Size effects and compositions constitute new properties for inorganic particles in different application fields. The physical method has recently attracted more attention in the preparation of inorganic materials. Herein, a low-cost, eco-friendly, simple-operating, and time-saving technique, named electrical discharge, is reviewed in relation to developments from the nature of this technique in different dielectric media to the practical experience in controlling the main processing parameters, apparatuses, types of discharge, from the various structures and components to the wide applications. The development of the electrical discharge technique will play an important role in improving the technology to prepare superfine inorganic particles with high purity. Meanwhile, electrical discharge contributes to easily mixing solid materials from the atomic scale to several micrometers with different structures. Moreover, metal oxides or doping materials are accessible as the dielectric medium is changed. Considering some excellent advantages, new inorganic particles exploited through the electrical discharge method will promise to be the most rewarding in some potential applications.
The in vitro expansion of stem cells is important for their application in different life science fields such as cellular tissue and organ repair. An objective of this paper was to achieve static cell culture in vitro through peptide hydrogel-supported microspheres (MSs). The peptides, with their gel-forming properties, microstructures, and mechanical strengths characterized, were found to have good support for the MSs and to be injectable. The internal structures of poly(L-lactic acid) microspheres (PLLA-MSs) and polystyrene microspheres (PS-MSs) made in the laboratory were observed and statistically analyzed in terms of particle size and pore size, following which the co-cultured MSs with cells were found to have good cell adhesion. In addition, three-dimensional (3D) culturing of cells was performed on the peptide and microcarrier composite scaffolds to measure cell viability and cell proliferation. The results showed that the peptides could be stimulated by the culture medium to self-assembly form a 3D fiber network structure. Under the peptide-MS composite scaffold-based cell culture system, further enhancement of the cell culture effect was measured. The peptide-MS composite scaffolds have great potential for the application in 3D cell culture and in vitro cell expansion.
There are still many challenges including low conductivity of cathodes, shuttle effect of polysulfides, and significant volume change of sulfur during cycling to be solved before practical applications of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. In this work, (FeO)2FeBO3 nanoparticles (NPs) anchored on interconnected nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets (NCNs) were synthesized, serving as sulfur carriers for Li–S batteries to solve such issues. NCNs have the cross-linked network structure, which possess good electrical conductivity, large specific surface area, and abundant micropores and mesopores, enabling the cathode to be well infiltrated and permeated by the electrolyte, ensuring the rapid electron/ion transfer, and alleviating the volume expansion during the electrochemical reaction. In addition, polar (FeO)2FeBO3 can enhance the adsorption of polysulfides, effectively alleviating the polysulfide shuttle effect. Under a current density of 1.0 A·g−1, the initial discharging and charging specific capacities of the (FeO)2FeBO3@NCNs-2/S electrode were obtained to be 1113.2 and 1098.3 mA·h·g−1, respectively. After 1000 cycles, its capacity maintained at 436.8 mA·h·g−1, displaying a decay rate of 0.08% per cycle. Therefore, combining NCNs with (FeO)2FeBO3 NPs is conducive to the performance improvement of Li–S batteries.
Electrolyte interface resistance and low ionic conductivity are essential issues for commercializing solid-state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs). This work details the fabrication of a double-layer solid composite electrolyte (DLSCE) for SSLMBs. The composite comprises poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‒HFP) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) combined with 10 wt.% of Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO), synthesized through an ultraviolet curing process. The ionic conductivity of the DLSCE (2.6 × 10−4 S·cm−1) at room temperature is the high lithium-ion transference number (0.57), and the tensile strength is 17.8 MPa. When this DLSCE was assembled, the resulted LFP/DLSCE/Li battery exhibited excellent rate performance, with the discharge specific capacities of 162.4, 146.9, 93.6, and 64.0 mA·h·g−1 at 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1 C, respectively. Furthermore, the DLSCE demonstrates remarkable stability with lithium metal batteries, facilitating the stable operation of a Li/Li symmetric battery for over 200 h at both 0.1 and 0.2 mA·cm−2. Notably, the formation of lithium dendrites is also effectively inhibited during cycling. This work provides a novel design strategy and preparation method for solid composite electrolytes.
The solar-to-hydrogen conversion using the photoelectrochemical (PEC) method is a practical approach to producing clean energy. However, it relies on the availability of photocatalyst materials. In this work, a novel photocatalyst comprising molybdenum telluride quantum dots (MoTe2 QDs)-modified titanium dioxide nanorods (TiO2 NRs) was prepared for the enhancement of the PEC water splitting performance after combination with a Al2O3 layer using the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique. MoTe2 QDs were initially prepared, and then they were loaded onto TiO2 NRs using a warm water bath-based heating method. After a layer of Al2O3 was deposited onto resulted TiO2 NRs/MoTe2 QDs, the composite TiO2 NRs/MoTe2 QDs/Al2O3 was finally obtained. Under simulated sunlight (100 mW·cm−2), such a composite exhibited a maximum photocurrent density of 2.25 mA·cm−2 at 1.23 V (versus RHE) and an incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency of 69.88% at 380 nm, which are 4.33 and 6.66 times those of pure TiO2 NRs, respectively. Therefore, the composite photocatalyst fabricated in this work may have promising application in the field of PEC water splitting, solar cells and other photocatalytic devices.
In this work, C@Fe3O4 composites were prepared through a typical template method with emulsified asphalt as carbon source, ammonium ferric citrate as transition metal oxide precursor, and NaCl as template. As an anode for lithium-ion batteries, the optimized C@Fe3O4-1:2 composite exhibits an excellent reversible capacity of 856.6 mA·h·g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 A·g−1 and a high capacity of 531.1 mA·h·g−1 after 300 cycles at 1 A·g−1, much better than those of bulk carbon/Fe3O4 prepared without NaCl. Such remarkable cycling performance mainly benefits from its well-designed structure: Fe3O4 nanoparticles generated from ammonium ferric citrate during pyrolysis are homogenously encapsulated in graphitized and in-plane porous carbon nanocages derived from petroleum asphalt. The carbon nanocages not only improve the conductivity of Fe3O4, but also suppress the volume expansion of Fe3O4 effectively during the charge‒discharge cycle, thus delivering a robust electrochemical stability. This work realizes the high value-added utilization of low-cost petroleum asphalt, and can be extended to application of other transition-metal oxides-based anodes.
In situ carbon-coated Co3Se4/CoSe2 (CoxSey) nanoparticles (NPs) attached on three-dimensional (3D) reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets were skillfully developed in this work, which involved the environment-friendly hydrothermal method, freeze drying, and selenide calcination. Within the structure, the glucose-derived carbon layer exhibited significantly homogeneous dispersion under an argon environment. This structure not only has enhanced stability, but also can effectively mitigate the volume swell of CoxSey particles. The resulted Co3Se4/CoSe2@C/rGO (CSe@C/rGO) exhibited a specific surface area (SSA) of 240.9 m2·g−1, offering more electrochemically active sites for the storage of energy related to lithium ions. The rGO matrix held exceptional flexibility and functional structural rigidity, facilitating the swift ion intercalation and ensuring the high conductivity and recyclability of the structure. When applied to anodes designed for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), this material demonstrated distinguished rate and ultra-high reversible capacity (872.98 mA·h·g−1 at 0.5 A·g−1). Meanwhile, its capacity retention reached 119.5% after 500 cycles at 2 A·g−1, with a coulombic efficiency of 100%. This work potentially paves the way for generating fast and powerful metal selenide anodes and initiating LIBs with good performance.
Black phosphorus (BP), a novel two-dimensional material, exhibits remarkable photoelectric characteristics, ultrahigh photothermal conversion efficiency, substantial specific surface area, high carrier mobility, and tunable band gap properties. These attributes have positioned it as a promising candidate in domains such as energy, medicine, and the environment. Nonetheless, its vulnerability to light, oxygen, and water can lead to rapid degradation and loss of crystallinity, thereby limiting its synthesis, preservation, and application. Moreover, BP has demonstrated cytotoxic tendencies, substantially constraining its viability in the realm of biomedicine. Consequently, the imperative for surface modification arises to bolster its stability and biocompatibility, while concurrently expanding its utility spectrum. Biological macromolecules, integral components of living organisms, proffer innate advantages over chemical agents and polymers for the purpose of the BP modifications. This review comprehensively surveys the advancements in utilizing biological macromolecules for the modifications of BP. In doing so, it aims to pave the way for enhanced stability, biocompatibility, and diversified applications of this material.