin roll caster, and then the aluminum substrate for presensitized plate was prepared through cold rolling and annealing. The effects of electromagnetic and ultrasonic cast rolling on microstructure, mechanical properties, surface roughness and electrolytic corrosion properties of 1050 aluminum substrate were studied. The results show that electromagnetic and ultrasonic cast rolling can decrease the average crystallite size of aluminum substrate by 5 μm, increase the crystal boundaries with uniform distribution, and make the second-phase particles with smaller size distributed dispersively in the substrate, meanwhile, it can increase the tensile strength, elongation and micro-hardness by 4.58%, 9.85% and HV 2, respectively, reduce the surface roughness, make the surface appearance more even, electrolytic corrosion polarization curve of aluminum substrate more smooth and the surface corrosion pits with regular shape more dispersive.
Based on the Fermi’s golden rule and the theory of Boltzmann collision term approximation, a physically-based model for hole scattering rate (SR) in strained Si1−xGex/(100)Si was presented, which takes into account a variety of scattering mechanisms, including ionized impurity, acoustic phonon, non-polar optical phonon and alloy disorder scattering. It is indicated that the SRs of acoustic phonon and non-polar optical phonon decrease under the strain, and the total SR in strained Si1−xGex/(100)Si also decreases obviously with increasing Ge fraction (x). Moreover, the total SR continues to show a constant tendency when x is less than 0.3. In comparison with bulk Si, the total SR of strained Si1−xGex/(100) Si decreases by about 58%.
The separation of iron oxide from banded hematite jasper (BHJ) assaying 47.8% Fe, 25.6% SiO2 and 2.30%Al2O3 using selective magnetic coating was studied. Characterization studies of the low grade ore indicate that besides hematite and goethite, jasper, a microcrystalline form of quartzite, is the major impurity associated with this ore. Beneficiation by conventional magnetic separation technique could yield a magnetic concentrate containing 60.8% Fe with 51% Fe recovery. In order to enhance the recovery of the iron oxide minerals, fine magnetite, colloidal magnetite and oleate colloidal magnetite were used as the coating material. When subjected to magnetic separation, the coated ore produces an iron concentrate containing 60.2% Fe with an enhanced recovery of 56%. The AFM studies indicate that the coagulation of hematite particles with the oleate colloidal magnetite facilitates the higher recovery of iron particles from the low grade BHJ iron ore under appropriate conditions.
A silver nanoparticle (AgNP) with good monodispersity was produced by a convenient method for reducing of AgNO3 with N, N-dimethylacetamide in the presence of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as the surface modification agent. The shape and size of the AgNP with reaction time were taken as variables. The surface plasmon band transition was monitored with reaction mixture time at different temperatures. The AgNP crystallinity increases with the reaction time, and the reduction efficiency is very low when AgNP solution is dealt at room temperature even after two days, while it is greatly improved at 160 °C only for 25 min. AgNP modified by the as-synthesized PVP has a face-centered cubic crystalline structure, in which AgNP could develop into a spherical morphology with a very narrow size distribution of 2–11 nm. The preparation provides a new reducing agent to form AgNP with simpler operation and shorter time.
NiFe2O4 ceramics were prepared in different sintering atmospheres. The phase compositions, microstructures and mechanical properties were studied. The results show that the stoichiometric compound NiFe2O4 cannot be obtained in vacuum or atmospheres with oxygen contents of 2×10−5, 2×10−4 and 2×10−3, respectively. All the samples sintered in above-mentioned atmospheres contain phases of NiFe2O4 and NiO. With increasing oxygen content, NiFe2O4 content in the ceramic increases, while NiO content appears a contrary trend. In vacuum, NiFe2O4 ceramic has average grain size of 3.94 μm, and bending strength of 85.12 MPa. The changes of the phase composition and mechanical properties of NiFe2O4 based cermets are mainly caused by the alteration of their properties of NiFe2O4 ceramic.
PCR-based DNA fingerprinting, REP-PCR (repetitive element PCR), RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) and 16S rDNA sequence analyses were used to characterize 23 Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans strains isolated from different environments. (GTG)5 and BOXA1R primer were selected for REP-PCR. Twenty arbitrary primers were used for RAPD to acquire DNA profiles from A. ferrooxidans. Both RAPD and REP-PCR produce complex banding patterns and show good discriminatory ability in differentiating closely related strains of A. ferrooxidans. The strains are clustered into 4 or 5 major groups and reveal genomic diversity using (GTG)5-PCR, BOX-PCR and RAPD analysis. Phylogenetic tree based on 16S rDNA sequences of 23 strains and related strains shows that they are clustered into two distinct groups. Twelve strains are highly related to a new Acidithiobacillus named Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans. The results indicate that PCR-based methods are effective in revealing genetic diversity among A. ferrooxidans.
Electronic structures of monoclinic and hexagonal pyrrhotite were studied using density functional theory method, together with their flotation behavior. The main contribution of monoclinic pyrrhotite is mainly from Fe 3d, while that of hexagonal pyrrhotite is from Fe 3d, Fe 3p and S 3s. The hexagonal pyrrhotite is more reactive than monoclinic pyrrhotite because of large density of states near the Fermi level. The hexagonal pyrrhotite shows antiferromagnetism. S—Fe bonds mainly exist in monoclinic pyrrhotite as the covalent bonds, while hexagonal pyrrhotite has no covalency. The main contributions of higest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular obital (LUMO) for monoclinic pyrrhotite come from S and Fe. The main contribution of HOMO for hexagonal pyrrhotite comes from Fe, while that of LUMO comes from S. The coefficient of Fe atom is much larger than that of S atom of HOMO for hexagonal pyrrhotite, which contributes to the adsorption of CaOH+ on the surface of hexagonal pyrrhotite when there is lime. As a result, lime has the inhibitory effect on the floatation of hexagonal pyrrhotite and the coefficient of Fe is very close to that of S for monoclinic pyrrhotite. Therefore, the existence of S prevents the adsorption of CaOH+ on the surface of monoclinic pyrrhotite, which leads to less inhibitory effect on the flotation of monoclinic pyrrhotite.
A simple and rapid technique based on liquid-liquid extraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometric detection (LLE-GC-MS) was developed for analysis of taste and odour compound β-ionone in water. Instrument parameters including programmed oven temperature, injection temperature and ion source temperature were evaluated and optimized. Effects of extraction time, ionic strength and pH on the detection efficiency were investigated and optimum conditions were 8 min of extraction time, without NaCl addition at pH=9. Good linearity (R2=0.9997) was obtained when the linear range was 10–500 μg/L. The recoveries of β-ionone in ultrapure water and tap water samples were 88%–95% and 110%–114%, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSD) were less than 10%. The method detection limit (MDL) and rejection quality level (RQL) were achieved at 1.98 μg/L and 6.53 μg/L, respectively. LLE-GC-MS was demonstrated to be a rapid and convenient method for the determination of β-ionone in water samples.
Five different kinds of hydrophilic organic salts were used to modify commercial activated carbon in order to prepare hydrophilic carbon materials. Properties of the samples were analyzed by surface area analyzer and SEM-EDX. The hydrophilic organic salts with different properties were introduced into activated carbon and significantly affected the properties of the samples. During adsorption experiments, the water vapor adsorption amount in modified samples increases by 0.57–17.12 times in temperature range from 303 to 323 K and at relative pressure below 0.50. Water molecules combined with surface hydrophilic groups through H-bonding exhibit good thermo stability. The effects of temperature, oxygen content and properties of the hydrophilic organic salts on water vapor adsorption were studied. It is indicated that water vapor adsorption in modified samples is mainly affected by the surface oxygen content. The carboxylate radicals in the hydrophilic organic salts greatly affect the micropore structure of the modified samples, while the metal ions in them exhibit limited influence. Different adsorption capacity of modified samples can be explained with the electronegativity of elements presented by Pauling.
Sequential and single extraction procedures were applied to both fresh and dried Sedum Plumbizincicola leaves and stems. The extractants, different from those of soil, sediment or sewage sludge metal fractions, were water, 80% (v/v) ethanol, 1 mol/L NaCl, 2% HAc and 0.6 mol/L HCl. Zn, Cd and Cu in the extracts and samples were measured by flame atomic adsorption spectrometry. In sequential extraction procedures, water soluble form and ethanol soluble form are the main fractions for Zn, while water soluble form and NaCl soluble form for Cd, and comparatively uniform distribution for Cu with the residue form most and HCl soluble form second. Single extraction procedures are used to compare the extraction efficiencies of the five reagents to screen appropriate extractants and operating conditions for liquid extraction to deal with large amount of harvested metal-contained biomass, which will pose a threat to the environment if treated improperly. The sequences of extraction efficiencies are HCl>NaCl≈HAc>Water≈Ethanol for Zn and HCl≈NaCl≈HAc>Water>Ethanol for Cd. As for Cu, all the five extractants cannot effectively extract Cu, but HCl achieves a higher efficiency (>70% in fresh samples, and 45%–60% in dried samples). Besides, extraction efficiencies for most extractants in fresh samples are higher than those in dried samples, and extraction efficiencies of stems and leaves for the five extractants are close. The two extraction procedures can obtain high degree of accuracy with the relative standard deviation (RSD) lower than 10%, and metal recoveries are controlled between 80%–120% with most of 90%–110%.
The degradation behavior of ethyl xanthate (EX) salt was the most widely used collector in sulfide mineral flotation and emission of flotation tailings with residual EX was harmful to environment. In this work, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was investigated by UV-visible spectroscopy (UV/Vis) at different pH values from 3 to 12. For pH value from 5 to 12, EX was oxidized into ethyl per xanthate (EPX) by H2O2. Then EPX was further oxidized into thiosulfate (TS) salt rather than ethyl thiocarbonate (ETC) and this step was the reaction-limited step. Then depending on pH values, TS was degraded into sulphate and carbonate salts (pH>7) or elemental sulfur (pH<7). The kinetics data show that the degradation rate of EX increases with increasing the H2O2 concentration and is independent on the pH values. Without H2O2, EX is hydrolyzed to carbon disulfide fast at pH value <3.0, but the reaction of hydrolysis is undetectable at pH value >3.0 during test time.
Equipment for deep sea mining has risen from a position of virtual non-existence to a major industrial significance and in deep sea bed mining, the miner is the key equipment of the whole system that charges with the most complex and dangerous task. Evaluation of trafficability for tracked vehicles for deep sea mining is essential. Rare earth elements (REEs) are used in a wide range of modern applications. These applications are highly specific and substitutes are inferior or unknown. One possible source of the REE could be the poly-metallic nodule, at present explored in the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean. In developing miners of high performance, dynamic behaviour should be investigated under various traveling conditions. The mechanics of tracked vehicles is of continuing interest to organizations and agencies that specify design and operate tracked vehicles. Most works done are on the complete track vehicle system but in this work the research activity is aimed only at the track system with the basic aim of optimizing the track system design so that it can be manufactured by using the minimum resources. Equations and models are developed for the track system of a miner during steering motion. These equations and models could further be used for design optimization of the track system.
A novel method for developing a reliable data driven soft sensor to improve the prediction accuracy of sulfur content in hydrodesulfurization (HDS) process was proposed. Therefore, an integrated approach using support vector regression (SVR) based on wavelet transform (WT) and principal component analysis (PCA) was used. Experimental data from the HDS setup were employed to validate the proposed model. The results reveal that the integrated WT-PCA with SVR model was able to increase the prediction accuracy of SVR model. Implementation of the proposed model delivers the best satisfactory predicting performance (EAARE=0.058 and R2=0.97) in comparison with SVR. The obtained results indicate that the proposed model is more reliable and more precise than the multiple linear regression (MLR), SVR and PCA-SVR.
A design method was developed to specify the profile of the continuously variable Mach-number nozzle for the supersonic wind tunnel. The controllable contour design technique was applied to obtaining the original nozzle profile, while other Mach-numbers were derived from the transformation of the original profile. A design scheme, covering a Mach-number range of 3.0<Ma<4.0, was shown to illustrate the present design technique. To fully validate the present design method, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses were carried out to study the flow quality in the test area of the nozzle. The computed results indicate that exit uniform flow is obtained with 1.19% of the maximal Mach-number deviation at the nozzle exit. The present design method achieves the continuously variable Mach-number flow during a wind tunnel running.
To weaken the nonlinear coupling influence among the variables in the speed and tension system of reversible cold strip mill, a compound control (CC) strategy based on invariance principle was proposed. Firstly, invariance principle was used to realize static decoupling between the speed and tension of reversible cold strip mill. Then, considering the influence caused by the time variation of steel coil radius and rotational inertia of the left and right coilers, as well as the uncertainties, a CC strategy that is composed of extended state observer (ESO) and global sliding mode control (GSMC) with backstepping adaptive was proposed, which further realized dynamic decoupling and coordination control for the speed and tension system. Theoretical analysis shows that the resulting closed-loop system is global bounded stable. Finally, the simulation was carried out on the speed and tension system of a 1422 mm reversible cold strip mill by using the actual data, and through the comparison of the other control strategies, validity of the proposed CC strategy was shown by the results.
In order to realize the computer aided design of AT shifting element schemes, a mathematical model of shifting element schemes which can be easily identified by computers was built. Taking the transmission ratio sequence as an optimization objective and simple shifting logic between adjacent gears through operating only one shifting element as a constraint condition, a fitness function of shifting element schemes was proposed. ZF-8AT shifting element schemes were optimized based on GA work-box of MATLAB, and the feasibility of the optimization algorithm was verified.
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a ubiquitous identification technology nowadays. An on-chip high-performance transmit/receive (T/R) switch is designed and simulated in 0.13-μm CMOS technology for reader-less RFID tag. The switch utilizes only the transistor width and length (W/L) optimization, proper gate bias resistor and resistive body floating technique and therefore, exhibits 1 dB insertion loss, 31.5 dB isolation and 29.2 dBm 1-dB compression point (P1dB). Moreover, the switch dissipates only 786.7 nW power for 1.8/0 V control voltages and is capable of switching in 794 fs. Above all, as there is no inductor or capacitor used in the circuit, the size of the switch is 0.00208 mm2 only. This switch will be appropriate for reader-less RFID tag transceiver front-end as well as other wireless transceivers operated at 2.4 GHz band.
A novel LDNMOS embedded silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) was proposed to enhance ESD robustness of high-voltage (HV) LDNMOS based on a 0.5 μm 18 V CDMOS process. A two-dimensional (2D) device simulation and a transmission line pulse (TLP) testing were used to analyze the working mechanism and ESD performance of the novel device. Compared with the traditional GG-LDNMOS, the secondary breakdown current (It2) of the proposed device can successfully increase from 1.146 A to 3.169 A with a total width of 50 μm, and ESD current discharge efficiency is improved from 0.459 mA/μm2 to 1.884 mA/μm2. Moreover, due to their different turn-on resistances (Ron), the device with smaller channel length (L) owns a stronger ESD robustness per unit area.
Flatness pattern recognition is the key of the flatness control. The accuracy of the present flatness pattern recognition is limited and the shape defects cannot be reflected intuitively. In order to improve it, a novel method via T-S cloud inference network optimized by genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed. T-S cloud inference network is constructed with T-S fuzzy neural network and the cloud model. So, the rapid of fuzzy logic and the uncertainty of cloud model for processing data are both taken into account. What’s more, GA possesses good parallel design structure and global optimization characteristics. Compared with the simulation recognition results of traditional BP Algorithm, GA is more accurate and effective. Moreover, virtual reality technology is introduced into the field of shape control by LabVIEW, MATLAB mixed programming. And virtual flatness pattern recognition interface is designed. Therefore, the data of engineering analysis and the actual model are combined with each other, and the shape defects could be seen more lively and intuitively.
Slow trends in the RR interval (RRI) series should be removed in the preprocessing step to get a reliable result of heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. Re-sampling is required to convert the unevenly sampled RRI series into evenly sampled time series when using the widely accepted smoothness priors approach (SPA). Noise is introduced in this process and the information quality is thus compromised. Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and its variants, were introduced to directly process the unevenly sampled RRI series. Besides, a RR interval model was proposed to fascinate the introduction of standard metrics for the evaluation of the detrending performance. Based on standard metrics including signal-to-noise-ratio in dB (ISNR), mean square error (EMS), and percent root square difference (DPRS), the effectiveness of detrending methods in RR interval analysis were determined. Results demonstrate that complementary ensemble EMD (CEEMD, a variant of EMD) based method has a higher ISNR, a lower EMS and a lower DPRS as well as a better RRI series detrending performance compared with the SPA method, which would in turn lead to a more accurate HRV analysis.
In inertial navigation system (INS) and global positioning system (GPS) integrated system, GPS antennas are usually not located at the same location as the inertial measurement unit (IMU) of the INS, so the lever arm effect exists, which makes the observation equation highly nonlinear. The INS/GPS integration with constant lever arm effect is studied. The position relation of IMU and GPS’s antenna is represented in the earth centered earth fixed frame, while the velocity relation of these two systems is represented in local horizontal frame. Due to the small integration time interval of INS, i.e. 0.1 s in this work, the nonlinearity in the INS error equation is trivial, so the linear INS error model is constructed and addressed by Kalman filter’s prediction step. On the other hand, the high nonlinearity in the observation equation due to lever arm effect is addressed by unscented Kalman filter’s update step to attain higher accuracy and better applicability. Simulation is designed and the performance of the hybrid filter is validated.
Synchronization analysis and design problems for uncertain time-delayed high-order complex systems with dynamic output feedback synchronization protocols are investigated. By stating projection on the synchronization subspace and the complement synchronization subspace, synchronization problems are transformed into simultaneous stabilization problems of multiple subsystems related to eigenvalues of the Laplacian matrix of the interaction topology of a complex system. In terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), sufficient conditions for robust synchronization are presented, which include only five LMI constraints. By the changing variable method, sufficient conditions for robust synchronization in terms of LMIs and matrix equalities are given, which can be checked by the cone complementarily linearization approach. The effectiveness of theoretical results is shown by numerical examples.
Detecting the moving vehicles in jittering traffic scenes is a very difficult problem because of the complex environment. Only by the color features of the pixel or only by the texture features of image cannot establish a suitable background model for the moving vehicles. In order to solve this problem, the Gaussian pyramid layered algorithm is proposed, combining with the advantages of the Codebook algorithm and the Local binary patterns (LBP) algorithm. Firstly, the image pyramid is established to eliminate the noises generated by the camera shake. Then, codebook model and LBP model are constructed on the low-resolution level and the high-resolution level of Gaussian pyramid, respectively. At last, the final test results are obtained through a set of operations according to the spatial relations of pixels. The experimental results show that this algorithm can not only eliminate the noises effectively, but also save the calculating time with high detection sensitivity and high detection accuracy.
A multivariate method for fault diagnosis and process monitoring is proposed. This technique is based on a statistical pattern (SP) framework integrated with a self-organizing map (SOM). An SP-based SOM is used as a classifier to distinguish various states on the output map, which can visually monitor abnormal states. A case study of the Tennessee Eastman (TE) process is presented to demonstrate the fault diagnosis and process monitoring performance of the proposed method. Results show that the SP-based SOM method is a visual tool for real-time monitoring and fault diagnosis that can be used in complex chemical processes. Compared with other SOM-based methods, the proposed method can more efficiently monitor and diagnose faults.
Nitrate pollution in groundwater is a serious water quality problem that increases the risk of developing various cancers. Groundwater is the most important water resource and supports a population of 5 million in Anyang area of the southern part of the North China Plain. Determining the source of nitrate pollution is the challenge in hydrology area due to the complex processes of migration and transformation. A new method is presented to determine the source of nitrogen pollution by combining the composition characteristics of stable carbon isotope in dissolved organic carbon in groundwater. The source of groundwater nitrate is dominated by agricultural fertilizers, as well as manure and wastewater. Mineralization, nitrification and mixing processes occur in the groundwater recharge area, whereas the confined groundwater area is dominated by denitrification processes.
The mesoscopic failure mechanism and the macro-mechanical characteristics of soil-rock mixture (S-RM) under external load are largely controlled by S-RM’s meso-structural features. The objective of this work is to improve the three-dimensional technology for the generation of the random meso-structural models of S-RM, for randomly generating irregular rock blocks in S-RM with different shapes, sizes, and distributions according to the characteristics of the rock blocks’ size distribution. Based on the new improved technology, a software system named as R-SRM3D for generation and visualization of S-RM is developed. Using R-SRM3D, a three-dimensional meso-structural model of S-RM is generated and used to study the meso-mechanical behavior through a series of true-triaxial numerical tests. From the numerical tests, the following conclusions are obtained. The meso-stress field of S-RM is influenced by the distribution of the internal rock blocks, and the macro-mechanical characteristics of S-RM are anisotropic in 3D; the intermediate principal stress and the soil-rock interface properties have significant influence on the macro strength of S-RM.
To investigate and analyze the thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) coupling phenomena of a surrounding rock mass in an argillaceous formation, a nuclear waste disposal concept in drifts was represented physically in an in-situ test way. A transversely isotropic model was employed to reproduce the whole test process numerically. Parameters of the rock mass were determined by laboratory and in-situ experiments. Based on the numerical simulation results and in-situ test data, the variation processes of pore water pressure, temperature and deformation of surrounding rock were analyzed. Both the measured data and numerical results reveal that the thermal perturbation is the principal driving force which leads to the variation of pore water pressure and deformations in the surrounding rock. The temperature, pore pressure and deformation of rock mass change rapidly at each initial heating stage with a constant heating power. The temperature field near the heater borehole is relatively steady in the subsequent stages of the heating phase. However, the pore pressure and deformation fields decrease gradually with temperature remaining unchanged condition. It also shows that a transversely isotropic model can reproduce the THM coupling effects generating in the near-field of a nuclear waste repository in an argillaceous formation.
The ratio of crack initiation stress to the uniaxial compressive strength (SCI,B/SUC,B) and the ratio of axial strain at the crack initiation stress to the axial strain at the uniaxial compressive strength were studied by performing numerical stress analysis on blocks having multi flaws at close spacing’s under uniaxial loading using PFC3D. The following findings are obtained: SCI,B/SUC,B has an average value of about 0.5 with a variability of ± 0.1. This range agrees quite well with the values obtained by former research. For joint inclination angle, β=90°, is found to be around 0.48 irrespective of the value of joint continuity factor, k. No particular relation is found between and β; however, the average seems to slightly decrease with increasing k. The variability of is found to increase with k. Based on the cases studied in this work, ranges between 0.3 and 0.5. This range is quite close to the range of 0.4 to 0.6 obtained for SCI,B/SUC,B. The highest variability of ± 0.12 for is obtained for k=0.8. For the remaining k values the variability of can be expressed within ± 0.05. This finding is very similar to the finding obtained for the variability of SCI,B/SUC,B.
An analytical solution was presented to the unsaturated soil with a finite thickness under confinement in the lateral direction and sinusoidal cyclic loading in the vertical direction based on Fredlund’s one-dimensional consolidation equation for unsaturated soil. The transfer relationship between the state vectors at the top surface and any depth was gained by applying the Laplace transform and Cayley-Hamilton mathematical methods to the governing equations of water and air, Darcy’s law and Fick’s law. The excess pore-air and pore-water pressures and settlement in the Laplace-transformed domain were obtained by using the Laplace transform with the initial and boundary conditions. The analytical solutions of the excess pore-air and pore-water pressures at any depth and settlement were obtained in the time domain by performing the inverse Laplace transforms. A typical example illustrates the consolidation characteristics of unsaturated soil under sinusoidal loading from analytical results. Finally, comparisons between the analytical solutions and results of the numerical method indicate that the analytical solution is correct.
A new method based on the multi-wedge translation mechanism is presented to calculate the lateral force acting on the stabilizing piles. At first, there is no assumption for the shape of potential sliding surface, it is just considered that the potential sliding surface is a composite of a number of straight lines. And then, the potential sliding mass is divided into a number of triangular wedges take with these straight lines as its base. The kinematic theorem of limit analysis is adopted to calculate the rate of external work and the rate of energy dissipation for each triangular wedge, respectively. Furthermore, the multivariate functions are established to calculate the lateral force acting on the stabilizing piles. The lateral force and the corresponding potential sliding surfaces can be obtained by an optimizational technique. At last, an example is taken to illustrate the method. The effect of soil strength parameters, slope angle and pile roughness on the lateral force and the corresponding potential sliding surface are analyzed. The result are compared with those obtained using other methods.
The subcritical crack growth and fracture toughness in peridotite, lherzolite and amphibolite were investigated with double torsion test. The results show that water-rock interaction has a significant influence on subcritical crack growth. With water-rock interaction, the crack velocity increases, while the stress intensity factor declines, which illustrates that water-rock interaction can decrease the strength of rocks and accelerate the subcritical crack growth. Based on Charlse theory and Hilling & Charlse theory, the test data were analyzed by regression and the correlation coefficients were all higher than 0.7, which shows the correlation is significant. This illustrates that both theories can explain the results of tests very well. Therefore, it is believed that the subcritical crack growth attributes to the breaking of chemical bond, which is caused by the combined effect of the tensile stress and the chemical reaction between the material at crack tip and the corrosive agent. Meanwhile, water-rock interaction has a vital effect on fracture toughness. The fracture toughness of samples under atmospheric environment is higher than that of samples immersed in water. And water-rock interaction has larger influence on fracture toughness in amphibolite than that in peridotite and lherzolite.
There were differences between real boundary and blast hole controlling boundary of irregular mined-out area in underground metal mines. There were errors in numerical analysis of stability for goaf, if it was analyzed as regular 3D mined-out area and the influence of coupling stress-seepage-disturbance was not considered adequately. Taking a lead zinc mine as the background, the model was built by the coupling of Surpac and Midas-Gts based on the goaf model precisely measured by CMS. According to seepage stress fundamental equations based on the equivalent continuum mechanical and the theory about equivalent load of dynamic disturbance in deep-hole blasting, the stability of mined-out area under multi-field coupling of stress-seepage-dynamic disturbance was numerically analyzed. The results show that it is more consistent between the numerical analysis model based on the real model of irregular 3D shape goaf and the real situation, which could faithfully reappear the change rule of stress-strain about the surrounding rock under synthetic action of blasting dynamic loading and the seepage pressure. The mined-out area multi-field coupling formed by blasting excavation is stable. Based on combination of the advantages of the CMS, Surpac and Midas-Gts, and fully consideration of the effects of multi-field coupling, the accurate and effective way could be provided for numerical analysis of stability for mined-out area.
Rock burst is one of the most catastrophic dynamic hazards in coal mining. A static and dynamic stresses superposition-based (SDSS-based) risk evaluation method of rock burst was proposed to pre-evaluate rock burst risk. Theoretical basis of this method is the stress criterion incurring rock burst and rock burst risk is evaluated according to the closeness degree of the total stress (due to the superposition of static stress in the coal and dynamic stress induced by tremors) with the critical stress. In addition, risk evaluation criterion of rock burst was established by defining the “Satisfaction Degree” of static stress. Furthermore, the method was used to pre-evaluate rock burst risk degree and prejudge endangered area of an insular longwall face in Nanshan Coal Mine in China. Results show that rock burst risk is moderate at advance extent of 97 m, strong at advance extent of 97–131 m, and extremely strong (i.e. inevitable to occur) when advance extent exceeds 131 m (mining is prohibited in this case). The section of two gateways whose floor abuts 15-3 coal seam is a susceptible area prone to rock burst. Evaluation results were further compared with rock bursts and tremors detected by microseismic monitoring. Comparison results indicate that evaluation results are consistent with microseismic monitoring, which proves the method’s feasibility.
In order to precisely predict the hazard degree of goaf (HDG), the RS-TOPSIS model was built based on the results of expert investigation. To evaluate the HDG in the underground mine, five structure size factors, i.e. goaf span, exposed area, goaf height, goaf depth, and pillar width, were selected as the evaluation indexes. And based on rough dependability in rough set (RS) theory, the weights of evaluation indexes were identified by calculating rough dependability between evaluation indexes and evaluation results. Fourty goafs in some mines of western China, whose indexes parameters were measured by cavity monitoring system (CMS), were taken as evaluation objects. In addition, the characteristic parameters of five grades’ typical goafs were built according to the interval limits value of single index evaluation. Then, using the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), five-category classification of HDG was realized based on closeness degree, and the HDG was also identified. Results show that the five-category identification of mine goafs could be realized by RS-TOPSIS method, based on the structure-scale-effect. The classification results are consistent with those of numerical simulation based on stress and displacement, while the coincidence rate is up to 92.5%. Furthermore, the results are more conservative to safety evaluation than numerical simulation, thus demonstrating that the proposed method is more easier, reasonable and more definite for HDG identification.
In order to investigate the mechanical properties and stress-strain curves of concrete at different ages under impact load, the impact compression tests of concrete at age of 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 d were conducted with a large diameter split Hopkinson pressure bar, respectively. Based on statistical damage theory and Weibull distribution, combining the analysis of the change laws of stress-strain curves and viscosity coefficient of concrete with age, a damage constitutive model that can reflect the variation in dynamic mechanical properties with age was proposed. The stress-strain curves calculated from the proposed model are in good agreement with those from experimental data directly.
In order to research spread law and distribution law of temperature nearby fire sources on roadway in mine, according to combustion theory and other basic, the theory model of temperature attenuation was determined under unsteady heat-exchange between wind and roadway wall. The full-size roadway fire simulation experiments were carried out in Chongqing Research Institute of China Coal Technology & Engineering Group Corporation. The development processes of mine fire and flow pattern of high temperature gas were analyzed. Experimental roadway is seen as physical model, and through using CFD software, the processes of mine fire have been simulated on computer. The results show that, after fire occurs, if the wind speed is less than the minimum speed which can prevent smoke from rolling back, then the smaller wind speed can cause smoke to roll back easily. Hot plume will lead to secondary disasters in upwind side. Because of roadway wall, hot plume released from roadway fire zone has caused the occurrence of the ceiling jet, and the hot plume has been forced down. Whereas, owing to the higher temperature, buoyancy effect is more obvious. Therefore, smoke rises gradually along the roadway in the flow process, and the hierarchical interface appears wavy. Oxygen-enriched combustion and fuel-enriched combustion are the two kinds of combustion states of fire. The oxygen content of downwind side of fire is maintained at around 15% for oxygen-enriched combustion, and the oxygen content of downwind side of fire is maintained at around 2% for fuel-enriched combustion. Furthermore, fuel-enriched combustion can lead to secondary disasters easily.
Combined effects of Soret (thermal-diffusion) and Dufour (diffusion-thermo) in MHD stagnation point flow by a permeable stretching cylinder were studied. Analysis was examined in the presence of heat generation/absorption and chemical reaction. The laws of conservation of mass, momentum, energy and concentration are found to lead to the mathematical development of the problem. Suitable transformations were used to convert the nonlinear partial differential equations into the ordinary differential equations. The series solutions of boundary layer equations through momentum, energy and concentration equations were obtained. Convergence of the developed series solutions was discussed via plots and numerical values. The behaviors of different physical parameters on the velocity components, temperature and concentration were obtained. Numerical values of Nusselt number, skin friction and Sherwood number with different parameters were computed and analyzed. It is found that Dufour and Soret numbers result in the enhancement of temperature and concentration distributions, respectively.
Heat and mass transfer effects in three-dimensional flow of Maxwell fluid over a stretching surface were addressed. Analysis was performed in the presence of internal heat generation/absorption. Concentration and thermal buoyancy effects were accounted. Convective boundary conditions for heat and mass transfer analysis were explored. Series solutions of the resulting problem were developed. Effects of mixed convection, internal heat generation/absorption parameter and Biot numbers on the dimensionless velocity, temperature and concentration distributions were illustrated graphically. Numerical values of local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers were obtained and analyzed for all the physical parameters. It is found that both thermal and concentration boundary layer thicknesses are decreasing functions of stretching ratio. Variations of mixed convection parameter and concentration buoyancy parameter on the velocity profiles and associated boundary layer thicknesses are enhanced. Velocity profiles and temperature increase in the case of internal heat generation while they reduce for heat absorption. Heat transfer Biot number increases the thermal boundary layer thickness and temperature. Also concentration and its associated boundary layer are enhanced with an increase in mass transfer Biot number. The local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers have quite similar behaviors for increasing values of mixed convection parameter, concentration buoyancy parameter and Deborah number.
To promote the fuel utilization efficiency of IC engine, an approach was proposed for IC engine coolant energy recovery based on low-temperature organic Rankine cycle (ORC). The ORC system uses IC engine coolant as heat source, and it is coupled to the IC engine cooling system. After various kinds of organic working media were compared, R124 was selected as the ORC working medium. According to IC engine operating conditions and coolant energy characteristics, the major parameters of ORC system were preliminary designed. Then, the effects of various parameters on cycle performance and recovery potential of coolant energy were analyzed via cycle process calculation. The results indicate that cycle efficiency is mainly influenced by the working pressure of ORC, while the maximum working pressure is limited by IC engine coolant temperature. At the same working pressure, cycle efficiency is hardly affected by both the mass flow rate and temperature of working medium. When the bottom cycle working pressure arrives at the maximum allowable value of 1.6 MPa, the fuel utilization efficiency of IC engine could be improved by 12.1%. All these demonstrate that this low-temperature ORC is a useful energy-saving technology for IC engine.
The hybrid system with radiant cooling and dedicated outdoor air not only possesses high energy efficiency, but also creates a healthy and comfortable indoor environment. Indoor air quality will be improved by the dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) and indoor thermal comfort can be enhanced by the radiant cooling system (RCS). The optimal air-supply mode of the hybrid system and the corresponding design approach were investigated. A full-scale experimental chamber with various air outlets and the ceiling radiant cooling panels (CRCP) was designed and established. The performances of different air-supply modes along with CRCPs were analyzed by multi-index evaluations. Preliminary investigations were also conducted on the humidity stratification and the control effect of different airflow modes to prevent condensation on CRCP. The overhead supply air is recommended as the best combination mode for the hybrid system after comprehensive comparison of the experiment results. The optimal proportion of CRCP accounting for the total cooling capacities in accord with specific cooling loads is found, which may provide valuable reference for the design and operation of the hybrid system.
According to the analysis of the turbulent intensity level around the high-speed train, the maximum turbulent intensity ranges from 0.2 to 0.5 which belongs to high turbulent flow. The flow field distribution law was studied and eight types of flow regions were proposed. They are high pressure with air stagnant region, pressure decreasing with air accelerating region, low pressure with high air flow velocity region I, turbulent region, steady flow region, low pressure with high air flow velocity region II, pressure increasing with air decelerating region and wake region. The analysis of the vortex structure around the train shows that the vortex is mainly induced by structures with complex mutation and large curvature change. The head and rear of train, the underbody structure, the carriage connection section and the wake region are the main vortex generating sources while the train body with even cross-section has rare vortexes. The wake structure development law studied lays foundation for the train drag reduction.
The coupled model of a four-cylinder internal combustion engine and a dash panel was constructed to analyze the relationship between the engine noise and interior noise of an automobile. Finite element analysis, flexible multi-body dynamics, and boundary element analysis were integrated to obtain the tetrahedron-element models, structural vibration response, and radiated noise, respectively. The accuracy of the finite-element model of the engine was validated by modal analysis via single-input multi-output technology, while the dash panel was validated by sound transmission loss experiment. The block was optimized to reduce the radiated acoustic power from the engine surface. The acoustic transfer path between the engine cabin and passenger compartment was then established. The coupled analysis results reveal that the interior noise is optimized due to the engine noise reduction.
The assumption widely used in the user equilibrium model for stochastic network was that the probability distributions of the travel time were known explicitly by travelers. However, this distribution may be unavailable in reality. By relaxing the restrictive assumption, a robust user equilibrium model based on cumulative prospect theory under distribution-free travel time was presented. In the absence of the cumulative distribution function of the travel time, the exact cumulative prospect value (CPV) for each route cannot be obtained. However, the upper and lower bounds on the CPV can be calculated by probability inequalities. Travelers were assumed to choose the routes with the best worst-case CPVs. The proposed model was formulated as a variational inequality problem and solved via a heuristic solution algorithm. A numerical example was also provided to illustrate the application of the proposed model and the efficiency of the solution algorithm.
The primary objective of this work is to explore how drivers react to flashing green at signalized intersections. Through video taping and data procession based on photogrammetry, the operating speeds of vehicles before and after the moment when flashing green started was compared using paired-samples T-test. The critical distances between go and stop decisions was defined through cumulative percentage curve. The boundary of dilemma zone was determined by comparing stop distance and travel distance. Amber-running violation was analyzed on the basis of the travel time to the stop line. And finally, a logistic model for stop and go decisions was constructed. The results shows that the stopping ratios of the first vehicles of west-bound and east-bound approaches are 41.3% and 39.8%, respectively; the amber-light running violation ratios of two approaches are 31.6% and 25.4%, respectively; the operating speed growth ratios of first vehicles selecting to cross intersection after the moment when flashing green started are 26.7% and 17.7%, respectively; and the critical distances are 48 m and 46 m, respectively, which are close to 44 m, the boundary of dilemma zone. The developed decision models demonstrate that the probability of go decision is higher when the distance from the stop line is shorter or operating speed is higher. This indicates that flashing green is an effective way to enhance intersection safety, but it should work together with a strict enforcement. In addition, traffic signs near critical distance and reasonable speed limitation are also beneficial to the safety of intersections.
Short-term traffic flow prediction is one of the essential issues in intelligent transportation systems (ITS). A new two-stage traffic flow prediction method named AKNN-AVL method is presented, which combines an advanced k-nearest neighbor (AKNN) method and balanced binary tree (AVL) data structure to improve the prediction accuracy. The AKNN method uses pattern recognition two times in the searching process, which considers the previous sequences of traffic flow to forecast the future traffic state. Clustering method and balanced binary tree technique are introduced to build case database to reduce the searching time. To illustrate the effects of these developments, the accuracies performance of AKNN-AVL method, k-nearest neighbor (KNN) method and the auto-regressive and moving average (ARMA) method are compared. These methods are calibrated and evaluated by the real-time data from a freeway traffic detector near North 3rd Ring Road in Beijing under both normal and incident traffic conditions. The comparisons show that the AKNN-AVL method with the optimal neighbor and pattern size outperforms both KNN method and ARMA method under both normal and incident traffic conditions. In addition, the combinations of clustering method and balanced binary tree technique to the prediction method can increase the searching speed and respond rapidly to case database fluctuations.
The scheduling utility plays a fundamental role in addressing the commuting travel behaviours. A new scheduling utility, termed as DMRD-SU, was suggested based on some recent research findings in behavioural economics. DMRD-SU admitted the existence of positive arrival-caused utility. In addition, besides the travel-time-caused utility and arrival-caused utility, DMRD-SU firstly took the departure utility into account. The necessity of the departure utility in trip scheduling was analyzed comprehensively, and the corresponding individual trip scheduling model was presented. Based on a simple network, an analytical example was executed to characterize DMRD-SU. It can be found from the analytical example that: 1) DMRD-SU can predict the accumulation departure behaviors at NDT, which explains the formation of daily serious short-peak-hours in reality, while MRD-SU cannot; 2) Compared with MRD-SU, DMRD-SU predicts that people tend to depart later and its gross utility also decreases faster. Therefore, the departure utility should be considered to describe the traveler’s scheduling behaviors better.