Vulnerability assessment of sustainable seismic retrofit solutions for reinforced concrete structures: A multi-faceted approach

Abstract

Significant damage to structures has been observed in several major seismic events within the Himalayan region recently, highlighting the need for further investigation into their potential vulnerability. While building codes are frequently improved especially after a huge earthquake disaster, existing structures remain susceptible and should be retrofitted to enhance their performance and decrease vulnerability. This study aims to endorse public safety and well-being by lowering the potential risk of casualties and fatalities resulting from earthquakes effects on existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures, especially in the Himalayan region. The goal is to assess the seismic vulnerability of RC structures and to identify a suitable retrofit solution using a multi-faceted approach, where the impact of the retrofit solution is estimated, based on reducing the seismic vulnerability, retrofit cost, and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission. A multi-story RC frame structure is a case study built in the seismically prone Himalayan region. Various indicators are employed in this study to evaluate the seismic vulnerability of the building including collapse fragility functions, vulnerability index (VI) based on capacity spectrum method, and other soft-story related parameters such as story shear, inter-story drift, plastic hinge mechanism, damage state, and stress history in soft-story columns, in assessing how seismic retrofitting affects structural performance. Four different retrofitting scenarios are considered to reduce the vulnerability of the existing structure so that the optimized one can be selected based on the proposed multi-faceted approach. This study focuses solely on retrofitting ground story columns, as it is expected to have a minimal economic, social, and environmental impact, making it an easy choice for decision-makers to implement. Finally, the cost-effectiveness is quantified based on the retrofit cost and global warming potential of considered retrofit materials, and the optimization of retrofitting strategies based on the proposed multi-faceted approach, using VI, retrofit cost, and CO₂ emission.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

earthquake / retrofitting / vulnerability / performance / global warming potential / cost

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Electronic Supplementary Material

Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-025-1164-9 and is accessible for authorized users.

Acknowledgements

The corresponding author is thankful to Dr. Muhammad Fahad and Engr. Imran Ali for providing the technical support and necessary data.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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