As brain-computer interface technology advances toward practical application and widespread use, neural electrodes, the core medium of interaction, are undergoing a profound technological revolution. While traditional metal microelectrodes have achieved significant breakthroughs in neural recording and stimulation, their high rigidity, poor biocompatibility, and severe long-term signal degradation make them unsuitable for stable interaction in deep brain regions, high-throughput applications, and long-term use. Fortunately, current research is leveraging a multidisciplinary approach combining flexible electronics, new materials engineering, and artificial intelligence to develop a smarter, more efficient, and gentler neural interface system.
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2025 The Author(s). Journal of Intelligent Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Tianjin University.
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