Two-dimensional materials for next-generation biosensors

Abstract

Since the revolutionary breakthrough in the successful isolation and characterization of graphene in 2004, the field of two-dimensional materials has undergone a major transformation. This pivotal advancement not only confirmed the unique ability of atomically thin layers to confine charge carriers within a two-dimensional plane but also sparked a wave of research into transition metal dichalcogenides and Xene derivatives such as silicene, boronene, and germanene. These materials exhibit exceptional biophysical properties, electrical performance, mechanical flexibility, and optical responsiveness, providing a novel platform for developing bioelectronic devices. Current research centers on functional device innovation: electrodes, transistors, and p-n junctions based on two-dimensional materials are advancing biosensor upgrades for seamless skin interaction; emerging neural interface systems can collaborate with brain and ocular tissues; and smart tattoo sensors demonstrate self-powered detection potential. These breakthrough technologies collectively point toward the convergent development of wearable devices, implantable systems, and bioelectronic interfaces, laying the foundation for next-generation intelligent sensing technologies.

Keywords

biosensor / nanodevice / two-dimensional material

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2026 The Author(s). Journal of Intelligent Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Tianjin University.